6016铝合金汽车板材预时效处理工艺研究

研究了预时效处理工艺对汽车用6016铝合金板烘烤硬化性能的影响,试验结果表明,经过预时效处理可明显改善人工时效过程中合金软化现象。160℃、7 min预时效处理后板材硬度值高于T4态且呈现增长趋势,有效的抵消了自然时效过程中的合金软化现象。DSC结果表明,预时效处理可加快Mg2Si相析出速度,提高人工时效效果。拉伸结果表明,预时效后烤漆试样屈服强度达到321 MPa,相比自然时效烤漆试样硬度提高了60 MPa,降低自然时效对板材烤漆硬化性能的影响。对6016铝板材采用固溶处理+预时效+烤漆硬化工艺流程,有利于获得良好的板材冲压成形性能以及烘烤硬化处理效果。     

预时效对车身用6016铝合金烘烤硬化性能的影响

采用硬度测试、拉伸试验和透射电镜等手段研究了不同预时效处理对6016铝合金烘烤前后微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:6016铝合金具有较强的自然时效硬化能力,自然时效24 h的6016铝硬度比固溶态合金硬度增加了45.6%。自然时效超过24 h以后,合金硬度值变化不大。通过预时效处理可以显著提高6016铝合金的烘烤硬化效果。经550 ℃×30 min固溶+160 ℃×10 min预时效处理后,6016铝合金规定塑性延伸强度为131.4 MPa,伸长率为24.7%。再经175 ℃×30 min烘烤后合金规定塑性延伸强度达到199.5 MPa,烘烤硬化值(BH)为68.1 MPa,此工艺为6016铝合金车身板最佳的热处理工艺。     

预处理对Al-Mg-Si合金成形性能和烘烤硬化性能的影响

通过硬度和单轴拉伸测试,分析了预拉伸、预时效和预拉伸后预时效3种预处理工艺对Al-Mg-Si合金抗时效稳定性能、成形性能和烘烤硬化性能的影响。结果表明:预拉伸+预时效比单纯的预拉伸或预时效工艺对抑制自然时效、提高合金成形性能和烘烤硬化性能更为有效。较为适宜的预处理工艺为预拉伸2%后120℃预时效10 min。在此工艺条件下,与T4固溶试样相比,自然时效后规定非比例延伸强度R_(p0.2)降低15.28MPa、屈强比R_(p0.2)/Rm降低0.09、塑性应变比r值提高0.05、应变硬化指数n值提高0.09、伸长率A值提高5%,烘烤后R_(p0.2)增加了85.95 MPa。     

预时效处理对 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu 合金硬化响应及微观组织的影响

研究了预时效处理对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金薄板力学性能和微观组织的影响,测试了显微硬度和力学性能,表征了TEM微观精细组织。结果表明:固溶处理后在180 ℃立即进行人工时效处理,可获得Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的显著时效硬化效果,且在8 h后达到峰值硬度195 HV0.5,与基体呈共格关系的η′相为主要强化相;120 ℃×10 min为最佳的预时效处理制度,经14天的室温停滞后,相比于固溶+自然时效态,硬度降低了13 HV0.5,降幅达到10.7%,具有明显的抑制自然时效作用;预时效+自然时效态试样,经烘烤硬化处理后,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到了465和545 MPa,强度增量分别达到170和95 MPa,同时伸长率达到12.5%。     

预时效处理对AlZnMgCu铝合金自然时效和烘烤硬化行为的影响

研究了一种AlZnMgCu铝合金的自然时效行为，利用预时效处理降低自然时效过程的硬化效果，提升人工时效过程的硬化效应。利用金相显微镜和透射电镜表征了微观组织结构，测试了显微硬度和拉伸性能。结果表明，预时效处理提高了AlZnMgCu铝合金的初始硬度，但经历12天的自然时效后，最终硬度反而小于固溶后直接自然时效的硬度，降低了24%(120℃预时效);预时效处理后的试样，经自然时效和180℃×20 min的人工时效处理后，屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增大了165 MPa和48 MPa,提高了55.9%和11.2%。固溶+自然时效处理后，基体内GP区尺寸大小不一，分布不均，而经预时效处理后，GP区尺寸和分布均匀，与α-Al基体呈共格关系；预时效+自然时效+人工时效后，η′相粒子尺寸均匀且弥散分布，与α-Al基体呈半共格关系，起到了明显的时效硬化作用。     

