人工阶梯-深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用

本文通过野外试验研究了人工阶梯-深潭对下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用,试验河段位于西南山区的吊嘎河上150m侵蚀下切严重的河段,布置15级人工阶梯,对水流(水深、流速、水面宽、流量)、河床底质、河床微地貌和水生底栖动物物种及数量变化进行了5个月监测.试验结果表明,人工阶梯-深潭能有效控制河床冲刷下切,维持较为稳定的河床环境,塑造多样性的水生栖息地.采用大型底栖无脊椎动物评价河流生态显示,人工阶梯-深潭布置后,随水生栖息地多样性上升,单位面积水生生物密度、物种丰度及生物群落多样性指数均呈上升趋势,河流生态得到改善.     

人工阶梯 深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用

本文通过野外试验研究了人工阶梯深潭对下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用，试验河段位于西南山区的吊嘎河上150m侵蚀下切严重的河段，布置15级人工阶梯，对水流 (水深、流速、水面宽、流量)、河床底质、河床微地貌和水生底栖动物物种及数量变化进行了5个月监测。试     

高度集约开发区域污水截排后雨源型河流的生态重建——以深圳市龙岗河为例

深圳市龙岗河是高度集约开放区域雨源型河流的代表。近年来,深圳市对龙岗河流域进行沿河污水截排改造,在改善了流域水质的同时,忽略了河流的生态系统重建,造成空间上横纵断面的不连续,生物栖息地受损和生物群落结构退化。建立了一套组合式的河流生态重建技术体系,为雨源型河流仿自然形态河道重建、水生生物栖息地修复及滨河景观廊道生态化构建提供技术支持。提出的生态重建总体思路和技术框架可全面支撑深圳市水生态健康生境重建综合示范区的建设,实现龙岗河流域水生生物种类和多样性大幅提高(物种丰度提高82.7%,多样性指数提高46.5%),底栖动物清洁种出现,土著鱼类数量增加。该研究成果为高度集约开发区域雨源型河流生态重建提供工程样本。     

考虑河道演变影响河道治理宽度确定

结合流域实际情况,对河道演变和河床稳定性进行分析。治理河段的河势总体上是稳定的,不会发生大的河槽变迁,凸岸淤积,凹岸冲刷。治理段河床纵向稳定系数均较大,说明河床纵向稳定较稳定,河道底坡可不做大的调整。治理河段河床为冲洪积砂卵砾石,现状河道主河槽宽度为88 m～320 m,结合金塔河现状河岸地形条件,最终选定本工程治理河宽为不小于88 m。     

裁弯河道内生物栖息地改造及生态流量估算EI北大核心CSCD

为探讨砾石群布置对裁弯取直河道内生物栖息地的改造效果,并估算改造河段的生态流量,以江西金沙溪为研究区域,选取鲢鱼为研究对象,采用正交试验法和数值模拟方法,研究了最优砾石群的布置形式,并采用生物栖息地法估算了河道内生态流量。结果表明:流量对裁弯河道生物栖息地加权可用面积(WAU)的影响最大,砾石堆积体边长次之,堆积体间距最小,单体砾石边长20 m、砾石间距9 m为最优砾石群布置形式;在原河道平滩流量条件下,裁弯取直后河道内WAU较原河道减小约30%,布置最优砾石群后,裁弯河道内WAU较原河道增加20%,生物栖息地自然化改造效果明显,且不影响河道行洪能力;原河道基本生态流量为50 m^(3)/s,目标生态流量为718 m^(3)/s,改造后裁弯河道基本生态流量为218 m^(3)/s,目标生态流量为618 m^(3)/s。     

底栖动物与水生栖息地面积耦合机制研究

底栖动物对河流的生态状况反应比较敏感、迅速,当河流水生态发生变化时,底栖动物能够首先感受到这种变化,并在短时间内作出反应。从水生栖息地面积着手,通过采集、鉴定、分析南水北调西线调水区底栖动物样本,研究底栖动物生物多样性与水生栖息地面积之间的耦合作用机制,并分析了调水对底栖动物的影响。结果表明:底栖动物与水生栖息地面积之间存在着密切的关系,其物种数随着水面面积的增加而增加,并趋于稳定;当水面面积减小至原水面面积的45%时,底栖动物物种数开始减少,但减少速度缓慢;当水面面积继续减小至原水面面积的10%时,底栖动物物种数开始急剧下降;为保持底栖动物生态系统的稳定性,调水不应使坝址下游水面面积减小至原水面面积的45%以下。     

