高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢的低温性能与组织稳定性

评估[Ni]当量相近、[Cr]当量相同、氮含量不同的奥氏体不锈钢的低温性能和组织稳定性,测试了含氮量分别为0.614%和0.529%的奥氏体不锈钢H1和H2的低温拉伸和低温冲击性能,利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分别对两种试验钢的拉伸断口与冲击断口进行了形貌观察和组织检测,利用TEM分析拉伸断口的显微组织。结果表明：两种试验钢的抗拉强度与屈服强度随着试验温度的降低单调增加,伸长率和断面收缩率逐渐减小,氮含量增加提高材料的强度但降低塑韧性;低温冲击试验的结果是氮含量增加降低试验钢的冲击性能,但对韧脆转变温度影响不大,H1与H2试验钢的韧脆转变温度分别为－122 ℃与－123 ℃。XRD与TEM的检测结果均表明此两种试验钢均具有良好的组织稳定性,低温拉伸与冲击均未发生马氏体相变与氮化物析出。     

热处理工艺对Cr-Mo-(V)型轴承钢组织和性能的影响

研究了V和Mo元素的添加以及热处理制度对轴承钢组织与性能的影响。采用SEM、XRD、EBSD和TEM等手段表征和测试了试验钢的微观组织、断口形貌、力学性能、显微硬度和冲击吸收能量,并计算了残留奥氏体的含量。结果表明,经贝氏体等温淬火处理后,相比于淬火+回火处理,不同试验钢的抗拉强度均高于淬火+回火处理,而显微硬度则相反,冲击吸收能量改善最为明显。经贝氏体等温淬火处理后,试验钢的断口具有孔洞聚合型断裂的特征,而经淬火+回火处理后的断口属于解理断裂;加入V和Mo元素后,残留奥氏体的含量均降低,并存在两种形态,一是分布于晶界处的块状残留奥氏体,平均尺寸在500 nm左右;二是分布在贝氏体板条间的薄膜状残留奥氏体,平均尺寸在100 nm左右。     

氮含量对HPD-1双相不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察与力学性能测试研究了氮含量(0.08%～0.22%,质量分数)对HPD-1双相不锈钢硬度、拉伸性能、低温冲击性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,氮含量变化可显著影响试验钢γ/α相比例,当氮含量由0.08%升高到0.22%,γ相含量由38.1%提高至56.5%。α相的硬度由273 HV10提高到343 HV10,γ相的硬度由238 HV10提高到299 HV10,试验钢强度明显提升。氮元素对两相比例和奥氏体相韧性的双重影响导致试验钢低温冲击性能呈先上升后下降的趋势;更高的氮含量抑制疲劳裂纹萌生与拓展,是影响HPD-1双相不锈钢室温疲劳性能的主要因素。撕裂棱是疲劳断口的显著特征。     

热处理对9Ni钢焊接接头组织与性能的影响

对9Ni钢焊接接头分别进行了QT处理和IHT处理,采用拉伸、硬度、冲击试验,断口电镜扫描等方法研究了两种热处理对焊接接头显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明,未经热处理时焊缝的组织为细晶铁素体+针状铁素体;QT处理后焊缝的组织为马氏体+奥氏体;IHT处理后焊缝组织为马氏体+奥氏体+铁素体。QT与IHT处理均能使9Ni钢焊接接头的强度、硬度下降,塑性上升;IHT处理后焊接接头的伸长率达到29.0%,塑性优于QT态。经QT和IHT处理后,焊缝的低温冲击吸收能量分别从48 J上升至78 J和100 J;IHT处理可明显提升焊缝的低温韧性,其冲击断口为典型的韧性断裂。     

超高强度钢35CrMnSi惯性摩擦焊接头组织与性能

对35CrMnSi超高强度钢进行了惯性摩擦焊试验研究,对热处理前后焊接接头组织、显微硬度进行分析测试,并对热处理后焊接接头进行了拉伸性能、冲击性能及拉伸断口分析。结果表明:焊后接头焊缝组织为板条马氏体与残余奥氏体,热力影响区组织为细小的马氏体、索氏体、珠光体和铁素体混合组织;热处理后焊缝组织为回火马氏体与少量铁素体;摩擦焊接头焊缝区的硬度高于热力影响区和母材,热处理后焊接接头硬度趋于一致,焊接接头抗拉强度大于1 890 MPa,断后伸长率大于7. 5%,焊缝区拉伸断口为混合断口;焊接接头冲击吸收能量大于18. 5J。     

