Useful coolant flowrate in grinding

A model has been developed for flowrate between a rotating grinding wheel and a workpiece. It was found that the useful flow that passes through the contact zone is a function of the spindle power for fluid acceleration, wheel speed and delivery-nozzle jet velocity. Two loss coefficients having values less than 1 are required to be calibrated for the particular grinding wheel and fluid delivery type. The model is then valid for a range of nozzle flowrates for the particular wheel and nozzle conditions. The flowrate delivered is related to unit width of the delivery nozzle assumed to be unit width of grinding contact. The model makes it possible to determine a suitable value of nozzle outlet gap to achieve a required fluid film thickness in the grinding zone. A guide is given to optimisation of the jet velocity in relation to the power required to accelerate the fluid and the particular velocity of the wheel. The model has been validated experimentally. Its simplicity and accuracy allow application to a wide range of grinding situations.     

An experimental investigation of the effects of workpiece and grinding parameters on minimum quantity lubrication—MQL grinding

Coolant is a term generally used to describe grinding fluids used for cooling and lubricating in grinding process. The main purposes of a grinding fluid can be categorized into lubrication, cooling, transportation of chips, cleaning of the grinding wheel and minimizing the corrosion. On the other hand, grinding fluids have negative influences on the working environment in terms of the health of the machine operator, pollution and the possibility of explosion (for oil). Furthermore, the cost of the grinding fluid, filtering and waste disposal of the metal working fluids is even higher than the tool cost and constitutes a great part of the total cost. Additionally, grinding fluids can not effectively penetrate into the contact zone, are health hazard and their consumption must be restricted. Generally, compared to other machining processes, grinding involves high specific energy. Major fraction of this energy is changed into heat, which makes harmful effect on the surface quality as well as the tool wear. Since there is no coolant lubricant to transfer the heat from the contact zone in dry grinding, surface damages are not preventable. Alternatives to current practices are getting more serious consideration in response to environmental and operational cost pressures. One attractive alternative is the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding or the near dry grinding (NDG). In near dry grinding an air–oil mixture called an aerosol is fed into the wheel-work contact zone. Compared to dry grinding, MQL grinding substantially enhances cutting performance in terms of increasing wheel life and improving the quality of the ground parts. In this research, the influences of workpiece hardness and grinding parameters including wheel speed, feed rate and depth of cut have been studied on the basis of the grinding forces and surface quality properties to develop optimum grinding performances such as cooling, lubrication, high ecological and environmental safety.     

表面形貌对砂轮磨削流体压力与润滑的影响

目的从磨削液压力及润滑方面找到减少磨粒磨损、磨削热和降低工件表面粗糙度的方法。方法基于实际情况,将砂轮突出的磨粒分布函数和工件在磨削之前存在的粗糙度函数等效为余弦函数,对陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮磨削45号钢而产生的流体压力和膜厚进行了分析。结果考虑砂轮和工件的表面粗糙度时,压力波动集中在中心区域,磨削区最大压力和最大膜厚明显增大。在考虑热效应的情况下,当两表面波长相等、幅值同时增大时,最大膜厚及平均膜厚增大,而幅值相等、波长增大时,润滑情况没有改善;当砂轮表面幅值波长相等且变大时,最大膜厚及平均膜厚增大,由此也可以得出当砂轮表面幅值波长不变,工件表面如此变化时结果相同;当两表面幅值和波长不相等且都成倍增大时,最大膜厚及平均膜厚增大。结论膜厚增大利于润滑时,能降低磨削温度,减少磨削烧伤和热变形,降低工件磨削后的表面粗糙度,减少非工作磨粒的磨损,减少砂轮修正次数,延长砂轮寿命。但是膜厚不会无限增大,因为磨削区域并不封闭,在实际工程中可依据此理论来确定最优解,优化磨削过程。     

Improving grinding performance by controlling air flow around a grinding wheel

In grinding, high specific heat is generated, and hence, appropriate control of temperature through effective flow of grinding fluid is necessary to obtain a quality ground surface. It is known that in conventional fluid delivery method, most of fluid is wasted due to presence of a stiff air layer around the grinding wheel. This air layer is generated around the wheel due to the rotation of the porous grinding wheel at a high speed. To improve grinding performance, hence, penetration into this air layer is required.In this work, a pneumatic barrier set-up has been developed for controlling the stiff air layer around the grinding wheel. The formation of stiff air layer has been studied experimentally by measuring the variation of air pressure around grinding wheel periphery at different parametric conditions of pneumatic barrier. This pneumatic barrier tends to break the stiff air layer before the fluid flow area or grinding zone. A remarkable amount of reduction in pressure of the air layer is observed at the fluid flow zone. To observe beneficial effects of suppressing the air layer, grinding experiments are performed under dry, flood cooling and flood cooling with pneumatic barrier setup. Reduction of grinding forces and surface roughness are clearly observed with the use of pneumatic barrier setup, and hence, its applicability.     

