惰性介质对煤粉最低着火温度的影响

为了评价惰性介质对煤粉着火爆炸危险性的影响,保证安全生产,采用Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉装置研究分散压力,惰性介质NH4H2PO4、KH2PO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、CaCO3粉体的含量及NH4H2PO4、CaCO3粉体的粒径对煤粉尘云最低着火温度的影响。结果表明:高分散压力对煤粉尘云的影响更显著,最佳分散压力为0.03 MPa,此时煤粉尘云的最低着火温度最低,为594℃;随着惰性介质含量的增大,煤粉尘云的最低着火温度升高,并且存在突变浓度,NH4H2PO4、KH2PO4、Ca(H2PO4)2粉体的突变浓度(质量分数)为28.6%,CaCO3的为33.3%;惰性介质按对煤粉尘云最低着火温度的抑制效果由强到弱的顺序为NH4H2PO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、KH2PO4、CaCO3;煤粉尘云的最低着火温度随惰性介质粒径的减小而升高,CaCO3粉体粒径变化对抑制效果的影响大于NH4H2PO4的。     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸特性及火焰传播过程的试验研究?

为了全面地认识玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸的敏感性和爆炸破坏效应,分别采用粉尘云着火温度装置、20 L球粉尘爆炸装置和粉尘云火焰传播装置对玉米淀粉的粉尘云着火温度、爆炸下限质量浓度、爆炸压力、爆炸氧极限浓度以及粉尘云火焰传播过程进行了研究。结果表明:玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度在380~390℃之间;粉尘云爆炸氧极限浓度(体积分数)在10%~11%之间;爆炸下限质量浓度和最大爆炸压力随着化学点火具质量的增加而呈现出不同的变化特征,随着化学点火具质量的增加,玉米淀粉的爆炸下限质量浓度逐渐降低,而玉米淀粉爆炸压力逐渐升高。在不同的粉尘质量浓度条件下,粉尘云火焰传播速度和火焰温度有一定的变化,在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,火焰传播速度和火焰温度均达到最大值,分别为13.81 m/s和1 107℃。     

环氧粉末涂料爆炸危险性评估

采用20L球爆炸测试装置、哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和Godbert-Greenwald炉等研究不同粒径环氧粉末涂料在不同质量浓度和喷粉压力下的爆炸敏感度和强度参数的变化规律。结果表明:粉尘云最小爆炸质量浓度为30～40 g/m~3,且随粒径增加呈现非单调变化;爆炸压力随质量浓度增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,存在最佳爆炸浓度;粉末粒径对最大爆炸压力无显著影响,最大压力上升速率随粒径增大而明显减小;最小点火能、粉尘云最低着火温度随粒径增加而单调递增,粉尘云最低着火温度随喷粉压力增加而逐渐降低。     

纤维板砂光粉尘的燃爆特性

以某纤维板生产线的速生杨、马尾松、南方硬杂木的混合砂光粉尘作为研究对象,在分析粉尘粒径及其分布、可挥发分及形貌特征的基础上,采用20 L爆炸球对砂光粉尘进行燃爆实验,探索砂光粉尘的浓度对粉尘燃爆特征的影响,并对爆炸前、后粉尘的热稳定性和特征官能团进行探讨。结果表明,当砂光粉尘质量浓度增加到1 000 g/m3,最大爆炸压力达到最大值0.761 MPa;此后,粉尘浓度的增加反而使砂光粉的最大爆炸压力减小;当粉尘质量浓度增加到1 250 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大值17.62 MPa·m/s,且爆炸危险分级为St1(弱爆炸)。实验还采用最小点火能测试系统、热板炉和GodbertGreenwald炉研究了砂光粉尘的燃烧特性,结果表明,粉尘最小点火能为30~100 m J,粉尘层最低着火温度为300℃,粉尘云最低着火温度为420℃。     

空气中氮气或氩气浓度对锆粉尘层着火温度的影响

为了探索抑制锆包壳剪切过程中锆粉着火的方法,采用粉尘层最低着火温度测定仪、红外热成像仪、真空手套箱等测定了不同粒径的锆粉尘层在空气和含不同浓度氮气、氩气的空气中的最低着火温度和火焰温度。结果得出:锆粉的中位粒径从2.4 μm升至71.7 μm,粉尘层最低着火温度从200 ℃升至390 ℃,表明粒径越小的锆粉着火敏感性越高;4种粒径的锆粉燃烧火焰最高温度都在1 776～1 913 ℃范围内,锆粉粒径较大时,燃烧的剧烈程度较低;氮气或氩气体积分数从60%～65%升至70% 85%时,锆粉尘层最低着火温度升至400 ℃,表明空气中高浓度的氮气或氩气对锆粉燃烧有抑制作用,且浓度越高,抑制作用越强,锆粉粒径越小,抑制效果越好。氩气的抑制效果强于氮气。     

