正渗透技术浓缩氯碱阳极淡盐水

采用正渗透(FO)技术对离子膜法制烧碱中产生的阳极淡盐水进行浓缩,开发阳极淡盐水浓缩新工艺.以脱氯后的淡盐水为原料,饱和盐水为汲取液,研究了膜活性层朝向、膜面流速及原料液温度对FO过程纯水透过通量的影响,并对FO过程的淡盐水浓缩效果和膜污染情况进行了研究,验证了该浓缩工艺的可行性.结果表明,压力延迟渗透(PRO)模式水通量要高于FO模式,在处理高浓度料液时,外浓差极化和内浓差极化均对水通量有较明显的影响;提高进料膜面错流流速,水通量增加,且对PRO模式比对FO模式影响更明显;进料温度升高,膜的水通量提高.两种运行模式下均能将淡盐水浓缩至300 g/L以上,满足盐水循环使用要求.浓缩过程中未见明显盐结晶导致的膜污染发生.用工艺液体饱和盐水作汲取液,避免了稀释后汲取液的回收问题,实现了FO过程中真正的低能耗,为FO过程在工业中的大规模推广应用提供了新思路.     

正渗透膜用于橙汁浓缩及其污染研究

正渗透因其低能耗及低污染等优点,已在越来越多的领域得到应用.利用自制的醋酸纤维素正渗透膜应用于橙汁的浓缩,主要考察了不同汲取液、膜方位对浓缩过程的影响,并且研究了浓缩过程中的膜污染现象.结果表明,采用3 mol/L葡萄糖+2 mol/L NaCl混合溶质所配制的汲取液的通量较高,同时盐的反向渗透通量明显降低,浓缩14 h后总可溶物由11.5°Brix上升到40.5°Brix;同时还发现,FO模式下产生的稀释的内浓差极化对水通量的影响要小于PRO模式下产生的浓缩的内浓差极化.在浓缩过程中存在较轻的膜污染,清洗之后通量基本恢复,每6h清洗一次,浓缩25 h后总可溶物可从11.5°Brix达到48.0°Brix.     

红霉素发酵液纳滤膜污染与再生

超滤-纳滤双膜法作为新型分离技术应用于红霉素发酵液的过滤和浓缩.双膜法是指行先用陶瓷或金属超滤膜对发酵液进行预处理,之后树脂脱色,再进入纳滤膜浓缩.详细分析与总结了纳滤膜的膜污染,根据污染物的特性,选用专业清洗剂和清洗方法,给出最佳的再生方案:在0.37MPa,38~45℃下,采用专业清洗剂碱酸清洗法清洗和定期采用酶碱酸清洗法相结合的清洗方法.在保持同样通量下,专业清洗剂清洗后的一级膜进口压力比片碱、柠檬酸清洗后的一级膜进口压力降低约20%.     

果胶超滤纯化过程传质模型和动力学分析

研究了果胶提取液超滤膜分离处理过程传质特征,建立了渗透通量、膜面浓度与压差的传质模型,并对膜阻力和浓差极化阻力进行了定量描述;同时对超滤过程的动力学进行了分析.     

膜法染料废水处理工艺研究

用乙酸纤维素纳滤膜 ,对染料厂的高盐度、高色度、高CODCr染料废水的处理操作条件 (进料量、压力 )、浓缩过程 (染料含量、浓缩倍率 )、膜的污染和清洗等方面进行了详细研究 .结果表明 ,用纳滤膜技术处理染料废水时 ,过程的通量随着进料流量和操作压力的升高而增大 ,并随着浓缩过程的进行即染料含量和浓缩倍率的增加而下降 ,但仍对染料保持很高的截留率 ,且在高染料浓度 (高浓缩倍率 )下 ,压力对通量影响下降 :在过程回收率达到 80 %(浓缩 5倍 )的情况下 ,膜对废水中色度和CODCr的去除率仍相当高 ;有效的膜清洗则可提高纳滤膜处理染料废水过程的效率 ,延长膜使用寿命 ,从而使纳滤膜法染料废水处理工艺技术更具实用价值 .     