面向绿色制造的快速点磨削磨削液供给参数计算

高速／超高速磨削条件下,砂轮边缘的高速空气带会阻碍磨削液注入磨削区。空气带压力与砂轮速度的平方成正比。快速点磨削是一种新型高速／超高速磨削技术,接触区很小,实际磨削功率低,冷却及散热效果好。在分析了高速／超高速磨削砂轮周围旋转空气带动压力及速度分布特点的基础上,根据热力学原理及快速点磨削特点,分析并建立了磨削液的供给流量和供液速度的理论模型。在此基础上,建立了面向绿色制造的快速点磨削的磨削液喷嘴直径及供液压力的工程计算公式。     

磨削区内气流场速度和压力分布规律的研究进展

在高速旋转的砂轮表面形成一层空气附面层，即气流场。气流场的存在，不仅影响工件的加工精度和加速砂轮的磨损，而且还阻止磨削液有效地注入磨削区，使加工条件恶化，磨削力上升，磨削温度升高，严重影响了工件的加工质量和表面完整性。本文综合分析了在磨削区速度和压力的分布规律及影响因素，为今后工业生产中进一步控制、利用气流场进行磨料流光整加工奠定基础。     

热管砂轮干磨削温度场数值模拟

基于一种利用热管技术对磨削弧区进行强化换热的构想,采用FLUENT软件建立了环形热管砂轮干磨削温度场的仿真模型,得到了热管换热能力与热流密度、转速和砂轮壁厚的关系,并在相同热流密度下对比了热管砂轮与热管砂轮弧区的温度。仿真结果表明:弧区温度会随着热流密度的增大相应升高,随着转速的增大而降低,热管的启动时间会随着砂轮壁厚的增大减慢;相同热流密度下,热管砂轮的弧区温度明显低于无热管砂轮。最后通过干磨削钛合金TC4试验,对仿真结果进行了验证。     

The coolant penetration in grinding with segmented wheels—part 1: mechanism and comparison with conventional wheels

This paper aims to study the mechanism of coolant penetration into a wheel-work contact zone when a segmented or conventional wheel is used in surface grinding. Based on the principles of fluid motion and considerations of spin-off and splash, analytical models for both conventional and segmented wheels were developed for predicting the power of pumping coolant into the contact zone. It was revealed that the pumping power of a segmented wheel increases with the increment of wheel speed, but that of a conventional wheel decreases. It was shown that coolant minimisation in surface grinding is possible when using a segmented wheel, although its efficiency depends on the wheel speed and methods of coolant supply. The model predictions were in good agreement with experimental observations.     

金刚石砂轮磨削贴膜硅片崩边的研究

用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮将贴膜厚度为80 μm和160 μm的单晶硅片减薄到400 μm，通过测量硅片边缘的崩边尺寸评价贴膜对硅片加工质量的影响。试验结果表明:硅片贴膜能有效降低硅片碎片率；当硅片未贴膜时，硅片的平均崩边尺寸为3.08 μm，当硅片贴膜厚度为80 μm和160 μm时，硅片的平均崩边尺寸为4.61 μm和3.60 μm；即硅片贴膜磨削对硅片崩边有恶化作用，但该影响较小，用厚膜时恶化程度可控制在20%以内。且用23 μm金刚石砂轮减薄磨削贴膜硅片时，硅片<110>晶向和<100>晶向的崩边尺寸无明显差异。      

Relevance of the region of interaction between the tool and the metalworking fluid for the cooling effect in grinding

The relevance of the metalworking fluid supply characteristics is well-described for grinding processes. In the presented work, the fluid's interaction with the grinding wheel between the point of impact and the contact zone has been analyzed. For varied supply conditions, deceleration and acceleration effects are obtained and quantified. Furthermore, shadowing effects related to the fluid entrainment towards the contact zone are considered. The observed effects within the region of interaction are consistent with the thermal limits of taper grinding experiments. By revealing the fluid's behavior within the region of interaction, explanation for the effectiveness of supply conditions is given.     

