压裂泵泵头体失效分析

压裂作业技术是油气田稳定增产的重要措施,其对压裂泵的质量要求非常高。某油田作业的压裂泵发生多起泵头体交变腔开裂现象,为了研究其失效机理,采用宏观检验、力学性能测试、断口分析及有限元分析等方法对裂纹性质及萌生扩展机理进行分析。结果表明:起始断裂区位于吸入腔与柱塞腔的过渡圆弧处,在交变应力与腐蚀介质的作用下发生腐蚀疲劳开裂失效。对泵头体的设计加工等方面提出了改进建议,为预防同类压裂泵发生疲劳腐蚀提供了参考。     

40CrNi2Si2MoVA超高强度钢海洋大气环境腐蚀行为研究

在青岛和海南进行40CrNi2Si2MoVA超高强度钢的大气暴露实验,对暴露后的材料性能以及腐蚀形貌进行了研究。结果表明,40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢在海洋性大气环境中,腐蚀以均匀腐蚀为主,随环境不同和腐蚀发展的变化,腐蚀产物成分和结构不同,主要成分是Fe3O4,Fe2O3,γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH。腐蚀失重与时间的关系可用幂函数w=atb(b1)回归。40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢在海洋性大气环境下具有较高的应力腐蚀敏感性,应力腐蚀为沿晶开裂模式,裂纹起源于表面产生腐蚀的部位,并向内部扩展。40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢在海南万宁的腐蚀速率以及应力腐蚀敏感性明显高于在青岛团岛的。由于环境腐蚀对材料的影响,导致其抗拉强度的损失,从而使其抗应力能力降低,在更低的强度水平和更短的时间内产生断裂。     

40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢的大气应力腐蚀行为

用单轴拉伸试样和预制裂纹试样研究40CrNi2Si2MoVA高强度钢在典型大气环境下的抗应力腐蚀性能.施加应力后的试样分别暴露于北京、青岛、万宁3个不同的大气试验站.研究表明:40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢的抗应力腐蚀性能取决于环境,在海洋性环境下应力腐蚀性较高.扫描电子显微镜微观分析表明裂纹起始于表面的腐蚀点,并向试样内部扩展,为沿晶开裂,有二次裂纹存在.随着应力水平的增大,二次裂纹明显增加.     

铀矿用不锈钢泵轴断裂原因分析

目的找到不锈钢泵轴断裂原因。方法通过对断裂的泵轴进行失效分析,利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、直读光谱仪、显微硬度计等测试方法和手段,对失效泵轴的断口形貌、组织、化学成分、显微硬度等进行分析。结果断口形貌呈明显的脆性疲劳开裂特征,且裂纹源呈现多源特征,有疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹存在。316L泵轴材质成分和组织问题不大,在近表面存在大量夹杂物,同时泵轴表面观察到点蚀和微裂纹存在。结论近表面夹杂物在酸性环境中极易引起点蚀,同时泵轴与联轴器根部结合处存在变截面,形成应力集中。当泵轴受到腐蚀、应力以及电机交变载荷作用时,形成腐蚀疲劳裂纹源,裂纹扩展造成瞬断是此次不锈钢泵轴断裂的主要原因。     

油田注水泵泵头体裂纹的焊接修复

3H-8/450型高压三柱塞泵是油田注水采油的重要设备,它由泵身及泵头组成.工作时,泵头承受工作压力为40MPa,介质为带有腐蚀性的油田污水,动作频率为370次/min,工作环境十分恶劣.泵长期在这种环境下运行,液力端泵头处常常因产生腐蚀疲劳裂纹而发生泄露现象,导致大多数没有达到设计使用寿命的泵头提前报废.国内各油田每年因这种破坏而报废的泵头有几百台,经济损失很大.因此,对报废的泵头进行修复重新利用就显得十分必要.     

柱塞泵泵头体失效分析

对柱塞泵泵头体的断裂失效进行分析、检验,发现渗碳淬火时造成很大应力,在泵体应力集中严重的部位产生了裂纹,受高工作应力的作用,裂纹扩展而断裂。这与成分偏析、混晶组织、表面加工粗糙及热处理质量差等因素有关。     

压裂泵泵头体材料的疲劳实验与疲劳寿命预估

基于某型压裂泵泵头体材料25CrNi2.5MoV低碳合金钢的力学性能参数,采用成组法进行7个应力水平下的疲劳实验,运用最小二乘法对S-N曲线进行拟合,将S-N曲线导入到有限元软件中的材料库;建立泵头体三维模型,设置123、110、100、85 MPa四种不同工况载荷,进行泵头体疲劳有限元仿真分析。仿真模拟结果确定了压裂泵泵头体在额定载荷下的疲劳寿命,这为泵头体的工程应用提供了理论参考。     

DH 1-5-7上级泵下端泵头的腐蚀失效分析

对TARIM油田DH 1-5-7油井中使用97天的三级泵下端 泵头腐蚀原因进行了分析.下端泵头主要有法兰部件、中间的叶片和主体3个部分.腐蚀形貌 观察发现腐蚀严重的下端泵头表面残存的腐蚀产物较少.失效的原因是腐蚀和严重的冲刷二 者的协同作用.因不同部件的材质差异导致电偶腐蚀.腐蚀孔内存在氯离子,也促进了孔蚀的 发展.     

海水泵泵轴失效原因的研究

某电厂4#海水泵断续工作33个月后,泵轴产生局部腐蚀。本文根据材质、浸泡和腐蚀疲劳等试验结果,预测了泵轴的腐蚀和可能发生失效的过程是:泵轴局部表面镀铬层脱落,镀层下的3Cr13钢发生晶间腐蚀,并导致孔蚀。由于存在闭塞条件和电偶电流,加速局部腐蚀。蚀坑底部萌生晶间裂纹、裂纹扩展,直至发生腐蚀疲劳断裂。     

30 CrNi3 MoVA钢的晶粒细化及组织均匀化研究

30CrNi3MoVA钢极易产生粗晶和混晶组织,且具有较强的组织遗传性,严重影响产品的综合力学性能。针对该问题,对30CrNi3MoVA钢的特性进行了分析,制定了30CrNi3MoVA锻件的生产工艺,通过预留锻比在780℃控温锻造、锻后预备热处理进行二次过冷,30CrNi3MoVA钢的组织均匀细化且充分转变,同时调质前增加一道正火工序,进一步均匀、细化组织。根据制定的工艺进行试验,结果表明,锻后正火+扩氢退火,进行二次过冷,30CrNi3MoVA钢的组织充分转变,且性能良好;调质热处理前增加一道正火工序,并加强淬火力度,30CrNi3MoVA钢的组织得到进一步均匀细化。该工艺解决了30CrNi3MoVA钢组织粗大及不均匀的生产难题,提高了其强韧性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。