38CrMoAl钢空心阴极辅助等离子渗氮的研究

本项研究集中在用空心阴极辅助等离子渗氮处理38CrMoAl钢。渗氮时间、温度、试样的势都作为正交试验的影响因素,也确定优选的工艺条件。试验结果表明,在最好的正交试验工艺下渗氮层的显微硬度显著增加,比处理前高4~5倍。另外等离子渗氮试样的表面粗糙度和处理前相同。更重要的是渗氮试样的表面白亮层有3μm厚,由ε和γ'相组成,而且渗氮层的总深度达到300μm。     

38CrMoAl钢喷丸预处理与稀土催渗等离子多元共渗复合工艺研究

目的探索38CrMoAl喷丸预处理与稀土离子多元共渗复合强化新工艺的效果及其机理。方法通过设计正交实验筛选出最优处理工艺,在最优工艺参数条件下进行对比试验,分别测定渗氮后各试样的表面硬度及渗层厚度,观察其金相组织,利用SEM和能谱分析研究每组试样渗氮层的性能及产生原因。结果 38CrMoAl钢喷丸预处理与稀土催渗离子多元共渗的最优工艺参数为:渗氮温度540℃,氨气流量2.0 L/min,保温时间9 h。38CrMoAl钢试样的最大硬度为1221HV,渗层厚度为355μm。38CrMoAl钢试样的金相显微组织分析表明,喷丸预处理、稀土催渗对等离子多元共渗有促进作用,两者复合工艺的多元共渗作用效果大于单一稀土催渗和等离子多元共渗工艺。38CrMoAl钢试样渗层的能谱检测结果显示,复合处理工艺与单一处理工艺相比,在同一深度渗入的氮、碳、氧元素含量以及渗层深度均有明显提高。结论喷丸预处理与稀土催渗离子多元共渗工艺优于普通多元共渗和稀土多元共渗,喷丸和稀土的复合处理可以显著增强渗层厚度和渗入元素含量,有利于材料表面性能的提升。     

38CrMoAl钢钛催渗等离子氮化工艺研究

目的 探究38CrMoAl钢钛催渗等离子渗氮工艺及机理.方法 在其他工艺参数确定的情况下,通过常规等离子渗氮与钛催渗等离子渗氮处理对比试验,研究38CrMoAl钢钛催渗离子渗氮处理随渗氮时间的变化规律.对试样进行表面硬度、渗层深度检测和显微金相组织与SEM形貌的观察,探究不同处理工艺的催渗效果及钛催渗等离子渗氮的机理.结果 在渗氮的前3 h,渗氮层厚度增加明显,当渗氮时间超过3 h后,其氮化层的厚度便趋于饱和.对比不同时间(3、5、8 h)钛催渗等离子渗氮的表面硬度,差距不大.综合得出38CrMoAl钢在渗氮温度535℃、氨气流量2.0 L/min的工艺参数下,钛催渗等离子渗氮效率最优的渗氮时间为3 h,其表面硬度为1160.8HV,渗层深度为300μm,优于常规离子渗氮8 h的作用效果.结论 38CrMoAl钢试样经过钛催渗等离子渗氮后,渗层的表面硬度和深度明显高于常规离子渗氮.钛的加入可以促使合金元素向表面富集,有利于表面合金化,提升渗氮效率,增强渗氮效果.     

离子渗氮工艺对液压柱塞用38CrMoAl钢组织和性能的影响

对液压柱塞用38CrMoAl钢进行了低温离子渗氮,采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计对处理后的38CrMoAl钢试样的显微组织、表面硬度和渗层脆性进行了分析。研究结果表明,相比于510 ℃常规离子渗氮,38CrMoAl钢经450 ℃×6 h低温离子渗氮后无白亮层产生,且XRD表明38CrMoAl钢表面无γ'-Fe4N相生成。同时,压痕周围无裂纹产生且硬度高于510 ℃×6 h常规离子渗氮。     

渗氮温度对38CrMoAl钢真空感应渗氮层耐磨性能的影响

应用一种新型真空感应渗氮方法对38CrMoAl钢表面制备渗氮层,采用SEM、EDS、自动显微硬度测试、滑动干摩擦试验等测试方法探讨了渗氮温度对38CrMoAl钢渗氮层组织、硬度和耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明:渗氮层表面平整,白亮层、扩散层、基体之间过渡平缓;随着渗氮温度升高,扩散层厚度、渗层硬度、耐磨性均呈现先增加后降低趋势;渗氮温度为560℃时,渗层厚度达到最高值180μm,渗层硬度达到最高值1250 HV0.025;渗氮温度560℃、590℃时的渗层试样在摩擦试验过程中仅有轻微的磨粒磨损,耐磨性能最佳。     