生态水利在河道治理工程中的应用研究

随着社会经济的快速发展,大量废弃物对周边河道中的水产生严重污染,降低了水资源量的有效利用率,同时自然植被衰退、河流断流、河床淤积、水生生物退化和水资源过度开发等问题,造成水土资源遭受不同程度的破坏,导致生态系统严重失衡。因此,文章从生态角度出发对河道工程进行综合治理,探索生态水利在河道治理过程应采取的有效措施。     

广州城市河流形态对河流自净能力的影响

构建了包括河道分维数、河道断面形态、河岸基质、河岸带宽度、河岸带植被盖度、河床底质状况、河床栖境复杂性共7项指标的城市河流形态评价体系,并以乌涌广州市开发区段为研究对象,通过定期水质监测研究河流形态对河流自净能力的影响。结果表明,该评价体系能够反映研究河段的形态差异;不同形态河段水体BOD5降解系数及多项水质指标沿程降解率均有显著性差异;河流形态评价得分较高的河段水体自净能力也较强;河流形态与NH3-N、SS、DO和浊度的降解存在相关性,是影响河流自净能力的重要因素。     

河道形态改造对城市河流生态水力性能的影响

为探究城市河道形态改造的有效性,根据河道自然修复理念,采用正弦函数对典型城市渠化河道的河宽、水深和蜿蜒度等地形几何变量进行振荡波动,并借助数字河道合成技术生成6种河道数字地形模型,在此基础上采用二维水动力模型考察不同河道形态改造对河床干扰度、水力形态多样性指数和浅滩缓流生境面积等生态水力指标的影响。结果表明：研究河段城市渠化河道生态水力性能随地形几何变量的振荡波动而变化,且河道空间形态越复杂,河道生态水力性能越好;在高流量(8～12 m³/s)下,“深潭-浅滩”形态构造下河床干扰度平均减少88.2%,水力形态多样性指数平均提高37.4%,而浅滩缓流生境面积增加24.9倍,表明河流生态水力性能得到显著改善;城市河道近自然形态重构能大幅降低河道对于流量变化的敏感性,并显著提高河道生态结构稳定性,有助于河流生态系统的恢复。     

固化／稳定化技术用于河道护岸生态设计的中试研究

针对河道护岸土壤基质松散而导致基础不稳定,以及底泥淤积等上海郊区河道存在的普遍问题,以上海市北潮塘100m河段为研究对象,基于固化稳定化技术进行了河道护岸生态设计,并进行了中试试验。根据河岸现状,以固化后的河道淤泥和边坡土壤作为主要建材,河道护岸设计从结构角度提出3种典型护岸设计模式,近岸处河床底部采用置石或建筑废料进行堆砌加固处理,达到稳定边坡土壤、美化边坡环境和恢复边坡自然生境的目标。同时,初步实验结果表明,与未建设河段相比,建设河段的主要水质指标均有一定程度下降,对TP的效果尤为明显,下降约70％,表明材料对磷具有较好的吸附效果。本研究可为城市河道治理中的环保疏浚和生态修复提供新思路。     

基于水生植物修复的玄武湖生态水位研究

在野外采样调查水生植物种类、种群现状和空间分布的基础上,基于湖泊形态分析法和生物空间最小需求法确定了玄武湖最低生态水位,并进一步考虑水生植物的水位需求,制定了水生植物不同生长阶段的生态水位调控方案。结果表明:玄武湖水生植物种类丰富但覆盖度不高,为13.2%,沉水植物的覆盖度很低,为2.1%;玄武湖最低生态水位为9.6 m,萌发期水位为9.9 m时,有利于水生植物尤其是沉水植物的萌发,能达成30%的水生植被覆盖度目标;夏季水位为9.8 m时,能保障湖泊防洪安全,控制过度生长的荷花等挺水植物,促进玄武湖总体水生植物的生长与修复。     

