对Al-Cu合金中α-Al及Al2Cu生长行为的探讨

研究了Al-Cu合金中α-Al和Al2Cu的生长行为,分析了初生α-Al及初生Al2Cu作为共晶核心形核的能力.结果发现,在过共晶组织中,初生相Al2Cu形貌大部分有明显的拐角,观察其平面有的呈矩形,呈现小面生长特性.而α-Al与Al2Cu共晶生长时,Al2Cu择优生长特征削弱,与α-Al耦合生长呈现非小面-非小面生长,表明Al2Cu在不同的生长阶段表现出的生长行为不同.在亚共晶组织中,初生相α-Al周围形成离异共晶的Al2Cu,而过共晶组织中初生相Al2Cu周围没有离异共晶的α-Al,表明初生相Al2Cu作为共晶层片核心的能力比初生相α-Al作为共晶层片核心的能力强.     

定向凝固Al-38.5%Cu合金中Al_2Cu相的小平面特性

采用定向凝圊技术,研究了Al-38.5wt%Cu合金中,Al2Cu相的生长行为.结果发现,在凝同速度较低时,过共晶Al-Cu合金中初生Al2Cu相形貌大部分有明显的拐角,观察其平面,有的呈矩形,呈现小平面生长特性,随着凝同速度的提高,初生Al2Cu相的结晶特性由小平面向非小平面转化;而а-Al相与Al2Cu相共生生长时.Al2Cu相择优生长特性消弱,与а-Al相耦合生长,呈现非小平面一非小平面生长.     

合金成分和冷却速率对Al-Cu合金凝固过程中初生Al_2Cu相生长形貌的影响

对Al-x Cu(x=30,40,45,50,质量分数,%)合金凝固组织进行了系统的观察.结果表明,随合金中Cu含量由30%(质量分数,下同)增加到50%,合金中初生Al_2Cu相形貌由枝晶状逐渐转变为棱面状,表明Al_2Cu相的生长方式由非小平面生长转变为小平面生长.冷却速率对初生Al_2Cu相生长形貌具有重要影响,冷却速率较低时,初生Al_2Cu相为规则的棱面状;随着冷却速率增大,初生Al_2Cu相逐渐转变为不规则的非棱面状,表明Al_2Cu相的生长方式由小平面生长转变为非小平面生长.对凝固过程中初生Al_2Cu相形貌转变研究发现,Cu含量为45%时,初生Al_2Cu相形貌由枝晶状向方形转变;Cu含量增加到50%时,初生Al_2Cu相形貌由枝晶状转变为网状.     

凝固速率跃迁对定向凝固Al-40%Cu过共晶合金初生Al_2Cu相的影响

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置进行了Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金的定向凝固实验,研究了凝固速率跃迁过程中的凝固组织演变.结果表明,当定向凝固速率从10μm/s跃迁减速到2μm/s时,由于固/液界面附近的液相成分向共晶点成分变化以及耦合共晶组织的界面生长温度高于初生Al_2Cu相的界面生长温度,合金凝固组织从初生Al_2Cu枝晶和Al/Al_2Cu共晶组织转变为全耦合层片共晶组织.组织转变过程中,板条状的初生Al_2Cu相先分解成小尺寸的初生相,然后小的初生相逐渐被共晶组织所取代,这种组织转变是凝固界面前沿液相中溶质扩散不足造成的,而不是由合金中存在的热及溶质对流引起的.在初生相生长形态中,由于凝固速率跃迁引起的界面前沿液相中Cu成分富集,造成凝固界面生长温度升高,Jackson因子α变小,Al_2Cu初生相由小平面相向非小平面相转变.     

Al-Cu-Mg包共晶合金凝固组织演变及凝固路径研究

选取初生相在不同相区的成分为Al-15.0Mg-9.6Cu(wt.%,下同)和Al-19.5Mg-17.8Cu的三元包共晶合金,进行了不同冷却速度下的凝固试验,而后对其凝固路径、组织演化规律以及凝固机制进行了分析。试验结果表明,两种合金在凝固过程中发生了三元包共晶反应,凝固路径为别为(L+α-Al)→(L+α-Al+S)→(L+S+α-Al+T)→(L+α-Al+T)和(L+S)→(L+α-Al+S)→(L+S+α-Al+T)→(L+α-Al+T)。合金Al-19.5Mg-17.8Cu和Al-15.0Mg-9.6Cu的初生相分别为S相和α-Al相,而且两相共晶组织(α-Al+S)和(α-Al+T)均为离异共晶,呈团块状,而包共晶组织(α-Al+T)呈灰黑相间的条带状共生形貌。两种合金的凝固组织中均发现残余的S相,并且初生相为S相的Al-19.5Mg-17.8Cu合金的残余S相数量和尺度都要大于Al-15.0Mg-9.6Cu合金。     

