双馈式风电机组传动系统动态特性研究

针对双馈式风电机组柔性传动系统运行稳定性问题,采用集中参数质量法建立风电机组柔性传动模型,在考虑外部风载、齿轮副啮合刚度、啮合阻尼和综合啮合误差激励条件下,建立了齿轮箱内部各级齿轮副动力学方程;以市场成熟的1.5MW双馈式风电机组为计算对象,计算了柔性传动系统固有频率和齿轮箱各级齿轮动态啮合力;通过雨流计数法对齿轮动态啮合力进行数据分析,研究了传动系统运行稳定性。研究结果表明,齿轮副啮合力呈现高频波动,具有很强的时变特性,通过雨流计数分析,动态啮合力幅值与频次成正态分布规律;传动系统一阶扭转振动频率与风轮面内一阶摆阵频率偏差为6.8%,通过降低主轴质量约9.5%,提高了传动系统一阶扭转频率约11.5%,与风轮面内一阶摆阵频率偏差达16.4%。研究结果可为风电机组传动系统设计、轴承寿命计算和可靠性研究提供参考。     

电网短路故障下双馈风电机组传动链扭振疲劳可靠性分析

双馈风电机组电气故障扰动引起的电磁转矩波动易造成轴系传动链扭振疲劳,有必要研究电网短路故障对机组传动链扭振疲劳可靠性的影响.首先建立考虑关键部件柔性的传动链有限元模型,通过模态分析获取传动扭振模态.其次基于集中质量法,建立机电耦合模型,以电网短路故障为扰动因素,仿真分析电网短路故障下电磁转矩动态响应.最后将电网短路故障...     

风电齿轮箱行星轮系的齿面摩擦与齿根裂纹耦合效应计算方法

针对风电增速箱故障率偏高的问题,在对风电机组传动系统的振动响应机理进行分析的基础上,提出一种同时考虑齿根裂纹与齿面摩擦2种因素耦合情况下计算风电增速箱行星轮系动态响应的方法。首先分析考虑不同滑动摩擦因素时,含齿根裂纹缺陷的齿轮其啮合刚度的变化情况;随后运用集中参数法建立一种同时考虑平移和扭转2种力学效应相互影响作用的行星轮系动态响应计算模型。使用该模型在考虑齿根裂纹、齿面滑动摩擦2种因素耦合情况下,对行星轮系时变啮合刚度影响作用进行仿真计算。结果表明,齿面间的滑动摩擦力将导致行星齿轮扭转振动响应在低频区域受到抑制、中频区域得到增强,而齿根裂纹会导致系统出现调制效应且该效应会使行星齿轮的扭转振动频谱响应在行星轮与太阳轮间的啮合频率附近出现调制边频带现象。     

含混合弹流润滑摩擦力的风电行星齿轮动力学模型

针对风电行星齿轮传动系统,根据齿轮啮合特性,系统地分析推导太阳轮-行星轮、内齿圈-行星轮单、双齿啮合时各啮合齿面的摩擦力臂。基于混合弹流润滑模型,分析各啮合齿面间的摩擦力。建立包含混合弹流润滑摩擦力、时变啮合刚度、传动误差与齿侧间隙等因素的多自由度的平移-扭转耦合集中参数非线性动力学模型。算例结果表明,作为一种内部参数激励,摩擦力加剧了系统沿啮合线方向的振动;与边界润滑相比,混合弹流润滑能减小系统的振动。实验证明,该模型可很好地预测风电行星齿轮的非线性动力学特性。     

风电机组中两级齿轮传动系统动态温度响应与实验研究

为研究风电机组齿轮传动系统的动态温度场分布特性,以SQI风电机组传动系统实验平台中两级定轴齿轮箱为研究对象,综合考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度和轴承时变刚度对系统影响,采用有限元法并计入轴系柔性建立两级平行轴齿轮箱的齿轮-轴-轴承耦合系统动力学模型.依据传热学原理对热传导,对流换热等参数进行分析,运用有限元法对系统动态温度场进行...     

计入线外啮合的风电齿轮动力学行为分析

为探究线外啮合对齿轮传动动态服役行为的影响规律,以一对风电高速级齿轮为例,基于齿轮啮合原理和冲击动力学理论计算不同负载和转速下线外啮入冲击力和时变啮合刚度。采用集中参数法建立计入线外啮合的直齿传动非线性动力学模型,数值求解不同激励下系统的动态特性。结果表明：在不同运行转速区,啮合冲击与啮合刚度对系统动态响应的贡献各不相同。在共振区,时变啮合刚度成为系统的主导激励;在超临界区,系统动载荷随转速升高而增大,这主要来源于啮合冲击的激励作用。     