Potential ecological effects of water extraction in small,unregulated streams

River regulation can have various effects on the natural flow regime, however the most obvious and perhaps pronounced hydrological effect is the reduction of total water discharge. Whilst there has been an increasing number of studies investigating the impacts of river regulation on lowland rivers, few studies have specifically investigated the effects of water extractions on small upland streams. In this study, we experimentally examined the effects of short‐term, summer water extractions from small, unregulated streams. Five 30 m reaches were experimentally manipulated to divert a proportion of the total stream flow, and another five 30 m reaches were designated as controls, in the Yea River catchment, Victoria, Australia. The percentage of total discharge diverted from each experimental reach varied through time and between creeks (28–97%), with discharge always significantly reduced compared to control locations. All sites were monitored for available habitat, biofilm, water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity and density, fortnightly during February and March 2004. Despite the range of total stream volumes being extracted, the manipulation altered important ecological components of these unregulated creeks, including changes in physical habitat features (reduced stream wetted area and maximum stream depth) and reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations. Biofilm parameters showed a slight increase in diverted reaches, but were not statistically different from the controls. There was no statistical difference in total density of macroinvertebrates or EPT taxa; however, the density of Austrocercella mariannae (Notonemouridae) was significantly reduced in diverted reaches. Macroinvertebrate family level diversity, and the family diversity of grazers and shredders was reduced in diverted reaches. This study demonstrates that there are likely to be significant ecological impacts of extracting water in unregulated creeks. Whilst this study has demonstrated the need to consider environmental water requirements in unregulated streams, further studies are required to inform the debate about the volume, timing and predicted ecological response with improved environmental water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cyclic perturbation of lowland river channels and ecological response

Certain lowland streams have experienced prehistorical and historical cycles of aggradation, occlusion, degradation, headward incision, and renewed aggradation. Historical cycles appear to be related to human activities. A case study is presented of the Yalobusha River in Mississippi with emphasis on the effects of blockage and removal on aquatic habitats and fish. The adjacent Skuna River, which was channelized and unblocked, was used in space for time substitution to infer effects of blockage removal on the Yalobusha. Variables describing physical aquatic habitat and fish were sampled from three groups of river reaches: unblocked channelized, channelized and blocked, and naturally sinuous. Fish collections were used to compute six indicators of ecological integrity. At baseflow, mean water depths were an order of magnitude lower in the unblocked channelized stream than for the others. In‐channel aquatic habitat volume per unit valley length was 5, 85, and 283 m³/m for the channelized, blocked channelized, and natural reaches, respectively. Mean values for all six ecological indicators were lowest for the channelized group. Species richness was greatest for the channelized blocked reach. The ecological indicators displayed gradients in response to the range of observed physical conditions. Management of corridors susceptible to the cycle described above should involve a blend of measures designed to conserve higher quality habitats.     

不同生态河道基质材料对氮磷的吸附对比研究

生态河道构建是一种有效的河流水体修复技术,选择合适的基质材料构建生态河道,能改善其对污染物质的净化效果.对比研究了砾石、砂子和沸石3种不同生态材料在不同氮磷水平下对氮磷的强化吸附性能,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨.试验结果表明,Freundlich等温吸附方程能较好地描述3种材料的吸附性能,对于氮、磷的饱和吸附能力依次为沸石＞砾石＞砂子.开发利用吸附能力较强的砾石或是利用吸附能力更强的沸石作为生态河道基质材料,是构建生态河道的一种有效措施.     

疏勒河流域生态需水量研究

采用Tennant法、近10 a最枯月实测径流量法、90%保证率法、月年保证率法分别计算了疏勒河流域的生态基流;对敏感生态需水(包括河流湿地生态需水、湖泊生态需水、重要水生生物生态需水),采用流域典型区进行计算。疏勒河流域生态需水即为其生态基流与敏感生态需水之和。在对上述方法进行比较、分析的基础上,得出的90%的保证率法即为疏勒河流域生态基流比较合适的计算方法。计算结果表明:该河流域生态基流的所需水量为河流90%保证率下的最枯月平均流量的23%,河流的湿地生态需水量为6.40亿m~3,湖泊生态需水量为0.14亿m~3,重要水生生物的生态需水量为0.23亿m~3。在此基础上,通过计算得出疏勒河流域的生态需水量为6.77亿m~3。据此确定了疏勒河流域水生态红线和生态特征流量值,可为最严格水资源管理及水生态红线管理提供参考依据。     

湿地型生态岛植物适应性试验

为了掌握湿地型生态岛中植物的适应性,了解适宜生长的植物和适宜的生态岛类型,以昆山望山河为试验河道,构造了两种类型湿地型生态岛对水生植物的越冬情况、生态适应性和氮磷积累量进行了试验研究。结果表明:所选择的5种水生植物越冬发芽率从大到小依次为鸢尾与黄菖蒲(两者相同)、梭鱼草、水葱、香蒲;砾石+泥土基质的生态岛有利于植物的株高和根数增加以及植物生长和氮磷的积累,提高湿地系统去除氮磷的能力;植物适应性和净化潜力从大到小依次为梭鱼草、鸢尾、黄菖蒲、水葱;鸢尾和黄菖蒲在试验地区可常绿越冬,适宜于冬季的城市河道治理,景观效果较好。     

