Air to air fixed plate enthalpy heat exchanger, performance variation and energy analysis

The thermal performance of a Z shape enthalpy heat exchanger utilising 70 gsm Kraft paper as the heat and moisture transfer surface has been investigated. Effects of different inlet air humidity ratio conditions on the heat exchanger effectiveness and on the energy recovered by the heat exchanger have been the main focus of this investigation. A typical air conditioning cooling coil which incorporates an enthalpy heat exchanger has been modelled for tropical climate. Under test conditions, results have shown that latent effectiveness and the moisture resistance coefficient have strong dependency on the inlet air humidity ratio. Moreover, the latent effectiveness has been found to be strongly dependent on the moisture resistance coefficient rather than the convective mass transfer coefficient. Finally, annual energy analysis for Singapore weather conditions have also shown that energy recovered under variable inlet air conditions is 15% less than that recovered under constant inlet air conditions for the same heat exchanger.     

Performance characteristics of a MPCM slurry cooled unit designed for telecommunication equipment

Optimum control of the PCB surface temperature is very important in achieving high performance and operational reliability of telecommunication equipment with high power density and thermal density. In this study, the performance of a liquid cooling unit with MPCM slurries (called as “MPCM cooled unit”) was tested and analyzed. In addition, its performance was compared with that of an air cooled unit and a water cooled unit. The maximum surface temperature and the index of uniform temperature distribution (IUTD) were introduced to analyze cooling performance. The surface temperature in the unit rack of telecommunication equipment can be controlled properly by using an MPCM cooled unit instead of an air cooled unit. The maximum surface temperature and IUTD of the MPCM cooled unit at the inlet temperature of 19°C were lower than those at inlet temperatures of 25°C and 27°C due to the increases of heat capacity and heat transfer rate. The heat capacity of the MPCM cooled unit increased significantly with the increase of mass flow rate due to high specific heat of MPCM particles with latent heat transfer rate. The cooling performance of the MPCM cooled unit was superior to that of the water cooled unit.     

The effects of design and operating factors on the frost growth and thermal performance of a flat plate fin-tube heat exchanger under the frosting condition

An experimental study of the effects of various factors (fin pitch, fin arrangement, air temperature, air humidity, and air velocity) on the frost growth and thermal performance of a fin-tube heat exchanger has been conducted under the frosting condition. It is found that the thermal performance of a heat exchanger is closely related to the blockage ratio of the air flow passages due to the frost growth. The maximum allowable blockage ratio is used to determine the criteria for the optimal operating conditions of a fin-tube heat exchanger. It is also shown that heat transfer rate of heat exchanger with staggered fin arrangement increases about 17% and the time required for heat transfer rate to reach a maximum value becomes longer, compared with those of an inline fin-tube heat exchanger under the frosting condition. The energy transfer resistance between the air and coolant decreases with the increase of inlet air temperature and velocity and with decreasing inlet air humidity.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop amidst frost layer presence for the full geometry of fin-tube heat exchanger

The present study numerically solves the flow and thermal fields in the full geometry of heat exchanger modeling with frost layer presence on the heat exchanger surface. The effects of air inlet velocity, air inlet temperature, frost layer thickness, fin pitch, fin thickness, and heat exchanger shape on the thermo-hydraulic performance of a fin-tube heat exchanger are investigated. Heat transfer rate rises with increasing air inlet velocity and temperature, and decreasing frost layer thickness and fin pitch. Pressure drop rises with increasing air inlet velocity and frost layer thickness, and decreasing fin pitch. The effect of fin thickness on heat transfer and pressure drop is negligible. Based on the present results, we derived the correlations, which express pressure drop and temperature difference between air inlet and outlet as a function of air inlet velocity and temperature, as well as frost layer thickness.     

