Rhodanine azosulpha drugs as corrosion inhibitors for corrosion of 304 stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution

The effect of rhodanine azosulpha drugs on the corrosion behaviour of 304 stainless steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution as corrosive medium has been investigated using weight loss and potentiostatic polarization techniques. Some corrosion parameters such as anodic and cathodic Tafel slope, corrosion potential, corrosion current, exchange current densities, surface coverage and inhibition efficiency were calculated. The polarization measurements indicated that the inhibitors are of mixed type and inhibit corrosion by parallel adsorption on the surface of steel due to the presence of more than one active centre in the inhibitor molecule. The adsorption is obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperature.     

Inhibition of steel corrosion by polyaniline coatings

Polyaniline (PANI) coatings were electrosynthesised on steel samples (13% and 4.44% Cr) using sulphuric and phosphoric acids as supporting electrolytes. Protective properties of PANI coatings in the supporting electrolytes were investigated by monitoring the open-circuit potential vs. time, and by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. PANI layers have been found to provide corrosion protection. Thicker PANI layers at 530 mV vs. Ag/AgCl (3 mol dm⁻³ KCl) exhibit pure capacitive behaviour at low frequencies, and in addition a small resistance at high frequencies. Thinner layers at 530 mV exhibit a much higher resistance attributed to a higher degree of PANI-free electrode surface and/or to a significant amount of PANI transformed from emeraldine to leucoemeraldine form. The layer deposited in a phosphate solution appears to have better protective properties than the layer deposited in a sulphate solution. Therefore, PANI from phosphate solution was tested also in 0.1 mol dm⁻³ HCl. However, in the chloride-containing solution, the time of protection was significantly shorter.     

On-line corrosion monitoring in geothermal district heating systems. I. General corrosion rates

General corrosion rates in the geothermal district heating systems in Iceland are generally low, of the magnitude 1 μm/y. The reason is high pH (9.5), low-conductivity (200 μm/y) and negligible dissolved oxygen. The geothermal hot water is either used directly from source or to heat up cold ground water. The fluid naturally contains sulphide, which helps keeping the fluid oxygen-free but complicates the electrochemical environment. In this research on-line techniques for corrosion monitoring were tested and evaluated in this medium. Electrochemical methods worked well as long as frequency was kept low but ER worked better if oxygen was present.     

Novel images of the evolution of stress corrosion cracks from corrosion pits

SCC in turbine disc steels exposed to simulated steam-condensate tends to nucleate preferentially from corrosion pit precursors. The evolution of these cracks is not straightforward and not well understood. In this work, unique three-dimensional X-ray microtomographic images have confirmed that cracks develop predominantly at the shoulder of the pit, near the pit/surface interface, for specimens stressed to 50–90% σ_0.2. In support of this observation, FEA of model pits indicate that strain is a maximum on the pit wall just below the pit mouth. Implications of these observations for the pit-to-crack transition and predictive-modelling of crack nucleation and growth are discussed.     

Study on corrosion of steels in marine environment by corrosion simulation device

Three kinds of steels were studied using electrically connected hanging specimen in the corrosion simulation device and offshore long scale hanging specimen. The experimental results obtained by the two methods show that the device can better reflect the offshore corrosion environment. A Ni‐Cu‐P steel specimen was studied through analysis of the specimen's corrosion products and corrosion types. The surface of the samples before and after the removal of the rust layer produced by these two methods were observed and compared after some experiments. The microstructure of the corrosion products under different marine environments were analyzed and compared through IR. It indicated good correlation between the electrically connected hanging specimen method and the long scale hanging specimen method.     

Cr-Mo-V系高强度钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为

用改进的WOL型试样研究了Cr-Mo-V系高强度钢在3．5％NaCl水溶液中的应力腐蚀断裂行为,并与常用的42CrMo钢进行了对比。结果表明,回火温度对实验钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为有显著影响。当回火温度较低时,Cr-Mo-V钢的KISCC较低,且随回火温度的升高缓慢提高,断裂方式主要为沿晶断裂;当回火温度超过约873K后,KISCC显著提高,断口中穿晶断裂所占的比例明显增加,断裂方式逐渐转变为穿晶型断裂为主。在相同的强度水平下,Cr-Mo-V钢的KISCC高于42CrMo钢,且在低强度水平下二者差别较大。对42CrMo钢,KISCC随屈服强度升高呈指数下降。但对Cr-Mo—v钢,则并非如此,即在强度保持不变（Rp0.2=1410—1440MPa）的条件下,KISCC随回火温度升高而明显提高。Cr-Mo—V钢和42CrMo钢的KISCC均随回火温度的升高呈指数关系增加。     

Atmospheric corrosion in Mauritius

Abstract

Carbon steel is commonly used in Mauritius, and information related to its atmospheric corrosion behaviour in the Mauritian atmosphere is not readily available. Hence, the present study was performed to obtain relevant data and to develop a model for predicting the atmospheric corrosion degradation of carbon steel in Mauritius. Carbon steel samples were exposed outdoors at several sites, according to BS EN ISO 8565. They were removed after specific time periods, and their mass loss was determined. At the same time, the sites’ environmental parameters were monitored. From the mass loss measurements and the environmental parameters considered, it was found that the corrosivity of the Mauritian atmosphere falls in category C3 to C4, according to ISO 9223. A model was developed using the SPSS software, and it was found that the atmospheric corrosion in Mauritius depends mainly on the time of exposure and the carbon content of carbon steel.     

