极地海洋平台用Nb-V微合金化热轧H型钢TMCP工艺

在实验室利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对Nb-V微合金化H型钢进行了连续冷却转变与形变热模拟试验,研究了形变温度和冷却速度对试验钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：连续冷却转变过程中,冷速为1 ℃/s时,组织中开始出现少量贝氏体;冷速大于7 ℃/s时,不发生珠光体转变;冷速为15 ℃/s时,不发生铁素体转变。形变热模拟条件下,冷速≤1 ℃/s时,形变未改变试验钢的组织类型,其组织均为铁素体+珠光体;冷速为5~10 ℃/s时,形变显著改变试验钢的组织形态;形变温度越低,其组织中铁素体含量越高,铁素体与贝氏体组织越细小;形变温度为800~850 ℃,冷速控制在3~5 ℃/s时,试验钢可获得强韧性较好的细小准多边形铁素体与贝氏体的复合组织。     

Q390钢焊接CCT曲线的测定

模拟Q390钢焊接工况,利用热膨胀法通过Gleeble1500热模拟机测定Q390钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线).采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对不同冷却速度下的试样进行显微组织观察及分析,通过对Q390钢连续冷却特性的分析和比较得出Q390钢的SH-CCT曲线.结果表明,SH-CCT曲线分为3个区域,高温区的铁素体+珠光体转变区,中温区内的贝氏体转变区,低温区的马氏体转变区.在0.015～0.1℃/s的冷却速度范围内获得铁素体+珠光体+粒状贝氏体的整合组织;在0.5～1℃/s冷却速度范围内有大量的粒状贝氏体组织生成;当冷却速度大于25℃/s时,有马氏体与残余奥氏体整合组织生成.     

高强度舰船用钢的连续冷却转变规律研究

采用高温淬火相变仪、Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机和SEM等手段,研究了试验用高强度舰船用钢连续冷却过程中的组织转变规律。结果表明,试验钢的静态CCT曲线和动态CCT曲线均由铁素体加贝氏体、贝氏体、贝氏体+马氏体和马氏体四个区域组成。静态热模拟组织中冷却速度达到5℃/s时奥氏体才全部转变成贝氏体,而动态热模拟组织中冷却速度为3℃/s时奥氏体就已全部转变成贝氏体组织,且贝氏体组织相对细小。当冷却速度达到20℃/s时,静态和动态热模拟组织中都是完全马氏体组织,形貌均呈板条状,动态热模拟试样的马氏体板条更细小、密集。无论是静态热模拟组织还是动态热模拟组织,硬度都随冷却速度的提高,逐渐升高,但动态热模拟试样的硬度比静态高3~6 HRC。     

Q345E钢连续冷却过程中的相变和显微组织

在THERMECMASTOR-Z热模拟试验机上研究了Q345E钢在不同连续冷却条件下的相和组织变化,用热膨胀法测定了试验钢的连续冷却转变曲线(动态CCT曲线)。研究结果表明,试验钢在低冷速下,主要形成多边形铁素体;当冷却速率大于10℃/s时,组织中针状铁素体和贝氏体的数量明显增多;当冷却速度为20℃/s时,组织变为贝氏体加少量铁素体;随着冷却速率的增加,组织明显变细。     

汽车用非调质钢49MnVS3的动态连续冷却转变行为

在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上进行49Mn VS3钢的变形-连续冷却膨胀测定,结合金相-硬度法得到试验用钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)。结果表明:49Mn VS3钢的Ac1、Ac3分别为741℃、803℃。当冷却速度为0.5~5℃/s时,得到组织为铁素体和珠光体;冷却速度为7℃/s时,主要为细长的针状铁素体+块状铁素体+珠光体+少量贝氏体;10~15℃/s时发生贝氏体转变;15℃/s出现马氏体转变;冷速为20~40℃/s时,则只发生马氏体转变,得到完全的马氏体组织。随着冷却速度的增加,硬度呈先缓慢增大后线性上升。     

DP980双相钢CCT曲线的测定与分析

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上测定DP980双相钢的连续冷却相转变曲线(CCT曲线),结合金相显微组织及维氏硬度,分析了不同冷却速度连续冷却时的组织转变,阐明了冷却速度与组织演变以及硬度变化的关系。结果表明:DP980钢在很大的冷速区间内都仅发生铁素体和贝氏体转变,只有当冷却速度达到50℃/s时,才开始发生马氏体转变。随冷速的提高,尤其在0.5~20℃/s时,硬相的贝氏体含量逐渐增加,硬度随冷速的提高增加的较为明显;冷却速率为20~50℃/s时,硬度提高趋于平缓。     