Reconstruction of the characteristics of a natural alluvial river–floodplain system and hydromorphological changes following human modifications: the Danube River (1812–1991)

Based on detailed historical surveys from 1812, the natural riverine landscape of a 10.25‐km‐long reach of the Danube River in the Austrian Machland region prior to channelization is analysed. Anthropogenically induced changes of fluvial dynamics, hydrological connectivity and aquatic habitat composition are discussed, comparing the situations following channelization (1925) and flow regulation (1991). In 1812 the alluvial river–floodplain system of the Danube River comprised a highly complex channel network, numerous gravel bars and extensive islands, with the main channel and side arms (eupotamon) representing about 97% of the entire water surface at low flow. The floodplain was characterized by relatively flat terrain and numerous natural trenches (former active channels) connected to the main channel. These hydromorphological conditions led to marked expansion/contraction of the water surface area at water level fluctuations below bankfull (‘flow pulse’). The high degree of hydrological connectivity enabled intensive exchange processes and favoured migrations of aquatic organisms between the river and floodplain habitats over a period of approximately 90 days per year. Overall in 1812, 57% of the active zone (active channels and floodplain) was inundated at bankfull water level. Channelization and construction of hydropower plants resulted in a truncated fluvial system. Consequently, eupotamal water bodies decreased by 65%, and gravel/sand bars and vegetated islands decreased by 94% and 97%, respectively, whereas the area of the various backwaters doubled. In 1991 the former ‘flow pulse’ was halved due to artificial levees and embankments, greatly diminishing hydrological connectivity and decoupling large areas of the floodplain from the main channel. Active overflow, formerly playing an important role, is now replaced by backwater flooding and seepage inflow in isolated water bodies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水生态红线框架体系和划定方法研究

水生态红线是水生态环境保护的重要途径,将从管理机制上为水生态安全提供更可实施的保障。本文通过对水生态系统表象特征和水生态系统演化过程的关联分析,提出了水生态保护的红线框架体系:水量红线、空间红线和水质红线,阐释了三条红线间的相互关系及其内涵。综合生态需水、淹没面积、生态健康评价方法,嵌入我国生态环境保护相关规范,提出了兼顾自然和社会属性的水生态红线分级方法,建立了水生态红线指标体系。以淮河水系淮滨、王家坝和蚌埠断面为例,进行了水生态红线划定的示例应用。本文提出的三位一体的水生态红线框架体系和红线划定方法,弥补了水生态保护红线机制研究的空缺,为水生态保护研究与实践提供了新的思路和方法。     

化感植物-填料浮床装置的设计与应用

将传统浮床与水生植物的化感作用相结合,并配合生物填料,设计了化感植物-填料浮床装置。该浮床装置中的植物选择了香菇草,浮床填料分别选择了砾石、麦饭石、果壳、活性氧化铝、聚氨酯。该装置的应用结果表明:1香菇草种植水对于铜绿微囊藻的生长具有良好的化感抑制效果;2除果壳填料外,4种填料都能显著改善试验水质,有效降低水体中的Chl-a质量浓度;3化感植物-填料浮床装置能有效降低富营养化水体中的CODMn、TN、TP质量浓度和浊度等理化指标,并使水体中的DO显著升高,消除水体黑臭。     

辽河保护区铁岭段河流健康综合评价研究

为了明确辽河保护区铁岭段河流的健康状况,针对河流存在的问题提出具体的治理和维护建议,以促进河流健康发展。基于河流健康内涵和辽河保护区铁岭段河流的具体情况,构建了自然形态状况、水质状况、底泥状况、水生生物及生态环境状况和社会服务状况5个准则层和23个指标层组成的河流健康评价体系。采用层次分析法(AHP)确定河流健康体系中的准则层和指标层的权重,模糊综合评价法对辽河保护区铁岭段河流进行健康评价。结果表明:辽河保护区铁岭段河流的综合健康状况为中等。其中,自然形态健康状况为中等,水质健康状况为优,底泥健康状况为优,水生生物及生态环境健康状况为良好,社会服务健康状况为中等。河流存在水质指标污染物超标排放、底泥中Cd潜在生态风险很高、植被覆盖率低、湿地保留率低和水资源利用效率不高等问题,表明还需要实施具体措施以提高辽河保护区铁岭段河流健康水平。