基于Elrod算法的线接触乏油热弹流润滑分析

为研究中低速、中等载荷工况下不同供油条件对接触区润滑特性的影响,假设润滑剂分别为Newton流体和Ree-Eyring流体,建立考虑供油条件的线接触热弹流润滑模型。采用Elrod算法,将入口供油量作为输入参数,求解接触区油膜压力、膜厚和油膜温度的完全数值解。结果表明:随着入口供油量的降低,接触区入口气液界面位置逐渐向Hertz接触区移动;相同供油条件下,随着速度和载荷的增大,入口气液界面位置逐渐向Hertz接触区移动,乏油程度增加;随着供油量的增加,中心膜厚和最小膜厚也相应增加,且中心膜厚更易受供油量的影响;在乏油润滑条件下,Newton流体计算得到的油膜温度明显高于Ree-Eyring流体;随供油量的增加,Ree-Eyring流体的油膜最高温度增加,而Newton流体的油膜最高温度有先降低后增加的趋势;对于给定的工况,当入口等效供油膜厚接近该种工况下接触区处于充分供油状态下的最小膜厚时,接触区内的最高温升是相对最小的。     

点接触弹流润滑供油条件退化的乏油分析

在点接触弹流润滑中,如果不能及时补充新油,则接触区的供油条件会随着润滑次数而退化。分析了供油油膜厚度、中心膜厚、最小膜厚和润滑油膜压力区形成位置与润滑次数的关系。结果表明:润滑开始时,由于供油油膜厚度较大,系统处于充分供油状态;随着润滑次数的增加,有一部分油从两侧泄漏,系统逐渐转到乏油状态,供油油膜厚度、中心膜厚和最小膜厚均逐渐变小,压力区形成位置则逐渐向Hertz接触区靠近;最终供油油膜厚度、中心膜厚和最小膜厚趋于定值,压力区趋于Hertz接触区,从而达到一种稳定乏油状态。     

高黏度齿轮油润滑状态转变的试验观察

利用双色光干涉润滑油膜测量技术,观察球-盘接触副内大黏度齿轮油润滑状态的转变过程,并对不同速度和载荷条件下润滑状态在不同区间内的转化进行定量分析。结果表明:在充分供油条件下,随卷吸速度增加,润滑油膜从弹流润滑状态向动压润滑状态转化,且2种润滑状态之间存在着明显过渡区间;而随着载荷的增加,润滑油膜从动压润滑向弹流润滑状态转化;在定量供油条件下,润滑油膜在弹流润滑区间内从富油润滑状态向乏油润滑状态转化。     

定量供油条件下面接触油膜润滑特性的数值分析

建立定量供油条件下的面接触流体润滑理论模型,数值分析面接触副的膜厚-速度特性以及各工况参数对接触区润滑的影响。研究结果表明:供油量一定时,乏油现象会在某个卷吸速度下出现,并随卷吸速度增加逐渐恶化,而出口膜厚则随着卷吸速度的增加先增加后逐渐达到稳定,且其值接近于供油膜厚,与实验的结果具有良好一致性;供油量越小,或润滑油黏度越大,出口膜厚随卷吸速度的改变量越小。     

不同润滑状态下游离水对点接触油润滑润滑性能的影响*

为研究水污染对润滑油性能的影响,通过点接触光干涉试验得到充分供油、轻微乏油及严重乏油3种润滑状态下的油膜光干涉图和膜厚形状曲线,研究游离水对接触区油润滑润滑性能的影响。结果表明:在充分供油条件下,游离水对点接触润滑油膜厚度的影响不大,主要影响中心膜厚;在乏油润滑状态下,游离水对点接触润滑油膜厚度有增益效果;但3种润滑状态下,游离水都会使气穴区边界变得模糊不清,提高了油润滑的弹流润滑性能。     