Effect of impurities in dissimilar metal welds on their corrosion behavior

Dissimilar metal welds are commonly used constructional solutions in most light-water reactors. Unfortunately, it may also be a source of operational problems due to the combination of two or more metals with different corrosion resistance. For welds of carbon and austenitic steel, it is possible to observe damage in the austenitic steel, which is the material with better corrosion resistance. This self-contradictory phenomenon is presumed to be caused by the segregation of impurities (S, P, C) from carbon steel on austenitic grain boundaries. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the effect of these impurities on the corrosion behavior of Fe–Cr–Ni alloys with different Cr and Ni content by using electrochemical methods.     

Modeling steel corrosion under supercritical CO2 conditions

Corrosion in the presence of CO₂ was studied under supercritical conditions (high pressure and moderate temperature) using different carbon steels and various corrosion resistant alloys (CRA's). An objective of this work was, among others, to put the results in perspective relative to various CO₂ corrosion models that have been developed and published over the years. In particular, the NORSOK, FREECORP, and OLI models were used for comparison, while others were discussed as well. The systems investigated were (a) supercritical CO₂ (SC CO₂) saturated with water (no separate water phase), (b) a water mist phase in equilibrium with SC CO₂, (c) a water/brine phase in equilibrium with SC CO₂. It was found that the OLI model best simulates the experimental corrosion rates observed in system (c) where coupons were corroded in the aqueous phase at high velocities in the rotating cage. The varying susceptibility of different carbon steels to corrosion under these conditions is highlighted. CRA steels are comparatively more resistant.     

Lab and field investigations on localized corrosion of casing

The corrosion of casing was investigated in the laboratory and oilfield by series methods of EIS, SEM, EDS, well logging, and field coupon test. Data reveal the middle vertical profile along the casing is greatly threatened by localized form rather than generalized corrosion. The pit initiates in the micro‐pore of the corrosion scale on the surface of the steel. The development of pitting depends on the water type classified by geochemist. The calcium chloride water shows highest acceleration to pitting due to the two orders of magnitude higher concentration of chloride ion by comparing sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate water types. The element analysis and microstructure observation were used to further describe the pit propagation. It is proposed to get a better understanding of the corrosion damage of casing in the petroleum industry.     

Accelerated corrosion tests in the automotive industry: A comparison of the performance towards cosmetic corrosion

Corrosion resistance is an important property requirement for materials used in the manufacturing of automobiles, particularly for vehicles that operate on roads treated with de‐icing salt. This implies to test the corrosion resistance of automotive systems, in order to make a good selection of materials. Field‐tests, including stationary and mobile exposures are normally the most reliable ways of doing this, but they are costly and time consuming, as 2–8 years exposure is generally needed for a full assessment of the corrosion resistance. Since, the use of the standard neutral salt spray test, which is well known to give a poor correlation with field data, a large development in the testing procedures has occurred with the use of cyclic corrosion tests, which alternate between pollution phase and wet/dry periods. Today, there are indeed as many accelerated corrosion tests as automotive manufacturers, which are currently used in order to develop and qualify new products against corrosion, to develop new protective coating systems and select materials. In the present work, steel‐ and zinc‐coated materials in cosmetic and crevice configuration were exposed in a large number of accelerated corrosion tests in the automotive industry. From the study, it was shown that the results and consequently the prediction on the lifetime of the same material were very much dependent on which accelerated corrosion test was used. The results were explained in terms of different salt loads applied in the different tests.     

AC corrosion. Part 2: Parameters influencing corrosion rate

Pipelines and AC power transmission lines frequently share corridors leading to AC interference corrosion problems, as documented by pipeline failures that have occurred in the USA, Canada and Europe, even when cathodic protection is applied. In order to investigate these phenomena, weight loss tests on carbon steel samples were performed in soil-simulating conditions (aerated and de-aerated sulphate solutions) at various AC current densities from 10 to about 900 A/m². Tests on freely corroding samples showed that the corrosion rate increased as AC current density increased; the effect of AC on corrosion rate was also detected at current densities lower than 30 A/m². The results obtained are analyzed and discussed together with polarization test results, which were presented in a previous paper by Goidanich et al. (submitted for publication) [1].     