Co元素对300M钢组织和性能的影响

采用力学性能试验、SEM、TEM和XRD方法,研究了不同Co含量对300M钢的力学性能、显微组织和断口形貌的影响。结果表明,Co元素的加入会提高300M钢回火后的强度和硬度,降低回火后的冲击吸收能量,并且含Co量越高,300M钢的强度和硬度越高,冲击吸收能量越低;不同含量Co的试验钢回火后的组织均为回火马氏体、残留奥氏体和ε-碳化物,并发现了极少量的M₆C型碳化物,随着Co含量的增加,残留奥氏体含量降低,当Co含量较高时,组织中出现了大量的渗碳体。     

等温淬火-回火对建筑用钢组织与性能的影响

研究了回火温度对建筑用钢显微组织、拉伸性能和冲击性能的影响,并对断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:未回火的建筑用钢的金相组织为下贝氏体和残余奥氏体;经过(250~400)℃/60 min回火处理后,块状残余奥氏体含量明显减少或者基本消失,而下贝氏体的板条界面发生钝化而变得模糊;块状残余奥氏体在回火过程中发生了分解转变成了贝氏体铁素体组织;回火处理后建筑用钢的强塑积都要高于未回火的建筑用钢;随着回火温度的升高,强塑积呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,在回火温度为300℃时取得强塑积的最大值(33612 MPa·%),且此时的建筑用钢具有较高的冲击韧性;未回火的建筑用钢的冲击断口表现为准解理断裂特征,而回火态建筑用钢的冲击断口都为韧性断裂特征,韧塑性相对更好。     

氮含量对V-N微合金化高强钢筋微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用拉伸试验和显微维氏硬度试验对氮含量不同的3种V-N微合金化高强钢筋进行了力学性能测试。试验结果表明,试验钢的强度和硬度随氮含量的增大而增大,断后伸长率随含氮量的增大而减小。采用金相显微镜(OM)对不同氮含量的V-N微合金化高强钢筋室温组织进行了观测,试验钢热轧后冷却的室温显微组织为铁素体和珠光体,平均晶粒截距随氮含量的增大而减小。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对3种试验钢的拉伸断口进行了观测,断口组织均为韧窝断裂,随氮含量的增大,韧窝由大变小,由深变浅。经过晶粒尺寸、第二相以及位错对屈服强度贡献的计算,随氮含量增大,V-N微合金化高强钢筋的主要强化机制由细晶强化向沉淀强化过渡。     

Ni含量对淬回火态40CrNiMo钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

使用直读光谱仪、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和力学试验设备,研究了Ni含量对淬回火态40CrNiMo钢的显微组织、残留奥氏体含量、硬度、室温抗拉强度和室温冲击性能的影响。结果表明,随着Ni含量从1.346%增加至1.618%,40CrNiMo钢的显微组织、残留奥氏体含量无明显变化,但α-Fe的晶格畸变增大;在不同回火温度下,试验钢的硬度均提高5~10 HV;450 ℃回火的高Ni含量钢的抗拉强度比低Ni含量钢高78 MPa,抗拉强度的提高幅度则随着回火温度的升高而减小;然而在残留奥氏体含量几乎不变的条件下,Ni含量增加反而会使450、500 ℃回火后钢的冲击吸收能量降低约50%。     

热处理对9Cr低活化马氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了热处理对9Cr低活化马氏体钢显微组织和力学性能的影响.用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了材料的显微组织、拉伸断口和冲击断口;用X射线衍射仪检测了材料的晶体结构.结果表明:9Cr低活化马氏体钢的晶粒尺寸从950℃的6.28μm增加到1200℃的66.5μm.两种热处理工艺(950℃×30min水冷+780℃×90min空冷和1050℃×30min水冷+780℃×90min空冷)处理后的9Cr低活化马氏体钢显微组织为全马氏体.二种工艺处理后拉伸力学性能相近,但冲击性能差别明显.二者的韧脆转变温度分别为-72℃和-62℃.选择950℃×30min水冷+780℃×90min空冷的热处理工艺能够提高9Cr低活化马氏体钢的冲击韧度.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.