表面速度异向下的点接触润滑油膜试验机研制及膜厚测量

弹流润滑领域中,润滑油膜的形态、厚度、摩擦力是研究接触区润滑状态,探究润滑机制极为重要的信息。研制表面速度异向下的点接触润滑油膜试验机,该试验机以多光束干涉法作为测量手段,结合弧形轨道实现接触副表面速度夹角的变化;使用旋转系统将接触副系统摩擦力转变为压力,利用高精度压力传感器及摩擦力合力公式,实现表面速度异向下的点接触摩擦力测量和计算。在限量供油条件下对表面速度异向的点接触润滑油膜形态与膜厚进行了观测,探究速度夹角对乏油状态改善及油膜形态变化的影响。结果表明：改变接触副表面速度方向,入口油池得到改善,中心膜厚增加。     

波动供油条件下滚子副润滑性能分析

基于工程实际的供油条件,提出一种特殊的供油函数,对滚子副弹流润滑问题进行求解,定性模拟滚子副的特殊乏油现象,并分析供油函数中的参数与润滑油膜厚度和压力的关系.结果表明:供油油膜的波动导致滚子副接触区相应的压力、膜厚及部分油膜比例分布中也出现波动;随着乏油情况的加剧,供油波动对滚子副接触区的影响更大,使润滑效果更差;在一定的供油量下,波动供油的油膜波长越小,幅值越小,对乏油滚子副的润滑性能越有利.     

内燃机凸轮-滚轮型接触副弹流润滑分析

基于某内燃机凸轮-滚轮型机构,建立相应的接触副弹流润滑数值模型,得到凸轮旋转周期内运动副的完整润滑状态,并分析滚轮凸度、润滑油黏度及凸轮-滚轮间打滑现象的影响。结果表明：一个周期内,凸轮-滚轮接触副的润滑状态可分为波动期和平稳期,与凸轮升程的改变规律相对应;滚轮凸度会影响接触副的润滑状态,且接触区压力分布对其十分敏感;提高润滑油黏度在一定程度上可以起到优化接触区压力分布,改善润滑状态的效果;凸轮-滚轮间打滑现象则会降低接触区成膜厚度,尤其是对润滑油温升和摩擦因数的影响更为显著。     

高黏度油润滑弹塑性接触问题数值仿真*

针对高黏度润滑油工况下,已有弹塑性润滑模型计算结果失真的问题,采用半解析法建立弹塑性润滑接触模型,通过逐步增加润滑油初始黏度的方式来进行仿真计算,消除了接触区压力曲线的波动,从而克服先前计算失真的问题;基于各向同性强化准则下的J2流动理论,采用径向返回算法求解塑性应变,并且将塑性应变引起的残余变形考虑至润滑油膜厚度方程中。研究结果表明：弹塑性润滑压力主峰相比于弹流润滑结果明显降低,二次压力峰相对变化较小;弹流润滑的中心膜厚与弹塑性润滑中心膜厚接近,但最小膜厚稍大;对于较高的速度和黏度工况,塑性应变区域会向表面及接触区出口处移动。     

周期性载荷作用下油池形态试验观察

为了模拟轴承滚动体进入和离开接触区载荷中润滑剂的流动分布形态,采用往复结构实现球-盘接触点处载荷周期性变化,利用光干涉润滑油膜测量技术观察周期性载荷作用下接触区外围油池形态随供油量、速度和加载周期的变化规律。结果表明：低速下油池处于封闭态,载荷的增加将使量纲一入口距离和侧油池宽度减小,表明供油条件变差;速度升高后,载荷增加和加载周期减小将导致尾部油池过早破裂,载荷减小过程中将发生尾部油池合并的现象;速度较高时油池将呈现为分离态,接触区为完全乏油状态,滚道重叠作用将对润滑剂的回填和润滑状态起到一定的增强作用。     