脱碳层对38CrMoAl钢离子渗氮的影响

对表面残存不同厚度脱碳层的38CrMoAl钢塔形试样进行离子渗氮,借助显微硬度计、光学显微镜、扫描电镜等多种手段,对试样渗速、硬度及渗氮前后的微观组织进行研究。结果表明,在残余的脱碳层里存在较严重的魏氏组织;残余脱碳越严重魏氏组织越多;离子渗氮的渗速随着表面脱碳层厚度的增加先增加后降低;魏氏组织中大量的铁素体为氮原子扩散提供了快速渗入通道及形成大量氮化物的场所,在渗层表面形成大量的鱼骨状、网状、脉状氮化物,数量随着脱碳层的增加而增加,并且不断向渗层深处延伸。38CrMoAl钢表面残存脱碳层虽然有加快渗速的作用,但会增加渗层的不良组织,增加渗层剥落的风险。故38CrMoAl钢制工件做普通调质应适当加大加工余量。     

不同渗氮温度下38CrMoAl钢低氮氢比无白亮层离子渗氮

为提高变速器锥盘使用寿命,以锥盘用38CrMoAl钢为研究材料,采用不同渗氮温度低氮氢比离子渗氮进行表面改性。利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机对渗氮后的38CrMoAl钢显微组织、物相、硬度、渗层脆性及耐磨性进行了测试和分析。结果表明:38CrMoAl钢经520℃,N2∶H2=1∶4和540℃,N_2∶H_2=1∶5离子渗氮后表层无白亮层生成,XRD分析表明表层无γ'-Fe4N相,说明离子渗氮时通过改变渗氮温度和氮氢比可以避免白亮层生成,只形成渗氮扩散层。研究还发现,渗氮层的脆性显著降低,韧性和耐磨性提高,为促进无白亮层离子渗氮技术更好地应用于变速器锥盘的表面改性提供了参考。     

40Cr钢空心阴极辅助离子渗氮

利用空心阴极辅助离子渗氮技术,在低压(100～150 Pa)、中低温t(400～550℃)条件下对40Cr钢进行离子渗氮处理.试验结果表明在500℃x6h的条件下离子渗氮,可在40Cr钢表面形成高硬度、化合物层约为2μm、厚度约为200μm的渗层,表层硬度比基体硬度提高两倍.     

42CrMo钢的钛催渗等离子渗氮工艺

研究了不同渗氮时间下钛元素对42CrMo钢常规离子渗氮工艺的作用效果,表征分析了不同渗氮工艺下试样表面的渗层组织及性能。结果表明,钛催渗离子渗氮试样的表面硬度和渗层深度均明显高于常规离子渗氮。在535℃×3 h的工艺条件下,钛催渗离子渗氮试样渗层的表面硬度达到887.4 HV0.2,渗氮层厚度约为400μm。钛元素的加入促进了氮元素的渗透和扩散,在试样表面生成高硬度化合物TiN。相较于相同保温时间下的常规离子渗氮,钛催渗离子渗氮试样表面硬度提高了60 HV0.2,渗层厚度增加了80μm,渗氮效率提升了约25%。与常规离子渗氮相比,钛催渗离子渗氮工艺具有显著优势,不仅有利于改善渗层组织性能,增强渗氮效果,还提高了渗氮效率,使渗氮周期明显缩短。     

真空渗氮

渗氮处理通常指在低于钢的临界点Ac1,基体不发生相变的前提下,将活性氮原子渗入钢的表层,形成氮化物层的化学热处理工艺。氮化物具有高的硬度、热稳定性和弥散度。因而渗氮件能获得高的表面硬度、耐磨性、疲劳强度、抗咬合性、抗回火软化能力以及抗大气和过热蒸汽的腐蚀能力,并降低缺口敏感性。如38CrMoAl钢渗氮后表面硬度可达1100~1200HV(68~72HRC),光滑试样抗疲劳强度提高20%~40%,缺口试样抗疲劳强度提高1~2倍,高硬度可在500℃下长期保持或在600℃短期保持。当前渗氮新工艺和新设备不断涌现,离子渗氮、真空渗氮、催化渗氮以及复合渗氮等已应用生产。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.