激光熔覆和重熔制备Fe-Ni-B-Si-Nb系非晶纳米晶复合涂层

采用激光熔覆和重熔的方法在低碳钢CCS-B上制备Fe-Ni-Si-B-Nb系非晶纳米晶复合涂层。利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、EDAX能谱及透射电镜分析涂层的物相、组织结构,运用显微硬度计、纳米压痕仪及摩擦磨损试验机研究涂层的显微硬度分布、微观力学性能及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:熔覆层的组织由表面至基体分为非晶纳米晶复合区、熔覆层与基体,其中,复合区为Fe2B、γ-(Fe,Ni)多晶和非晶相的混合组织;涂层的最高显微硬度达到了1 369 HV;涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.275;涂层的主要磨损形式是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,具有良好的摩擦磨损性能。     

激光重熔改性WC/Fe等离子喷涂涂层组织及其耐磨性能

目的改善等离子喷涂WC/Fe复合陶瓷涂层的组织,增强其耐磨性能,并研究激光重熔涂层在不同温度下的耐磨性能。方法采用激光重熔技术处理等离子喷涂WC/Fe复合陶瓷涂层,利用附带能谱仪(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计测试和表征了等离子喷涂涂层在激光重熔前后的组织特征、物相组成及显微硬度,利用摩擦磨损试验机对激光重熔涂层在25、200、400℃下的耐磨性能进行了对比考察。结果等离子喷涂WC/Fe复合陶瓷涂层呈层状结构,经过激光重熔处理后,其片层状结构和孔隙等缺陷基本消失,且激光熔覆区的顶部组织为等轴晶和细小枝晶,熔覆区的底部组织为胞状晶,涂层与基体结合带区的组织为粗大的树枝晶,涂层与基体形成了冶金结合。激光重熔涂层中的WC、W_2C、M_(23)C_6及Ni_6BSi_2等高硬度化合物的弥散强化作用,使得激光重熔涂层的显微硬度约为原等离子喷涂涂层的2倍。激光重熔涂层在25℃下的磨损亚表层最完好,在400℃时出现了微裂纹。结论重熔能消除等离子喷涂涂层的各种缺陷,得到组织致密的涂层。重熔涂层在不同温度下表现出不同的磨损机理,在25℃下表现出最好的耐磨性能。     

激光重熔对火焰喷涂CrFeAlTi涂层组织与性能的影响

利用火焰喷涂技术在中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢表面制备了CrFeAlTi涂层,然后通过5 kW横流CO_2激光器对该涂层进行多道搭接重熔处理。分别采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机以及基体拉伸试验等分析测试手段对重熔前后涂层显微组织、物相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能以及界面结合强度进行了研究。试验结果表明:激光重熔处理消除了火焰喷涂CrFeAlTi涂层的层状组织结构、孔洞、裂纹等缺陷,使涂层表面光滑、平整,内部组织致密、均匀,与基体形成了良好的冶金结合界面。火焰喷涂涂层表层物相主要为Al_2O_3、TiO、CrO_(0.87)、AlFeO_3、Cr_3C_2和Fe-Cr,激光重熔后涂层表层主要物相为Al_2O_3、TiO_2、(Al_(0.948)Cr_(0.052))_2O_3和Cr_7C_3。激光重熔涂层的平均硬度约为1864.2 HV0.2,比火焰喷涂涂层提高了约1倍。激光重熔涂层在室温干滑动摩擦条件下的耐磨性能明显优于火焰喷涂涂层与基体CLAM钢。激光重熔后涂层与基体的界面结合强度显著提高。     

激光重熔等离子喷涂WC颗粒增强镍基涂层组织及高温磨损性能

为了提高等离子喷涂WC颗粒增强镍基涂层的性能,采用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理,研究了激光重熔对涂层微观组织和性能的影响．用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和显微硬度计分析了涂层表面形貌、微观结构、相组成和显微硬度,同时对涂层的高温摩擦磨损特性进行了考察．结果表明,激光重熔消除了等离子喷涂层的层片状结构、孔隙等缺陷,涂层致密度提高;另外在激光高能量密度作用下,WC颗粒部分熔化,并在周围析出枝晶结构．激光重熔处理后涂层的显微硬度明显提高,其磨损性能也显著高于原等离子喷涂层．     

钛合金表面激光重熔微弧氧化层的组织结构及摩擦磨损性能

为改善TC21钛合金表面微弧氧化(micro arc oxidation,MAO)涂层的微观结构致密性和耐磨性能，对MAO涂层进行了激光重熔改性，并对重熔后涂层的微观结构、成分、相组成以及硬度、摩擦磨损性能等进行了表征测试。结果显示，重熔MAO涂层由重熔外层、重熔内层和热影响层3层结构组成，其中外层和内层主要由Al₂TiO₅、rutile-TiO₂和α-Al₂O₃组成，热影响层由α-Ti和β-Ti转变组织组成，重熔MAO涂层的硬度显著增大。在摩擦磨损实验中，重熔MAO涂层摩擦系数低于MAO涂层和TC21钛合金基体，其磨损机制以粘着磨损为主，并伴有轻微的磨粒磨损。激光重熔MAO涂层显著提高了TC21钛合金摩擦磨损性能。     