大热输入焊接用EH40船板钢焊接热影响区组织转变与力学性能

河钢集团采用氧化物冶金技术开发出了大热输入焊接用EH40船板钢，利用DIL805L淬火相变膨胀仪结合焊接热模拟技术，研究了EH40船板钢焊接热影响区(HAZ)连续冷却转变行为和不同冷却速度下HAZ的组织转变。同时，采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对EH40船板钢进行焊接热模拟试验，并对其焊接HAZ力学性能进行了测定。焊接HAZ连续转变曲线(SHCCT)表明，当冷却速率≤1 ℃/s时，主要发生铁素体/珠光体转变；随着冷却速率增大至2 ℃/s时，贝氏体开始析出;当冷却速率在2～3 ℃/s时，发生铁素体/珠光体和粒状贝氏体转变；当冷却速率在5～10 ℃/s时，发生铁素体/粒状贝氏体转变；而且随着冷却速率增大，粒状贝氏体所占比例逐渐升高；当冷却速率增大至15 ℃/s时，开始出现板条状贝氏体；当冷却速率在30～100 ℃/s时，开始出现马氏体，并且马氏体所占比例逐渐升高。另外，焊接热模拟和冲击试验结果表明，经过200 kJ/cm热输入焊接热模拟后，EH40船板钢HAZ在-40 ℃下的平均冲击吸收能量为205 J，远大于国标要求的41 J。采用扫描电镜及配套的能谱仪对EH40船板钢焊接HAZ析出粒子进行了分析，结果表明(Ti,Mn,Si,Mg)Ox-MnS粒子可以作为形核质点促进焊接HAZ针状铁素体的形成，有效地提高了焊接HAZ的低温韧性。     

OD1422 mm的X80级管线钢SH-CCT曲线测定与分析

采用Gleeble3500热-力学模拟试验机,对外径为φ1422 mm的X80管线钢焊接热影响区(HAZ)在不同冷却速度下的热循环过程进行了模拟,利用热膨胀法绘制模拟焊接热影响区连续冷却组织转变曲线(SH-CCT);结合光学显微组织和硬度测试等分析手段,研究了φ1422 mm的X80管线钢在不同冷却速度条件下焊接热影响区的组织变化规律。结果表明,冷却速度对X80管线钢的相变行为和微观结构具有显著影响。当冷却速度为1 ℃/s时,组织转变为贝氏体;当冷却速度达到7 ℃/s时,开始产生马氏体组织;当冷却速度为20 ℃/s时,组织内较高位错密度的板条贝氏体较多,组织晶粒较小。当冷却速度在7~20 ℃/s之间时,X80管线钢热影响区的显微硬度和冲击性能都大于母材。     

12Cr2Mo1VR钢SH-CCT曲线测定及分析

文中叙述了在Gleeble-3180热模拟试验机上采用热膨胀法进行12Cr2Mo1VR钢的热模拟试验,获得不同冷却速率下的相变点、显微组织和维氏硬度,并对其进行分析,绘制出12Cr2Mo1VR钢的模拟焊接热影响区奥氏体连续冷却转变图。结果表明:冷却速率小于0.25℃/s时,组织转变为铁素体和珠光体;冷却速率为0.25℃/s及以上时,贝氏体转变开始,硬度逐渐升高。     

R350HT钢轨钢的连续冷却转变曲线

在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上对欧标R350HT钢轨钢进行不同冷却速度的热模拟试验,观察显微组织并测量硬度,绘制试验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,在冷却速率为0.5~2.5 ℃/s时,组织以珠光体为主,有少量先共析铁素体。当冷却速度为3 ℃/s时,组织中出现马氏体。由于珠光体轨钢中不允许有马氏体组织,因此冷却速度应小于3 ℃/s。同时,随着冷却速率的增大,直至10 ℃/s,珠光体开始转变温度降低,这是因为随着冷却速率的增大,在高温区停留时间缩短,珠光体转变来不及发生,并且发生珠光体相变需要较大的过冷度。随着冷却速率增加至20 ℃/s,组织基本上为马氏体。当冷速大于20 ℃/s后,组织为单一马氏体。因此,马氏体临界转变冷速为20 ℃/s。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.