粉尘云最低着火温度的粒径尺度效应

利用粉尘云最低着火温度测试仪研究不同粒径尺寸条件下石松子粉和面粉2种典型可燃性粉尘的粉尘云最低着火温度。结果表明:2种粉尘的粉尘云最低着火温度随粉尘粒径增大逐渐升高;粒径尺寸较小的局部范围内存在拐点,分析认为该现象由较小尺寸粒径之间的静电吸附作用导致。     

粒径对煤粉云最低着火温度特性的影响

为了研究粒径对煤粉云最低着火温度特性的影响,采用粉尘云最低着火温度测试装置测试了不同粒径下煤粉云的最低着火温度,并结合ReaxFF分子动力学对其反应机理进行了微观层面的探讨。结果表明:当煤粉中位径在34 μm时,煤粉云的最佳着火质量浓度为750 g/m³,最低着火温度为550 ℃;随着煤粉粒径的增加,煤粉云最低着火温度逐渐增大,当煤粉中位径达到124 μm,煤粉云最低着火温度上升至650 ℃。通过ReaxFF分子动力学对煤粉热解过程的计算结果表明:随着反应的进行,大分子煤结构逐步分解,芳香环、C—C键、C—O键和C—H键等断裂,产生更小的分子结构,其中,H₂、H₂O、CO₂和CH₂O等小分子产生的数量逐渐增多;H·自由基和OH·自由基在反应初期有明显的数量变化,且其含量对于最终稳定产物有重要影响。     

聚酰胺纤维粉尘的爆炸特性

为研究汽车安全气囊生产过程中产生的聚酰胺纤维粉尘爆炸的危险性,测定聚酰胺纤维粉尘的相关爆炸参数,对粉尘爆炸危险性进行分级。结果表明:聚酰胺纤维粉尘的最小点火能(MIE)为15.8 MJ;粉尘层最低着火温度(MITL)为307℃,粉尘云最低着火温度(MITC)为300℃;在点火头能量为10 k J情况下,样品粉尘爆炸压力最大为0.8 MPa,爆炸指数最大为16.59 MPa·m/s,粉尘爆炸烈度为St1级;聚酰胺纤维粉反应热解特性过程中挥发分初始析出温度(Ts)为228℃,DTG微商峰值温度为429.1℃,最大失质量为每分钟6.99%。     

锆金属粉尘云最小点火能和最低着火 温度的试验研究

为研究锆金属粉尘云燃烧的基础特性参数,从而为其安全性能提供依据,采用哈特曼管试验系统和最低着火温度测定系统分别对锆金属粉尘云的最小点火能（MIE）和最低着火温度（MIT）开展试验研究。分别研究了锆金属粉尘云质量浓度、点火延迟时间和喷粉压力对MIE的影响,以及粉尘云质量浓度对MIT的影响。结果得出:中位径为33.49 μm的锆金属粉尘云的MIE在1~3 mJ之间;在50~500 g/m³质量浓度范围下,随着质量浓度增大,MIE先减小后增大,在质量浓度为400 g/m³时达到最小;点火延迟时间从10 ms增至180 ms,MIE先减小后增大,在60 ms时达到最小;喷粉压力从0.4 MPa增至1.0 MPa,MIE先减小后增大,在0.6~0.8 MPa间达到最小。该粒度锆金属粉尘云的MIT为210 ℃左右,在一定浓度范围下,MIT随粉尘浓度的增加而减小。     

石松子粉尘爆炸危险性及抑爆研究

为了研究粒径对石松子粉尘爆炸危险性的影响,采用Godbert-Greenwald(G-G)炉和20 L球爆炸装置对石松子粉尘云进行了试验,分析了粒径对爆炸特性的影响,并探讨了Si O2和NH4H2PO4对石松子粉的抑爆效果。结果表明:粒径越小的粉尘着火温度越低,潜在危险性更大;粒径小于48μm的粉尘,在质量浓度为750 g/m3时达到最大爆炸指数22.61 MPa·m/s,其爆炸危险性为Ⅱ级,相比于粒径小于75μm的粉尘,爆炸危险性更高;添加Si O2和NH4H2PO4后,能够显著降低石松子粉的爆炸压力和爆炸指数;与Si O2相比,NH4H2PO4具有更好的抑爆效果。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to