等温淬火处理对感应重熔镍基合金涂层摩擦学性能的影响

目的改善镍基合金涂层的摩擦学性能。方法分别采用感应重熔工艺及感应重熔-等温淬火一体化工艺,在GCr15钢基体表面制备了两种镍基合金涂层,并通过销盘摩擦磨损试验、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度测试对其摩擦磨损性能、微观组织、表面硬度进行了对比研究,探讨了等温淬火处理对感应重熔镍基合金涂层摩擦学性能、微观组织、表面硬度的影响,揭示了其增强机理。结果经等温淬火后的重熔涂层比感应重熔涂层具有更低的摩擦系数和磨损失重,摩擦稳定阶段的摩擦系数为0.301,比后者低23.8%,相对耐磨性是后者的1.71倍。感应重熔涂层同时存在着磨粒磨损和粘着磨损两种机制,而经等温淬火后的重熔涂层以磨粒磨损为主,比前者具有更优异的抵抗磨粒磨损和粘着磨损的能力。感应重熔涂层及经等温淬火处理后的重熔涂层平均显微硬度分别为818.0、873.6HV(0.5),硬度极差分别为170.9、132.6HV(0.5),形状参数分别为18.5057、22.6189,后者比前者具有更高的平均硬度值、更小的硬度极差以及更加稳定的涂层性能。经过微观组织分析发现,重熔涂层在经等温淬火处理后,其晶粒的细化、硬质相的相对均质弥散性、共晶相的减少、丰富的耐磨陶瓷相和快速凝固的定向晶粒结构的协同作用,是其具有优异的显微硬度Weibull分布特性,以及耐磨性得到进一步提高的根本原因。结论合适的等温淬火热处理工艺能够改善感应重熔镍基合金涂层的微观组织,从而有效减小其摩擦系数,并提高其耐磨性。     

汽车发动机用AZ91D合金的表面改性设计与性能研究

对汽车发动机用AZ91D合金进行等离子喷涂和激光重熔改性处理,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、显微硬度计、电化学工作站研究了AZ91D合金基材和涂层的显微形貌、物相组成、摩擦磨损和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,等离子喷涂涂层和激光重熔层的显微硬度相较于AZ91D合金基材有明显提高,提高幅度约为10倍和13倍,而过渡层的显微硬度介于基材和涂层之间;相同载荷下等离子涂层的摩擦系数要高于激光重熔层,AZ91D合金基材的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,等离子喷涂涂层和激光重熔层的磨损机制为轻微磨粒磨损;等离子喷涂涂层和激光重熔涂层的耐腐蚀性能都要远优于AZ91D合金基材,由于具有致密均匀的涂层结构,激光重熔层具有最小的腐蚀倾向和腐蚀速率,耐腐蚀性能最好。     

等离子喷涂-重熔NiCrBSi涂层的显微组织与耐磨性能

采用等离子喷涂和等离子重熔技术,在2Cr13基体表面制备2mm厚的自熔性NiCrBSi涂层。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和能谱仪研究涂层形貌、微观组织和微区成分的演变规律,采用拉伸和硬度试验测试涂层的结合强度和显微硬度,通过室温和高温摩擦磨损试验评价和比较涂层与基体的耐磨性能。结果表明,重熔前后涂层都是由γ-Ni固溶体以及Ni₃B,CrB,Cr₂B,Cr₇C₃和Cr₂₃C₆等组成;重熔涂层由层状喷涂态转变为致密的铸造态,涂层组织和力学性能大大提高,结合强度和显微硬度分别高达200MPa和1010HV。重熔涂层的耐磨性显著优于2Cr13基体,其600℃时的磨损体积仅为基体的20%。     

TiAl基合金表面激光重熔陶瓷涂层研究

采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl基合金表面制备纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2(质量分数)涂层,然后用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理.用扫描电镜分析了涂层的剖面组织结构,并用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机测试了涂层的显微硬度及其耐磨性能.结果表明,等离子喷涂后的纳米陶瓷涂层组织较均匀、致密,但涂层仍存在孔隙率高等缺陷.激光重熔后涂层的组织结构进一步致密,显微硬度得到提高,耐摩擦性能也得到明显的改善.     

用激光重熔法提高铝硅合金的耐磨性

研究了激光重熔3种火焰喷涂层的强化效果。分析了激光重熔前后涂层的化学成分、显微组织、相结构以及显微硬度变化，进行了涂层的磨损试验。结果表明，激光重熔使涂层显微组织细化，质量明显改善，耐磨性能明显提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.