双并联冷凝器水冷热泵系统模拟与试验研究

运用EES编程建立了水冷热泵系统的数学模型,对系统的制热性能进行了模拟计算,主要分析了室内环境温度、冷却水进口温度和流量对系统制热量性能系数和能效比的影响。模拟结果表明:室内环境温度对系统性能系数和能效比影响很大,随着温度的升高制热系数降低;在一定范围内随着进水温度和流量的升高,系统性能系数和能效比急剧增大,但随后趋于平缓,存在最佳流量。通过模拟研究了运行参数对性能的影响,为实际的开发设计和验证提供了依据。根据理论设计,搭建试验样机,利用空调焓差室对该机组进行试验研究,对试验样机在名义工况下的制冷、制热性能进行了测试,水侧和制冷剂侧热平衡偏差在5%以内,进一步验证了测试的准确性。测试结果表明,制冷工况时的性能系数和能效比均低于制热时的,采用双并联冷凝器设计,对于较大制冷量和制热量热泵系统具有明显优势。     

直热式空气源CO2热泵热水器系统运行特性试验研究

设计了一种直热式空气源CO₂热泵热水器系统,利用试验研究的方法研究了环境温度、气冷器冷却水入水温度及流量对系统性能的影响。试验结果表明:设计的空气源CO₂热泵热水器系统,其系统能效系数(COP_h)基本达到了国家标准;环境温度、气冷器冷却水入水温度以及流量对系统COP_h、系统制热量以及气冷器出水温度的影响显著。通过调节热泵热水器系统低温热源温度、气冷器冷却水入水温度及流量,可改善系统COP_h,提高系统制热量以及气冷器出水温度。     

闭式冷却塔空冷传热性能的试验研究及优化运行

搭建了扭曲管闭式冷却塔的换热实验平台,在空冷模式下通过测试在不同风机频率以及风机频率固定时不同的管内流体进口温度、空气干球温度情况下闭塔的传热性能、流动阻力和能耗,得到了风机频率、管程体积流量以及管程进口温度、环境温度对综合传热性能和空冷传热量的影响,进而得出优化闭塔空冷换热的方式,并推导出在不同的季节温度下最合理的运行方式。同时本试验拟合了风机频率和风机功率等与迎面风速的试验关联式以及空冷管外空气的传热系数试验关联式,对扭曲管式闭式冷却塔的优化设计有一定的指导作用。     

Thermal performance analysis of heat exchanger for closed wet cooling tower using heat and mass transfer analogy

In closed wet cooling towers, the heat transfer between the air and external tube surfaces can be composed of the sensible heat transfer and the latent heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from the equation for external heat transfer of tube banks. According to experimental data, the mass transfer coefficient was affected by the air velocity and spray water flow rate. This study provides the correlation equation for mass transfer coefficient based on the analogy of the heat and mass transfer and the experimental data. The results from this correlation equation showed fairly good agreement with experimental data. The cooling capacity and thermal efficiency of the closed wet cooling tower were calculated from the correlation equation to analyze the performance of heat exchanger for the tower.     

CO2跨临界水-水热泵系统模拟与试验研究

主要对带节流阀的CO2跨临界水-水热泵系统建立了数学模型,对系统的制热性能进行了模拟计算,并与试验数据做了对比。主要分析了高压侧压力、冷却水和冷冻水的进口温度和流量分别对系统制热系数和制热量的影响。结果表明,模拟计算结果与试验测试值的一致性较好,从而验证了模型的可信度。模拟所得对应最大制热系数的最佳高压侧压力与实验结果存在一定的偏差。系统的制热性能系数和制热量随着冷却水进口温度的升高而降低,随冷冻水进口温度的升高而增大;而且都随着冷却水和冷冻水流量的增加呈现出升高趋势。     