Monitoring corrosion rates and localised corrosion in low conductivity water

Monitoring of low corrosion rates and localised corrosion in a media with low conductivity is a challenge. In municipal district heating, quality control may be improved by implementing on-line corrosion monitoring if a suitable technique can be identified to measure both uniform and localised corrosion. Electrochemical techniques (LPR, EIS, crevice corrosion current) as well as direct measurement techniques (high-sensitive electrical resistance, weight loss) have been applied in operating plants. Changes in the corrosion processes are best monitored in non-aggressive, low conductivity media with sensitive electrical resistance technique and crevice corrosion current measurements.     

Electromagnetic induction corrosion control technology (EICCT)

Over the past several years, a new corrosion control technology has been developed for protecting damaged, painted galvanized, and galvannealed surfaces in contact with ambient aqueous environments. This technology, which we call electromagnetically induced corrosion control technology (EICCT), is an electronic technology that is based upon coupling surface currents into the metal structure to be protected. Electromagnetic induction experiments have demonstrated that the induced current is spread across the surfaces of complex shapes, such as an automobile body, as required by Maxwell's equations, so that induction at a single point is effective in protecting a whole, complex‐shaped surface, that the power consumption is very low, and possibly that the induced signal may be tailored to optimize the efficacy. The observed efficacy is attributed to inhibition of zinc passivation as directly indicated by the coupling current. Efficacy is also indicated by inhibition of rusting at scribes in painted panels. It is important to emphasize that the technique is not a classical, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system.     

Fireside corrosion of superheater materials in chlorine containing flue gas

Corrosion resistance of three types of candidate materials for superheater sections under simulated waste incineration conditions was evaluated. A 9Cr1Mo steel, an AISI 310SS, and the Ni-based alloy Sanicro 28 were tested on a laboratory and on a pilot scale with different flue gas compositions (up to 2500 mg/Nm³ of HCl and 1500 mg/Nm³ of fly ash). Laboratory tests were carried out in a furnace up to 200 h. Metal and gas temperature were kept constant at 500 °C. Pilot scale tests were carried out by using a 0.3 × 0.3 m cross-sectional combustor, with flue gas velocity of 5 m/s. Air-cooled probes, designed to operate at a metal temperature of 500 °C and facing gas temperatures as high as 600 °C, were used for 200 h as maximum test time. Qualitative correspondence was found between results obtained by the two sets of experimental tests, but quantitative values were not comparable. Metallographic evaluations, metal loss measurements, and weight loss analysis evidenced as the most suitable alloy Sanicro28. Maximum metal loss observed was 240, 182, and 107 μm, respectively, for 9Cr1Mo, AISI310SS, and Sanicro 28 under the most aggressive conditions. Intergranular corrosion attack was evidenced for AISI310SS, limiting the choice of materials to 9Cr1Mo and Sanicro 28, depending upon the lifetime expected at the design stage.     

Q355NH钢的CCT曲线及早期耐蚀性能

通过膨胀曲线并结合金相硬度法,测量了Q355NH低碳耐候钢840 ℃奥氏体化后在不同冷速下的相变点,并绘制其CCT曲线,对试验钢不同冷却方式下的显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明,Q355NH钢在0.1~10 ℃/s冷速范围内均可获得铁素体+珠光体组织。随着冷速的增大,屈服强度从炉冷的360 MPa提高到风冷的420 MPa。炉冷时组织中存在沿晶界析出的碳化物,风冷时珠光体数量和密度最高。炉冷和风冷条件下试样具有较低的腐蚀电位,盐雾腐蚀试验早期的质量损失较大。     

Iron and steel corrosion mechanisms in a carbonate rich pore water: Multiscale characterization of the corrosion product layers

Corrosion experiments were performed on a ferrito-pearlitic (P285-NH) and a ferritic steel (Armco) in a synthetic solution representing the Callovo-Oxfordian porewater during a month at 120°C. Corrosion product layers (CPLs) were characterized from micro to nanoscale in terms of morphology (electron microscopies), composition (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and structure (µ-Raman, selected area electron diffraction). Both systems present a Ca-siderite bilayer which interface locates the metal original surface, and nano to micrometric magnetite islets on the internal carbonated layer and at the M/CPL interface. The impact of cementite is highlighted in terms of morphology of the CPL and corrosion mechanism.     

双相不锈钢堆焊层应力腐蚀性能评价

为防止换热器等设备发生应力腐蚀,工程上试采用在与腐蚀介质接触的表面堆焊2205双相不锈钢.为探索方案的应用范畴与可行性,对两种焊接工艺(自动焊及焊条电弧焊)、3种工程上常见腐蚀环境(饱和硫化氢、氯化镁、氯化钙),通过恒负荷拉伸试验方法及断口微观分析手段,综合评价其应力腐蚀性能,并根据试验结果建立应力-寿命数学模型.结果表明,饱和H2S环境中恒负荷拉伸门槛值σth自动焊为0.45ReL、焊条电弧焊为0.4ReL,二者相差17％.氯化钙环境中0.9ReL应力下96 h试验后所有试样完好,显示出优良的抗氯化钙应力腐蚀能力.而该材料则不适于在沸腾氯化镁环境下工作.