基于变距系统的风电机组并网运行特性的研究

依据风电机组的变桨距控制原理和风电机组的运行特性,建立了转速环和功率环控制的风电机组变桨距控制系统,结合双馈风电机组各部分数学模型,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了风电机组的并网仿真模型。对不同风速段湍流风况条件下的风电机组并网运行特性进行仿真,实现了不同运行阶段下风电机组运行特性的优化控制,并在此基础上分别仿真了阵风干扰和电网故障扰动下风电机组的动态运行特性。仿真结果分析表明,双环变桨距控制系统可以较好地优化风电机组的功率输出特性,在电网发生故障时桨距角的快速动作也可以有效地抑制故障暂态响应的进一步恶化,有利于电网的迅速恢复。     

计及齿轮全柔性的风电机组传动链有限元建模及扭振特性分析

大功率风电机组传动链关键部件柔性直接影响机组扭振特性及疲劳寿命,提出考虑齿轮柔性与啮合柔性的传动链有限元建模及扭振特性分析。首先,基于实际双馈风电机组传动链结构、材料属性与几何参数,考虑齿轮箱内齿轮柔性与齿轮啮合柔性,结合叶片、轮毂、主轴和发电机转子,建立风电机组传动链多柔体有限元模型。其次,基于有限元模态分析理论,提出一种基于矢量位移云图筛选扭振频率的分析方法,获取计及齿轮全柔性影响的风电机组中、低频范围的扭振模态,并与不同传动链模型结果进行比较,验证该文所建模型的有效性。最后,分别分析不同齿轮柔性和齿轮啮合柔性对传动链扭振频率和模态的影响。结果表明,该文所建模型不仅能反映传动链扭振固有的低频频率,而且能反映弯扭耦合产生的中频扭振频率,且相比齿轮啮合柔性,齿轮柔性系数影响传动链高频扭振特性明显。     

随机风载作用下风力发电机齿轮传动系统疲劳寿命预测

针对风电齿轮传动系统在复杂随机风载下运行的特点,运用加权最小二乘支持向量机(Weight Sparse Least Squares Support Vector Machines,SLS-SVM)方法建立风场随机风速模型,进而得到随机风引起的系统外部载荷激励。建立考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、综合啮合误差、滚动轴承变刚度的风电齿轮传动系统的平移-扭转动力学模型,求得传动系统各齿轮副的动态啮合力和各支承轴承的动态接触力及相应的应力时间历程。应用雨流计数法统计循环参量,结合Goodman公式将工作循环应力水平按等寿命原则转换为对称循环下的疲劳应力谱。基于Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤法则和材料P-S-N(失效概率-应力-循环次数)曲线,预测风电齿轮传动系统各齿轮和轴承的疲劳寿命。为风力发电机齿轮传动系统动态疲劳寿命预测提供了理论方法。     

风电齿轮传动系统弹流润滑特性研究

为研究风电机组齿轮传动系统的润滑特性和动力学特性,以SQI风电机组传动系统实验平台中两级定轴齿轮箱为研究对象,综合考虑齿轮油膜刚度、齿轮啮合刚度以及轴承时变刚度等,计入轴的柔性并采用有限元法建立多自由度渐开线直齿轮动力学模型,利用Newmark 积分方法求解多源时变激励下两级齿轮传动系统的动力学特性。讨论不同工况条件对油膜刚度的影响,并研究系统润滑特性、固有频率和振型的变化规律。研究结果表明,在考虑齿轮润滑效应后,齿轮啮合刚度降低,系统动态特性变化趋于敏感,系统固有特性均有所变化,其中对第11阶影响最为突出,然而在系统共振转速附近,固有特性变化趋势有所减弱。     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。     

Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm

Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分散式风力发电机组的电压控制

风电的分散式开发不同于大规模开发和分布式开发,由于分散风电靠近负荷中心,直接接入配电网,且不加装无功补偿调节装置SVC,配网中较大的电压波动给分散风电的并网运行带来影响。文章讨论了配网对分散风电的电压控制特点和要求,结合风电机组无功控制能力,并推导出满足配网电压调节要求的风电机组无功控制范围和对机组设备的要求。     

适用于特殊风区的风电机组塔架的再设计

由于IECⅠ级机型性能不能满足超Ⅰ类风区的要求,因此以IECⅠ级机型塔架的结构为基础,对其进行了再设计,并利用有限元方法,对再设计后的塔架的静强度、模态、稳定性进行了分析。分析结果表明:再设计后的塔架的强度、固有频率和刚度均满足要求;以满足强度、频率特性和刚度为约束条件,以减轻重量、降低成本为目标的塔架的再设计是可靠的。     

某风电场风力发电机组故障诊断

为了准确判断风电机组的运行状态及故障,提出了基于常规分析—振动幅值分析—波形频谱分析的故障诊断流程,阐述了针对风电机组的幅值分析方法和波形频谱分析方法,并通过对某机组异响的根源探究实例,准确地诊断出机组异响来源于齿轮箱太阳轮,可为风电机组故障诊断技术提供依据。     