强制风冷在大型铸钢件砂芯上的应用

通过活动横梁铸件简化模型研究了冷铁、自然风冷和强制风冷对厚壁回转体大型铸钢件凝固时间和砂芯温度场的影响。砂芯采用强制风冷铸件凝固时间最短,而采用冷铁不能缩短铸件凝固时间。通过对比不同冷却条件砂芯的温度场发现无强制冷却砂芯和冷铁砂芯分别在13 h和12 h出现热饱和现象,随后砂芯中心到铸件的温度梯度转为负值,砂芯向铸件输送热量;而砂芯采用自然风冷和强制风冷时从砂芯中心到铸件建立了正的温度梯度,能有效吸收铸件凝固期间释放的热量而改善其冷却条件;强制风冷对流换热系数高,冷却作用明显。对活动横梁铸件原始工艺改进,砂芯采用强制风冷;模拟结果与原始工艺相比缩孔位置上移,表明冒口补缩能力增强;同时砂芯实测温度场与模拟温度场相吻合,验证了模拟结果的可行性,由于砂芯在高温热作用下的时间短,经改进工艺所生产的活动横梁铸件中心孔表面无机械粘砂。     

An experimental study on the performance of air/water direct contact air conditioning system

Direct contact air conditioning systems, in which heat and mass are transferred directly between air and water droplets, have many advantages over conventional indirect contact systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the cooling and heating performances of direct contact air conditioning system for various inlet parameters such as air velocity, air temperature, water flow rate and water temperature. The experimental apparatus comprises a wind tunnel, water spray system, scrubber, demister, heater, refrigerator, flow and temperature controller, and data acquisition system. The inlet and outlet conditions of air and water are measured when the air contacts directly with water droplets as a counter flow in the spray section of the wind tunnel, and the heat and mass transfer rates between air and water are calculated. The droplet size of the water sprays is also measured using a Malvern Particle Analyzer. In the cooling conditions, the outlet air temperature and humidity ratio decrease as the water flow rate increases and as the water temperature, air velocity and temperature decrease. On the contrary, the outlet air temperature and humidity ratio increase in the heating conditions as the water flow rate and temperature increase and as the air velocity decreases.     

The effect of inlet pressure distortion on the performance of an axisymmetric compact tube heat exchanger with radial counter flow type for hypersonic pre-cooled aero-engine

The compact tube heat exchanger located behind the air-intake can achieve quick cooling of high-temperature air to ensure the normal operation of the pre-cooled aeroengine. It has great impact on the engine’s performance. The total pressure distribution at the heat exchanger inlet is inevitably uneven due to the influence of the air-intake. This paper studies the effect of three typical inlet distortions with different amplitudes using porous model and dual cell model. The results indicated that the outlet total pressure distortion is not sensitive to the inlet total pressure distortion. However, it affects the total pressure recovery and the total temperature distortion at the outlet by altering the pressure loss in the heat exchanger upstream and the flux distribution at the heat-transfer-zone entrance, respectively. This leads to a reduction of heat transfer. The effect of inlet distortions varies with distortion type. And it becomes more severe with increasing distortion.

     

基于EnergyPlus的地板辐射与置换通风空调系统模拟分析

辐射供冷与置换通风复合系统不仅能提供较高的热舒适性,并且具有很大的节能潜力,本文建立了复合系统的能耗分析模型,并采用EnergyPlus能耗分析软件对该复合系统进行能耗模拟,模拟得到的室内温度和辐射地板所承担冷量与实验结果的误差小于±7%,在此基础上,改变置换通风的送风温度,得到辐射地板提供冷量随置换通风送风温度提高而增加的变化规律,置换通风送风每增加1℃,辐射地板提供的冷量增加1.9%左右。     

环状与蜂窝蓄热体传热与阻力特性试验研究

蓄热换热器具有结构简单、造价低、效率高等优点,在余热回收方面有着广阔的应用前景。蓄热体作为蓄热换热器的关键部分,其形状、大小及材质等各项性能参数都会对蓄热系统的余热回收效果产生重要的影响。对环状和蜂窝这两种蓄热体的传热与阻力特性进行了试验研究,通过对试验结果分析,得出了热空气进口温度和速度对蓄热体冷热空气出口温度、传热速率、温度效率、热效率及阻力损失的影响规律,并从温度效率、热效率和阻力损失几方面比较了两蓄热体的传热与阻力性能,发现在低进口速度时环状蓄热体的综合性能更好。     