Heat flux distributions and convective heat transfer in deep grinding

By using experimental data including the monitored temperature and power signals, combined with detailed theoretical analysis, the relationship between the undeformed grinding chip thickness and specific grinding energy has been studied and used to derive the heat flux distribution along the wheel-work contact zone. The relationship between the grinding chip thickness and specific grinding energy (SGE) has been shown to follow an exponential trend over a wide range of material removal rates. The distribution of the total grinding heat flux, q_t, along the grinding zone does not follow a simple linear form. It increases at the trailing edge with sharp gradients and then varies nearly linearly for the remainder of the contact length. The heat flux entering into the workpiece, q_w, is estimated by matching the measured and theoretical grinding temperatures, and it has been found that the square law heat flux distribution seems to give the best match, although the triangular heat flux is good enough for most cases to generate accurate temperature predictions. With the known heat flux distributions of q_t and q_w, the heat flux to the grinding fluid can then be estimated once the heat partitioning to the grinding wheel is determined by the Hahn model for a grain sliding on a workpiece. The convective heat transfer coefficient of the grinding fluid has been shown to vary along the grinding zone. An understanding of this variation is important in order to optimise the grinding fluid supply strategy, especially under deep grinding conditions when contact lengths are large. It has been demonstrated that the down grinding mode can provide a beneficial fluid supply condition, in which the fluid enters the grinding zone at the position of highest material removal where a high convective cooling function is needed.     

Limit charts for high removal rate centrelessgrinding

An experimental investigation of the high removal-rate centreless grinding process applied to steel and cast-iron has allowed the investigators to present “limit-charts”. These limit charts illustrate the characteristic diagram for boundaries of operation where the grinding variables are infeed rate, workpiece speed and grinding wheel speed. The boundaries determined in this investigation were formed by burn, chatter, or available power (75 kW). It was not possible to achieve an excessive wheel wear condition although this might have been possible if more power had been available. The shape of the diagram means there is an optimum point of operation within the region enclosed by the boundaries. This forms the basis of a control strategy.Kinematic characterisation of the grinding process is developed by attention to the concept of a ‘speedeffect”, a “size effect” and a “shape effect”. Results for the speed effect are distinguished and presented separately from results for the size effect and shape effect to avoid mixed causes for the differing physical effects.A two-dimensional surface is presented showing the variation of grinding energy with variations in infeedrate, workpiece speed and grinding wheel speed. Because speed, shape and size effects are separated on the surface it is possible to read the optimum grinding wheel speed for minimum energy. For these experimental conditions, the optimum grinding wheel speed was found to be approximately 50 m/s. In the region of the optimum speed, specific energy is relatively insensitive to variations in operating speeds and feeds which is a useful feature when devising an automatic control strategy.     

Determination and control of grinding zone temperature under cryogenic cooling

Grinding processes, though employed widely as a finishing process, have their own share of problems, like high grinding zone temperature which may lead to thermal damage to the work surface, like induction of tensile residual stresses, development of microcracks, enhanced risks of wheel loading and excessive wheel wear. Grinding fluids are applied in different forms to control such high temperature, but they are partially effective within a narrow working range; recent studies also indicate their polluting nature. cryogenic cooling, if employed properly, could control the grinding zone temperature more effectively by intensive removal of heat from the grinding zone. The present study deals with the effect of cryogenic cooling on grinding zone temperature for five commonly used steels both experimentally and computationally. Results indicate that the effectiveness of cryogenic cooling is substantial throughout the experimental domain.     

超声振动辅助磨削弧区的单颗磨粒切厚特征

为准确描述超声振动下的单颗磨粒切厚特征,实测多层金属结合剂金刚石砂轮表面的相邻2颗磨粒的周向间距以及磨粒出刃高度;依据超声振动辅助磨削的磨粒运动轨迹方程及相邻磨粒运动轨迹干涉理论,采用等分线法,利用MATLAB软件求解磨粒在完整接触弧区的单颗磨粒切厚值,并分析各主要参数对单颗磨粒切厚特征的影响。结果表明:相邻磨粒间距、相邻磨粒高度差对单颗磨粒切厚的影响均呈线性变化;单颗磨粒切厚随超声振幅的增大而线性增大,且随超声振动频率的增大而阶段性变化;超声振动辅助磨削的单颗磨粒切厚特征受砂轮转速、磨削深度的影响较大,受工件进给速度的影响相对较小。      

5G覆铜板叠层复合材料高效切磨工艺试验研究

为解决5G覆铜板叠层复合材料板材现有的冲压剪切工艺毛刺飞边严重的问题,提出采用烧结金刚石开槽薄片砂轮切磨工艺替代剪切工艺的方法,在分析设计开槽砂轮结构参数的基础上,研制相应的烧结金刚石开槽薄片砂轮,试验研究不同工艺参数对切磨过程上下表面覆铜层加工毛刺的影响规律和磨削区温度的变化规律.试验结果表明:单位Z向磨削力随磨削速...     