浓差极化超滤浓缩生物大分子溶液

提出一种利用浓差极化原理超滤浓缩生物大分子溶液的新型膜过程,即用自行设计的浓缩液汲取装置,抽提出浓差极化层内的浓溶液.以牛血清蛋白(BSA)为模型大分子,考查了汲取速率、透过通量对浓缩液浓度的影响,提出了动态平衡时浓缩液浓度的计算公式,并发展了一种可获得较高浓度浓缩液的周期性短时间歇汲取工艺,同时将新型膜浓缩过程与常规超滤浓缩进行了对比.结果表明,浓缩液浓度随汲取速率减小而增大,高通量不利于高浓度浓缩液的汲取;动态平衡时浓缩液浓度的计算值与测定值吻合良好;采用周期性短时间歇汲取工艺浓缩液浓度可达34.9 g/L,为原料液浓度的69.8倍;与常规超滤浓缩相比,该浓缩过程膜污染显著减轻,可实现连续操作.     

超声监测技术在膜分离过程中的应用研究

在膜分离过程中，膜通量总是随运行时间而下降．为了区分膜污染与浓差极化或者可能的膜形变对通量的影响，和选择适宜的清洗过程，对一种只敏感于膜表面状况的超声测量方法进行了广泛研究．通过平板膜(包括微滤膜、超滤膜和反渗透膜)以及卷式反渗透膜过程的应用实例，说明了这种实时、在线的超声时域反射法即Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry (UTDR)可以利用它的反射波的振幅和回声抵达超声传感器的时间来监测浓差极化、膜污染(例如CaSO4污染)与清洗过程，也可以用来测量膜的压紧度和污染层厚度．超声测量与传统膜性能测量结果有良好的关联，并具有区域性测量的特性．为了实用化目的，新近的研究进展也作了介绍．     

反渗透技术在鼻炎康等中药提取液浓缩中的应用

以中药鼻炎康提取液、复方珍珠暗疮提取液和VC银翘提取液为研究对象,研究反渗透技术在提取液浓缩过程中的应用.试验结果表明,经反渗透工艺能有效脱水60％以上,中药的主要有效成分保留率达90％,膜通量稳定在14 L/(m2·h),清洗后膜通量恢复80％以上.     

陶瓷超滤膜在右旋糖酐分离中的应用

本文采用自制的陶瓷超滤膜分离右旋糖酐,研究了操作参数如压力、温度、膜面流速和料液浓度等对陶瓷超滤膜分离右旋糖酐的影响,并对操作参数进行了优化.所用陶瓷超滤膜材料为氧化锆,切割分子量约为2 700,纯水渗透率约为375L/(m~2·h·MPa).研究表明,增大操作压力,膜通量以及右旋糖酐的截留率均有所增加.当操作压力增加至0.3 MPa时,右旋糖酐与果糖的分离因子最大,二者的分离效果最好.温度变化时,膜通量随温度的升高而升高,但右旋糖酐的截留率随温度的上升而下降.适当增大膜面流速有利于增大膜通量和右旋糖酐的截留率.此外,还考察了陶瓷超滤膜在右旋糖酐分离纯化过程中的稳定性.当料液浓度为60g/L时,陶瓷膜在连续12h的运行过程中,膜通量稳定在24L/(m~2·h)左右,分离因子稳定在11.5以上.陶瓷超滤膜在右旋糖酐分离方面展现了良好的应用前景.     

野西瓜多糖的超滤膜分级及膜清洗的研究

目的：探讨超滤膜分离野西瓜多糖的最佳工艺条件,寻找较佳的膜清洗方法。方法：用4种不同截留分子量（MWCO）的超滤膜分离野西瓜多糖,苯酚一硫酸法测定不同分子量多糖含量,纯水通量的恢复系数r作为清洗效朵的评价指标。结果：在室温下,控制超滤压力为0．14Mpa对0．4mg／mL的多糖进行超滤分级,得到4种不同分子量的野西瓜多糖,其中相对分子量在6万咀上多糖约占75．52％,分子量在3万-6万间的多糖约占12．32％。分子量在6千-3万间的多糖约占7．11％,分子量在3千-6千间的多糖约占2．90％。野西瓜多糖污染的聚砜超滤膜依次用H20、HCl、NaOH、NaClO4＋H2O清洗后,可使膜通量恢复至80％以上。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.