激光区熔定向凝固Al2O3／YAG／ZrO2亚共晶陶瓷的微观组织

采用激光区熔定向凝固技术制备了Al2O3/YAG/ZrO2三元亚共晶自生复合陶瓷,研究了不同激光扫描速率下亚共晶自生复合陶瓷的微观组织,并与激光区熔定向凝固Al2O3/YAG二元及Al2O3/YAG/ZrO2三元共晶自生复合陶瓷的微观组织进行了对比.结果表明,激光区熔定向凝固Al2O3/YAG/ZrO3三元亚共晶由相互交错分布的α-Al2O3、YAG和c-ZrO2三相组成,无其它结晶相和无定形相;随激光扫描速率的增大,凝固组织发生显著变化,出现了由共晶集群到较为规则的树枝状共晶再到杂乱的树枝状共晶的组织转变.初生相的枝晶生长,使得亚共晶陶瓷的凝固组织明显不同于共晶陶瓷的凝固组织;亚共晶凝固组织呈现典型的小平面非规则共晶形貌,凝固组织主要由Al2O3和YAG两相的小平面生长方式决定,第三组元ZrO2相表现出弱小平面生长特征.     

金属型铸造与半固态流变压铸2024铝合金组织对比

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD),研究了2024变形铝合金在半固态流变压铸过程中的组织特征.结果表明,流变压铸成形的2024变形铝合金的组织主要由球状和类球状的初生α-Al相,与颗粒间不规则的连续网状分布的共晶相θ-CuAl2相及S-CuAl2Mg相组成.二次凝固的过程主要分3个阶段:“脚趾”状和“齿”状初生α2相依附生长,爆发形核产生呈等轴状的初生α3相和共晶反应.共晶组织主要以共生生长方式为主,α-Al相、θ-CuAl2相和S-CuA12Mg相之间的横向扩散来促使各相的交替生长,形成的层片状共晶组织,主要以“搭桥”方式形成.     

半固态铸造高Cu含量Al-Cu合金的组织及形成机制

通过对较高Cu含量的铝合金微观组织的观察,研究了半固态铸造的Al-10Cu、Al-20Cu和Al-40Cu合金中初生α-Al枝晶、共晶晶粒和初生θ相的形貌、尺寸的变化规律以及形成机制.结果表明,半固态铸造Al-10Cu、Al-20Cu合金的初生α-Al呈近等轴的球状或蔷薇球状,其大小为50～80 μm;半固态铸造的过共晶Al-40Cu合金中初生CuAl2的形貌由较粗较长的条状转变为粒状或长径比较小的短棒状或近等轴的颗粒状,其平均尺寸小于80 μm,基本消除了粗长的初生CuAl2,改善了晶粒形貌;与普通铸造相比,半固态铸造3种Al-Cu合金的组织得到显著的改善,完全能够达到工程应用的要求.经强烈搅拌制备的半固态Al-Cu合金中的α-Al晶粒的生长可以看作内生生长,这是高Cu含量的铝合金能形成近等轴的球状、蔷薇球状、较小的短棒状、近等轴的颗粒状组织的原因.     

纵向磁场对Al-40%Cu过共晶合金定向凝固显微组织的影响

研究了纵向磁场对Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金定向凝固显微组织的影响.结果表明,在温度梯度G_L=42.6K/cm,生长速率R=2μm/s,施加弱磁场时,Al_2Cu初生相由规则小平面状逐渐变得不规则,并趋向于非小平面方式生长,热电磁对流效应在不同尺度下影响界面前沿溶质分布及各相生长温度,微观尺度下影响初生相形貌,宏观尺度下改变糊状区长度,引起宏观偏析;施加较强磁场后,初生相呈现不规则胞状组织并紧密定向排列,这一现象主要归因于内生热电Lorentz力及磁晶各向异性.     

脉冲磁场下制备半固态铝铜合金坯料的研究

采用脉冲磁场技术制备了半固态Al-4.5Cu合金坯料,考察了冷却速度和脉冲频率对半固态坯料初生α-Al相形貌和尺寸的影响.结果表明,利用脉冲磁场处理可以制备出初生α-A1相为细小的近球状颗粒的半固态Al-4.5Cu合金坯料.初生α -Al相平均晶粒尺寸和平均形状系数分别随着冷却速度的减小和脉冲频率的增加而相应的减小和增加.但当冷却速度减小到20℃/min,脉冲频率增大到10 Hz时,半固态组织有所粗化.当冷却速度为40℃/min,脉冲频率为6 Hz时,半固态Al-4.5Cu合金坯料初生α-Al相平均晶粒尺寸最小,形貌最为圆整,适合于半固态成形.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。