纳米微囊砂轮磨削工件表面自润滑层的形成

在磨削时磨削液难以有效渗入磨削区域起冷却润滑作用。提出利用润滑剂油酸（OA）填充碳纳米管（CNTs）制备 CNTs@OA 纳米微囊,并以其为填充剂制备树脂砂轮,磨削时随着纳米微囊的破裂,油酸可释放到磨削区形成自润滑层起润滑作用,从而提高砂轮的磨削性能。首先,制备纳米微囊并对其进行表征,分析微囊在砂轮中的存在形式,考察微囊的填充对其力学性能的影响;其次,研究砂轮磨削 GCr15 钢时纳米微囊的含量和磨削速度对磨削力、磨削温度、磨削比和表面粗糙度的影响,分析磨削过程中纳米微囊释放润滑剂油酸并产生自润滑作用的机制。结果表明,纳米微囊具有较好的热稳定性, 能够抵抗树脂砂轮的固化温度并保护其中的油酸,当微囊的填充量小于 16%时,砂轮的力学性能可以满足使用需求。与普通砂轮比,纳米微囊砂轮磨削时的磨削力可减小 40%,磨削温度降低 45%,工件表面粗糙度减少 15%,磨削比可提高 30%。磨削过程中,砂轮中的纳米微囊可将其空腔中的润滑剂油酸不断被释放到磨削界面上形成自润滑层,使砂轮具有了较好的自润滑作用,从而提高了其磨削性能。研究成果可为解决磨削过程的润滑问题提供一种可行的技术路线。     

An experimental study of flat fixed abrasive grinding of silicon wafers using resin-bonded diamond pellets

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the diamond grain size, the wheel rotation speed, the table rotation speed, and the applied pressure in the vertical flat grinding on the surface roughness of silicon wafers using Taguchi orthogonal array design. Besides, the pits and resistivity on the wafers were studied as well. The experiment results showed that the diamond grain size and the wheel rotation speed of the vertical flat grinding for the roughness of wafers obtained are the relatively larger significant contribution. When the smaller diamond grit size, the faster wheel rotation speed, the faster table rotation speed, and the smaller applied pressure in the flat grinding are employed, the traces produced by the grains are denser and the chip thickness and the depth of cut were smaller, which cause the silicon wafer to produce the higher degree of the ductile grinding. This will lead the wafer surface to produce the smaller amount and size of the pits, thereby generating the lower surface roughness. In addition, the center site of the wafer obtained is the smaller amount and size of the pits than the outer of the wafer, which produces the better surface roughness and the lower resistivity.     

Cooling action of grinding fluid in shallow grinding

A new method is proposed for measuring the heat transfer coefficient in the vicinity of the wheel-workpiece contact zone. The accuracy of measurement is estimated by using a finite element method and the factor for correcting the measured results is derived. The experiments are performed in a number of conditions where grinding fluid is supplied and the following measures are consequently recommended for increasing the cooling efficiency: (1) set the velocity of coolant to more than the critical value to penetrate the air flow layer formed around the wheel periphery; (2) use a nozzle with a thin throat, about 1 mm in height, and attach a scraper plate above the nozzle outlet; (3) choose a wheel of large grain size and dress roughly, or form shallow grooves on the wheel periphery; and (4) set a higher wheel speed.     

高速外圆磨削18 CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢工艺参数优化

以18 CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢为试验材料,采用正交试验法,研究高速外圆磨削加工中砂轮线速度、工件转速、砂轮径向进给速度和砂轮粒度等工艺参数对工件三维表面粗糙度幅度参数Sa、Sku和Ssk等工艺指标的影响.运用灰色关联分析方法对试验结果进行分析研究,将多项工艺指标的优化问题转化为单一目标灰关联度优化,以正交试验极差分析...     

大尺寸硅片自旋转磨削的试验研究

利用基于自旋转磨削原理的硅片超精密磨床,通过试验研究了砂轮粒度、砂轮转速、工件转速及砂轮进给速度等主要因素对材料去除率、砂轮主轴电机电流以及磨削后硅片表面粗糙度的影响关系。研究结果表明,增大砂轮轴向进给速度和减小工件转速,采用粗粒度砂轮有利于提高磨削硅片的材料去除率,砂轮轴向进给速度对材料去除率的影响最为显著;适当增大砂轮转速,减小砂轮轴向进给速度,采用细粒度砂轮可以减小磨削表面粗糙度;在其它条件一定的情况下,砂轮速度超过一定值会导致材料去除率减小,主轴电机电流急剧增大,表面粗糙度变差;采用比#2000粒度更细的砂轮磨削时,材料去除率减小,硅片表面粗糙度没有明显改善。