La+Ce混合变质及热处理对ADC12铝合金导热性能的影响研究

采用La+Ce混合变质的方法对ADC12铝合金进行变质处理,并随后进行固溶+时效热处理。分别对变质处理后的试样及固溶+时效热处理后的试样的微观组织、导热系数和硬度进行表征。结果表明:混合变质能改善合金的微观组织,对合金导热性能及力学性能的提升较为明显,导热系数达到了107.8W/(m·K),硬度达到103.2HV;固溶+时效热处理可以使合金的微观组织分布更为均匀,内部的共晶Si相进一步转变为颗粒状或短棒状,合金的导热系数和硬度随着固溶温度的提升而增大,随着固溶时间的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。并且,随着时效时间的增加,合金的导热系数及硬度同样呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在固溶温度为520℃、固溶时间为6h、时效温度为170℃、时效时间为8h的工艺条件下,合金的导热系数及硬度分别可达131W/(m·K)及129.4HV,固溶+时效热处理进一步提升了合金的硬度及导热性能。     

高温预变形对Al-Mg-Si合金自然时效及烘烤硬化的影响（英文）

采用显微硬度测试、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和透射电镜(TEM)测试研究高温预变形工艺对Al-Mg-Si合金自然时效和烘烤硬化的影响。结果表明:合金固溶处理后立即进行170℃预变形可以有效降低常温预变形工艺的T4态硬度过高等有害作用,并产生更好的烘烤硬化效果。170℃预变形7%并保持10 min是最佳的高温预变形工艺,可以使合金获得较低的T4态硬度和良好的烘烤硬化效应。高温预变形过程中同时产生的位错和Cluster(2)可以显著地抑制合金的自然时效,并促进烤漆过程中β″相的析出,同时产生的动态回复可以有效抑制加工硬化产生的不利影响。     

预应变和预时效对Al-Mg-Si合金烘烤硬化性能的影响

采用硬度和单轴拉伸测试,结合差示扫描量热法(DSC),分析预时效、预应变和预应变后预时效3种预处理工艺对Al-Mg-Si合金自然时效的抑制及烘烤硬化性能的影响。结果表明:预时效能有效抑制合金的自然时效,提高烘烤硬化效果(BHR),但预时效时间为10 min时,烘烤前强度较高,并且烘烤后塑性降低;预时效前加入预应变不仅能进一步抑制合金的自然时效,且在烘烤强度明显增加的同时保持合金伸长率较高,其中合金经5%预应变及5 min预时效的烘烤硬化性能最好。预处理后合金的DSC曲线中原子团簇的溶解峰消失,且β″相析出峰提前,说明预处理可抑制合金在自然时效过程中原子团簇的形成,加速烘烤过程中β″强化相的析出从而抑制自然时效,增加烘烤效果。     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce合金时效特性的研究

研究了时效参数和变形量对Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr-0.055Ce合金性能的影响。结果表明:合金经920℃×1h固溶后,在500℃时效2h可获得较高的导电率和硬度;时效前对合金加以冷变形可加速第二相的析出,如合金经60%变形后在500℃时效0.5h时,导电率可达69.0%IACS,显微硬度达152.8HV,而固溶后直接时效导电率仅为56.3%I-ACS,显微硬度为130HV;微量稀土元素Ce的加入,使合金的显微硬度提高了18～25HV,而导电率略有降低。     

喷射沉积过共晶铝硅合金热处理工艺的研究

采用正交试验法对喷射沉积过共晶铝硅合金挤压坯的固溶+人工时效处理工艺进行优化,研究固溶和人工时效的温度及时间对挤压态合金组织结构的影响,测定不同热处理后合金的硬度和耐磨性,确定最佳的热处理工艺.结果表明,固溶温度、固溶时间、时效时间和时效温度对过共晶铝硅合金组织和性能的影响依次降低.并得 出最佳的热处理工艺为520℃×3h 固溶+120℃×10h时效,处理后合金的硬度为84.4HB,相对耐磨性为原始挤压态试样的1.22倍.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。