Film Forming Behavior of Greases Under Starved and Fully Flooded EHL Conditions

Improving knowledge on the film forming behavior of greases is essential to be able to develop efficient greases. This article examines how operating conditions (e.g., temperature, lubrication condition [fully flooded/starved]) and base oil viscosity influence the film forming properties of greases by comparing the behavior of two lithium-based greases and their respective base oils in rolling point contact. It is found that the onset and degree of starvation is controlled by speed (u) × viscosity (ν)/load (W) factor (uν/W) and temperature and that low uν/W values promote entrainment of thickener into contact. Thus, grease with low base oil viscosity shows significant thickener entrainment in the low speed region compared to the one with high base oil viscosity, which leads to the formation of thickener-rich viscous material during extended running with the low base oil viscosity grease. The results suggest that the shape of the film thickness versus speed curve is viscosity and uν/W range dependent. Furthermore, for the test conditions used in this study, grease-lubricated contacts appear to shift from the initial fully flooded condition to starved condition over a prolonged running of 2 h. The results from this study concur with those reported in the literature that fully flooded oil elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory or film thickness cannot be directly applied or taken as a guideline in grease-lubricated contacts.     

The transition between fully flooded and starved regimes in EHL

Lubricant starvation of the contact can occur in high-speed oil or grease lubricated bearings resulting in reduced elastohydrodynamic (EHL) film thickness (Lubricat. Sci. 11 (1999) 227). To achieve optimum bearing performance and component life, it is obviously desirable to be able to predict when starvation will occur and the resulting level of surface protection. For both oils and greases, the transition between fully flooded and starved behaviour is determined by lubricant loss and replenishment of the track (ASME Trans. J. Tribol. 120 (1998) 126; Cann PME, Chevalier F, Lubrecht AA. Track depletion and replenishment in a grease lubricated point contact: a quantitative analysis. Proceedings of the 23rd Leeds–Lyon Symposium on Tribology. 1996. p. 405–14). The current paper develops a criterion for the fully flooded and starved transition of an oil-lubricated contact based on four primary factors controlling lubrication level; these are volume of oil, contact dimensions, oil viscosity and speed. Experiments have been carried out using an optical EHL device to investigate the effect of each of these parameters on starvation. The results show how the boundary between the fully flooded and the starved regime and the film thickness in the starved regime depend on these parameters. A single dimensionless parameter (SD), based on replenishment local to the contact, has been established between the operating parameters and the transition from the fully flooded to starved regime.In this paper, the starvation criterion has been developed for an oil-lubricated contact with a fixed volume of oil present. The next stage is to extend the analysis to grease and the prediction of lubrication failure in bearings.     

N次谐波凸轮-挺柱副的润滑特性分析

将线接触弹流润滑理论应用于发动机配气机构，计算了某N次谐波凸轮-挺柱副润滑的稳态最小膜厚、膜厚比等参数，分析了凸轮．挺柱副稳态润滑在设计转速下随凸轮转角的变化特征，比较和讨论了发动机转速变化对润滑性能的影响。结果表明，凸轮桃尖区多为部分弹流润滑状态和边界润滑，工作段其它部分多为部分弹流、完全弹流和动力润滑状态。曲轴转速提高一般情况下对增加稳态最小膜厚有利，但由此导致的载荷波动量增加对最小膜厚的稳定性不利，从而使表面摩擦和磨损的可能性增加。     

Starved Grease Lubrication of Rolling Contacts

Many grease lubricated roller bearings operate in the starved elastohydrodynamic (EHL) regime where there is a limited supply of lubricant to the contact (1). Under these conditions the film thickness drops to a fraction of the fully flooded value (2) and, thus, it is difficult to predict lubrication performance, or bearing life, from conventional EHL models. In this regime film thickness depends on the ability of the grease to replenish the track rather than the usual EHL considerations. The conventional view of grease lubrication is that base oil bleeds from the bulk reservoir close to the track, replenishing the inlet and forming a fluid EHL film (3). Resupply, under starved conditions, will thus depend on both operating conditions and grease parameters. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of these parameters on starved lubrication in a rolling contact. Starved film thickness has been measured for a series of greases and the results have been compared to the fully flooded values. These show that the degree of starvation increases with increasing rolling speed, base oil viscosity and thickener content but decreases at higher temperatures. In many cases an increase in absolute film thickness is obtained when moving from high viscosity base oil to a low one, this result is the reverse of normally accepted EHL rules. Taking the fully flooded film thickness as a guide to lubrication performance is therefore not valid as grease film thickness in the starved regime is determined by local replenishment rather than bulk rheological properties.     