Simulation of hourly wind speed and array wind power

Statistical summaries of wind speed are sufficient to compute many characteristics of turbine-generated power, such as the mean, variance and reliability of various power levels. However, a wind speed time series is necessary to produce a sequence of power values as used for investigating load matching and storage requirements. Since a long historical record of wind speed may not be available at a wind turbine candidate site, it is desirable to be able to generate a simulated numerical sequence of hourly wind speed values. Two such approximate procedures are developed in this paper. One procedure generates sequential wind speed values at a site based on the Weibull parameters of hourly wind speed and the lag-one autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values. Comparison with historical data at a site is made. The second procedure generates sequential hourly wind power values for a regional array of wind turbines. It utilizes the typical site wind characteristics, the spatial and lag-one cross correlation and autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values and an equivalent linearized relationship between array average wind speed and array power. Comparison with results for six different wind turbines in three different regional arrays indicates good agreement for wind power histograms, autocorrelation function and mean persistence.     

Characterization of wind speed data according to wind direction

Knowledge of the wind speed distribution and the most frequent wind directions is important when choosing wind turbines and when locating them. For this reason wind evaluation and characterization are important when forecasting output power. The data used here were collected from eleven meteorological stations distributed in Navarre, Spain. We obtained data for the period extending from 1992 to 1995, with each datum encompassing 10 minutes of time. Wind speed data of each station were gathered in eight directional sectors, each one extended over 45 degrees according to the direction from which the wind blows. The stations were grouped in two blocks: those under the influence of the Ebro valley and those in mountainous areas. For each group the Weibull parameters were estimated, (according to the Weibull probability paper because the Weibull distribution gives the best fit in this region). Kurtosis and skewness coefficients were estimated as well. The Weibull parameters, especially the scale parameter c, depend strongly on the direction considered, and both Weibull parameters show an increasing trend as the direction considered moves to the more dominant direction, while both kurtosis and skewness show a corresponding decreasing trend.     

Dynamic models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines

The increasing wind power penetration on power systems requires the development of adequate wind farms models for representing the dynamic behaviour of wind farms on power systems. The behaviour of a wind farm can be represented by a detailed model including the modelling of all wind turbines and the wind farm electrical network. But this detailed model presents a high order model if a wind farm with high number of wind turbines is modelled and therefore the simulation time is long. The development of equivalent wind farm models enables the model order and the computation time to be reduced when the impact of wind farms on power systems is studied. In this paper, equivalent models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines are proposed by aggregating wind turbines into an equivalent wind turbine that operates on an equivalent wind farm electrical network. Two equivalent wind turbines have been developed: one for aggregated wind turbines with similar winds, and another for aggregated wind turbines under any incoming wind, even with different incoming winds.The proposed equivalent models provide high accuracy for representing the dynamic response of wind farm on power system simulations with an important reduction of model order and simulation time compare to that of the complete wind farm modelled by the detailed model.     

Assessment of wind characteristics and wind turbine characteristics in Taiwan

Wind characteristics and wind turbine characteristics in Taiwan have been thoughtfully analyzed based on a long-term measured data source (1961–1999) of hourly mean wind speed at 25 meteorological stations across Taiwan. A two-stage procedure for estimating wind resource is proposed. The yearly wind speed distribution and wind power density for the entire Taiwan is firstly evaluated to provide annually spatial mean information of wind energy potential. A mathematical formulation using a two-parameter Weibull wind speed distribution is further established to estimate the wind energy generated by an ideal turbine and the monthly actual wind energy generated by a wind turbine operated at cubic relation of power between cut-in and rated wind speed and constant power between rated and cut-out wind speed. Three types of wind turbine characteristics (the availability factor, the capacity factor and the wind turbine efficiency) are emphasized. The monthly wind characteristics and monthly wind turbine characteristics for four meteorological stations with high winds are investigated and compared with each other as well. The results show the general availability of wind energy potential across Taiwan.     

风 风能 风力发电——21世纪新型清洁能源

一风的一般属性１风的形成风是人们非常熟悉的一种自然现象，人人都能感觉到它的存在。春风和煦，给万物带来生机；夏风吹拂，使人心旷神怡；秋风送爽，带来丰收的喜悦；冬风呼啸，迎来漫天飞雪。那么风是怎样形成的呢？众所周知，人类生活的地球表面被大气所包围，来自太阳的辐射不断传送到地球表面，因太阳辐射受热情况不同，地球表面各处的气温不同。在影响气压高低的因素中，气温起着最重要的作用。温度高的地区空气受热上升，气压减小；温度低的地方，空气下降，气压增大，于是产生了气压差。和水往低处流一样，空气也从气压高处向气压…