微型风扇出口速度分布及其对散热的影响

对两种不同型号微型风扇出口速度进行了测量,并对这两种型号风扇出口速度分布进行了比较。在此基础上,对散热器散热量进行了计算,得到了散热器出口的空气温度分布,并比较了采用两种微型风扇时散热器的散热量,以及相同空气流量、不同空气入口速度分布条件下散热器的散热量。计算结果表明,在相同空气流量条件下,均匀的速度分布有助于提高散热器的散热量。     

A cooling system using wickless heat pipes for multichip modules: Experiment and analysis

The present study is concerned with a cooling package system for electronic components such as multichip modules (MCM) which are used in many electronic system. The im of the cooling capacity up to heat flux of 4 W/cm² was achieved. A heat flux of 4 W/cm² is about two to three times of the value generally accepted as the limit by forced air cooling together with heat pipes (Kishimoto et al., 1994). The data obtained from the experimental program was used to manifest the deficiency and inaccuracies of multitude of the empirical correlations for various heat transfer modes involved in the computer simulation of the proposed system. The dominant role of the temperature distributions in the system and the related two-phase flow heat transfer have been quantitatively identified and the limit of the computer simulation for such system as proposed in the present study has been advanced.     

微型电动汽车热泵空调系统设计与试验研究

为了提高某微型电动汽车有效续航里程,对其原有空调系统及换热器进行了改进设计与研究,新热泵空调系统采用4个电磁阀对其冷暖模式进行切换,通过焓差室对换热器和系统的性能进行了测试.首先比较了两种不同流程布置室外微通道换热器的换热能力;进而分别将原空调系统换热器和所设计换热器应用于该热泵空调系统,试验研究了压缩机转速和环境温度...     

煤矿井下空调蒸发器对流传热特性试验

对恒定控制制冷剂R407C工作温度为9℃、额定制冷量为45k W条件下的蒸发器进行了模拟矿井条件湿空气的对流传热试验。研究结果表明:蒸发器的制冷量随进口空气温度的升高而增加,随进口空气相对湿度的增加而增加;出口空气温降随进口空气温度的升高而增加,随进口空气相对湿度的增加而缓慢降低;对流传热的Nu数随Re数的增加而增加,随进口空气相对湿度的增加而降低。     

某医院住院楼地源热泵热水系统性能测试与研究

简单介绍了某医疗建筑的能耗情况和医院的工程概况,并对本医院的供热水系统——地源热泵系统的运行情况进行测试和性能研究,包括对机组冷冻水的进/出温度的测试、土壤换热器吸热效率的测试、机组的能效测试等,并分析冷冻水的进/出温度、流量及其他因素对系统能耗产生影响情况,并得出系统冷冻水流量在4.3～4.8kg/s范围内为最佳流量段,此时土壤换热器的吸热效率较高,土壤换热器单位管长换热量在35.5W/m左右,机组的能效比值达4.0及以上,系统的能效比达3.7及以上;最后对本系统进行了节能计算及效益分析,可看出此系统节能效益非常可观。     

空调-海水淡化复合装置除湿特性研究

对采用氯化锂作为除湿剂的空调-海水淡化复合装置的除湿特性进行了研究。在实验过程中用热泵蒸发器产生的冷量来冷却除湿过程,同时用冷凝器产生的废热来再生稀溶液。分析了各个操作参数对除湿量的影响,得出了当前研究的经验公式。结果表明：除湿量随着空气湿度、除湿溶液的浓度和除湿溶液的流量的增加而增大,而空气温度和溶液温度对除湿量的影响非常小。本文取得的实验数据和经验公式为进一步完善和分析除湿系统的性能提供了可靠依据。