点接触混合润滑中两种求解模型的比较

混合润滑是典型零部件主要的润滑状态,根据表面形貌表征方式的不同,混合润滑模型一般分为统计学模型和确定性模型两类.为研究2种模型求解粗糙表面点接触混合润滑性能的差异,通过基于平均流量模型和GW模型的统计模型、基于统一Reynolds方程的确定性模型,分析并比较不同表面粗糙度、卷吸速度、载荷以及润滑油环境黏度时2种模型预测...     

船用柴油机凸轮动态摩擦学分析及型线优化设计*

柴油机配气凸轮工作环境较为恶劣,工作过程中配合界面间载荷、速度及曲率半径等工况周期性变化,导致润滑接触条件苛刻,磨损情况恶劣。以某船用柴油机配气凸轮机构典型工况为算例,针对凸轮-挺柱常见的磨损问题,研究凸轮-挺柱动态接触特性;采用余弦-等速段和高次五项式对凸轮型线进行优化设计,并对凸轮-挺柱副动态接触及弹流润滑状态进行数值分析。结果表明:原凸轮磨损的原因是凸轮-挺柱副在运动周期内动态接触应力出现明显波动,最大值超过许用应力值;经型线优化设计后,凸轮-挺柱动态接触应力降到许用值以下,改善了动态接触特性,凸轮型线具有较好的润滑特性,运行过程中可保持较稳定的油膜润滑状态;凸轮转速和接触载荷的改变会直接影响凸轮-挺柱的润滑状态,尤其是随凸轮转速增大,润滑膜厚增大,压力减小,润滑接触状态明显改善。     

高速重载弧齿锥齿轮点接触热弹流综合分析*

针对高速重载弧齿锥齿轮节圆位置,基于热弹流润滑理论进行齿面润滑特性分析,研究不同工况锥齿轮油膜各特征（压力、膜厚、温升）二维轮廓曲线的变化情况。结果表明：高速重载的工况使得Hertz压力峰与二次压力峰出现合并的现象,并且弹流润滑中经典的中央油膜平坦现象并不显著,仅当温度降低使润滑油黏度增加时,才逐渐出现了中央油膜平坦的现象。为了在工程实践中能够有针对性地调整工况参数来改善齿轮的润滑状态,分析油膜特征参数对输入参数的敏感性,发现工况参数中对油膜最大压力的影响程度由大到小为弹性模量、黏度、转速、功率;对油膜最大温升与最小油膜厚度的影响程度由大到小为黏度、转速、弹性模量、功率。     

多点接触乏油弹流润滑模型及试验研究

为探讨多点接触乏油弹流润滑机制,基于球与滚道接触区域的排油和补油平衡,建立适用于不同润滑状态的油膜厚度计算模型,可以计算从充分供油、乏油到干涸乏油的中心膜厚以及油膜不平衡时中心膜厚随滚动次数的衰减。利用自制的球-盘接触光干涉弹流试验装置,通过安装双镜筒同时获取相邻球的油膜图像,研究多点接触中相邻球的轨道重合和不重合时前球尾迹对后球油膜图像和中心膜厚的影响。结果表明:乏油润滑条件下,前后球的轨道不重合时轨道之间可相互补油;前后球的轨道重合时,在给定供油条件下,随着滚动线速度增加,入口弯液面逐渐靠近接触区域,中心油膜厚度增加,与相同工况下乏油润滑模型计算的膜厚对比吻合较好,验证了所建乏油润滑模型的正确性。