基于喷动床技术的超临界CO_2聚氨酯珠粒发泡工艺

以热塑性聚氨酯为原料,超临界CO_2为发泡剂,通过喷动床发泡技术制备了热塑性聚氨酯发泡珠粒,考察了CO_2流速、饱和温度、饱和压力、泄压速率对珠粒发泡行为的影响。结果表明,珠粒发泡均匀性先随着CO_2流速上升而上升,之后基本不变,表明形成稳定喷动后流速的提升对珠粒发泡均匀性无改善作用。珠粒发泡倍率随着饱和温度和饱和压力的提高先上升后下降,随着泄压速率的提高而提高。饱和温度的提高使泡孔密度下降,泡孔直径增大,饱和压力和泄压速率的提高使泡孔密度上升,泡孔直径下降。当CO_2流速为0.012 m/s、饱和温度为150℃、饱和压力为10 MPa、泄压速率为20 MPa/s时,珠粒发泡倍率最大,达到9倍,泡孔密度为1.13×10~7个/cm~3,平均泡孔直径为82.3 μm。     

高填充粉煤灰PVC复合发泡板材的制备及性能

以偶氮二甲酰胺(AC发泡剂)、Zn O和Na HCO3复合体系作为发泡剂,采用模压发泡的方法制备高填充粉煤灰聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合发泡板材,确定复合发泡剂的最优配比及其在复合发泡板材中的最佳用量,并对其性能进行了研究。采用发气量测定、热重/差示扫描量热(TG/DSC)分析对AC发泡剂进行了改性研究,选出分解温度满足加工条件的复合发泡剂。添加不同份数的复合发泡剂制备PVC复合发泡板材,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析其断面,测试板材的冲击强度及弯曲强度。实验结果表明,当AC发泡剂、Zn O和Na HCO3的配比为2∶1∶1.5时,最大发气量为213 m L/g,分解温度区间为165~177℃,满足PVC发泡板材加工。当复合发泡剂添加量为6份时,力学性能达到最佳,弯曲强度为17.63 MPa,冲击强度为21.88 k J/m2,达到国家硬质聚氯乙烯低发泡板材的标准;粉煤灰填充量高达61.16%。     

可发性苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物珠粒的制备和铸模性能研究

采用悬浮聚合和可发处理两步法制备了气化模铸造专用的可发性苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物珠粒。过氧化二苯甲酰为引发剂,聚合温度70～80℃,共聚物玻璃化温度(Tg)105℃;0 65MPa下进行可发性处理,发泡剂含量w(发泡剂)=6 5%,发泡成型密度0 021g/cm3。实验中研究了共聚物的相对分子质量、组成、热性能与铸模性能的关系。用制备的可发性共聚物珠粒进行了铸件浇注实验,得到了表面质量良好的铸件。     

AC对St或MMA为壳层单体种子乳液聚合的影响

在种子乳液聚合中加入发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺(AC),制备了可发气核壳结构复合微球。探讨了AC用量对以聚苯乙烯(PSt)微凝胶为种子,St或甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为壳层单体的2种体系稳定性及转化率和反应速率的影响。结果表明,以MMA为壳层单体的聚合体系是较理想体系。当AC用量从1g增加到8g时,以St为壳层单体体系的最终转化率从96．2％下降到74．2％,以MMA为壳层单体体系的最终转化率基本不变,保持在96％左右。但AC的加入使以MMA为壳层单体体系的反应速度最大值的出现时间推后了10min,且其值仅为未加入AC体系的1／2左右。     

聚丙烯/木粉釜压珠粒发泡研究

以CO_2为发泡剂,用高压釜式法制备了聚丙烯/木粉发泡珠粒。利用旋转流变仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了不同木粉含量的聚丙烯/木粉复合材料的流变和结晶性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了发泡珠粒的泡孔结构。结果表明,木粉对聚丙烯珠粒发泡有较大影响,随木粉含量增加,聚丙烯/木粉复合材料的黏度增加、损耗角正切值降低,熔融、结晶温度均提高,复合发泡珠粒的发泡倍率和泡孔密度先增大后减小,泡孔尺寸先减小后增大。当木粉含量为10%时,发泡珠粒的发泡倍率为10.4倍,平均泡孔直径、泡孔密度分别为67.69μm、5.791×10~7个/cm~3。     

水泥基发泡保温材料的制备工艺与性能研究

以普通硅酸盐水泥(P.O42.5)为主要胶凝材料,采用物理发泡工艺制备发泡水泥节能保温材料,发泡剂分别采用动物复合泡沫剂、植物改性泡沫剂和植物泡沫剂干粉,研究了发泡剂种类、水灰比和玻璃纤维掺量对水泥基发泡保温材料性能的影响,确定了水泥基发泡保温材料的最佳配合比.实验结果表明:发泡剂选择植物改性泡沫剂,水灰比为0.5,玻璃纤维掺量为1.5％时,水泥基发泡保温材料的干密度为356 kg/m3,7d抗压强度可达1.71 MPa.     

高熔体强度聚丙烯水发泡性能及影响因素

以水蒸气作为物理发泡剂,对高熔体强度聚丙烯(HMS-PP)进行挤出发泡。在实验中,通过改变水蒸气压力以及卸压速率研究泡孔的结构和分布,分析压力、卸压速率对发泡体结构和性能的影响。实验结果表明:当水蒸气压力为1.5 MPa,卸压速率为77.8 MPa/s时,可以获得发泡均匀、泡孔密度大、表观密度小的PP发泡制品。得到的泡孔平均直径为0.48 mm,发泡倍率约为12。     

超临界二氧化碳/水复合发泡体系制备聚苯乙烯发泡材料

采用超临界二氧化碳和水作为复合发泡剂,制备聚苯乙烯发泡材料,分析发泡剂的吸附过程,并通过观测扫描电镜照片研究发泡样品的泡孔结构.通过比较发泡剂吸附量、泡孔直径、泡孔密度和表观密度4个参数,分析使用复合发泡剂对聚苯乙烯发泡制品性能的影响.结果表明:使用二氧化碳和水作为复合发泡剂,聚苯乙烯中吸附的发泡剂含量增加,发泡制品表观密度降低,泡孔直径增大,泡孔密度减小.     

聚苯乙烯/镍核壳结构纳米微粒的制备

以磺化聚苯乙烯核壳结构凝胶粒子为模板,采用化学吸附和化学还原的方法,合成了聚苯乙烯/镍核壳复合粒子.讨论了pH值、温度、溶剂对复合粒子的影响.采用TEM、XRD对其结构、形貌进行了表征.结果表明,在所选择的实验条件下,成功地合成了以聚苯乙烯为核、镍纳米粒子为壳的核壳结构复合微球.     

微胶囊发泡剂/热塑性聚酯弹性体注射发泡成型工艺研究

采用注射成型工艺制备了热塑性弹性体(TPEE)发泡材料。研究了发泡剂用量、发泡温度以及注射压力对TPEE发泡材料性能的影响。采用万能力学试验机和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别测试和观察了TPEE发泡材料的力学性能和泡孔结构,并测试了TPEE发泡材料的表观密度。试验结果表明:TPEE发泡材料的材料性能与发泡剂用量之间的关系为非线性关系;一定的发泡温度可以影响发泡材料的表观密度,进而影响材料的力学性能;注射压力在一定程度上影响发泡剂的发泡倍率,对发泡材料的性能以及外观产生一定的影响。在发泡剂用量为4.5份、注射温度185℃、合模时间200 s、注射压力40 MPa、注射速度30 g/s的条件下,能够得到综合性能比较理想的发泡材料。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.