一级半轴流式透平级内部若干非定常流动现象的试验研究

设计研制了具有亚音速透平高压级气动特性的一级半轴流式试验透平,采用试验方法对时序效应、叶栅壁面非定常静压幅频特性以及动叶出口非定常速度场进行了研究。结果表明:时序效应具有改善轴流式透平气动性能的潜力;动、静叶排压力有势场干涉引发的基频信号和上游静叶尾迹片段引发的两阶倍频信号,构成了第二列静叶壁面静压非定常分量的基本频率特征,其间还伴随高达六阶的倍频信号,主要由动叶尾缘高频脱落的涡街扰动产生;尚未完成掺混的第一列静叶尾迹片段出现在动叶出口,由其引发的负射流显著改变了动叶出口局部位置处的气流偏转角。     

考虑叶顶泄漏的透平级非定常气动性能研究

针对存在动叶顶部间隙泄漏流的一级半透平级非定常流场,应用全三维黏性非定常数值模拟方法详细研究了动叶顶部间隙泄漏流气动特性,旨在揭示泄漏流与下游静叶栅的非定常干涉作用.结果表明：动叶顶部间隙泄漏流引发第二列静叶前缘85%叶展位置处静压波动;受相邻叶排间势干涉作用,第二列静叶50%叶展位置处的静压波动集中于流道中部;在第二列静叶出口截面,动叶顶部泄漏流引发的泄漏涡,其强度及空间分布并未随时间发生明显变化;汽封内的泄漏流静压随时间周期性波动,压力值的更新首先出现于下游并朝向上游流发展.     

透平端部非定常流动及传热的数值研究

基于E~3透平第一级模型,通过将动叶放大对级进行约化,数值分析非定常下透平级内涡系结构的发展。静叶出口的涡系结构受下游动叶周向运动的影响,通道涡呈现抬升趋势。静叶出口总压损失比定常相对高1.22%。静叶出口的通道涡在下游动叶内传播,与动叶内的二次流涡系结构发生干涉,静叶出口的通道涡对动叶内的通道涡产生排挤作用。受非定常效应的影响,端壁上摩擦系数的分布呈周期性变化,其中吸力面前缘角区与分离线下游区域变化尤为突出。相比于定常计算的结果,非定常条件下端壁传热的平均水平提高,但是变动幅度降低。     

轴流涡轮基元级动叶稠度对转静干涉的影响

针对不同动叶稠度的轴流涡轮基元级的流动情况进行了非定常数值模拟,探究了动叶稠度对涡轮基元级转子的非定常势干涉、静叶尾迹与动叶的干涉及基元级性能非定常性的影响机制.研究结果表明,在一定的动叶稠度范围内,转子非定常势干涉的强度随着动叶稠度的增加而迅速减小,而在上游静子中的影响范围与动叶稠度关系不大;动叶稠度的变化通过引起静叶尾迹强弱和转子通道中流动状态的改变来影响静叶尾迹与动叶干涉的强弱;而基元级性能的非定常性受尾迹干涉强弱的影响.     

多级压气机动叶不同CLOCKING位置下尾迹/附面层干扰分析

采用harmonic非定常计算方法模拟了某型燃气轮机中间三级轴流压气机流场,研究第二级动叶处于不同CLOCKING位置下尾迹输运机理,指出在非定常条件下,叶片排之间干扰主要来自于尾迹和势流对叶片排的交替作用。在CLK0位置,上游尾迹的输运主要表现为单个尾迹向下游的传播过程。在CLK2位置,上游动、静叶片尾迹掺混发生显著不同,上游尾迹的输运呈现多个尾迹的传播过程,进而导致下游叶片非定常气动负荷的波动幅值出现显著差异。     

叶栅内非定常流动特性的频谱分析

采用数值模拟方法研究了静叶尾迹的非定常流动特性,通过改变动叶与静叶之间的轴向间距和动叶的转速,结合不同工况下的等熵图,利用傅里叶变换(FFT)对动叶升力系数和阻力系数进行了频谱变换,并分析了其频谱特性与动静叶间轴向间距和动叶转速之间的关系.结果表明:随着轴向间距的增大,尾迹涡脱落频率变化不大,但功率谱密度变化较大,引起下游叶栅通道熵值增大,导致下游动叶周围能量损失增加;转速的增大使尾迹涡脱落频率增加,功率谱密度变大,同时下游叶栅通道熵值也逐渐增大,表明尾迹涡带来动叶周围更大的能量损失.     

弯掠动叶对压气机级静压系数的影响

对某多级高亚音轴流压气机的第七级原型级和弯掠动叶改型级进行了非定常数值模拟,数值研究结果表明:流动的非定常性对动叶尾缘和下游静叶前缘位置处的气动参数影响较为强烈,其中对静叶的影响要比对动叶的影响大.弯掠动叶减轻了非定常效应对动叶根部和顶部的影响,同时也减小了对下游静叶气动参数的非定常扰动.     

非定常尾迹及其对动叶气膜冷却影响的数值研究

针对前缘设有3排气膜孔的动叶,采用数值模拟方法对其静叶尾迹的非定常特性进行了研究,分析了静叶尾迹对动叶气膜冷却的影响.通过模拟吹风比分别为0.5、1和2时的工况,结合对应工况下的等熵图,对动叶升力系数和阻力系数进行了频谱分析,得到动叶表面的静压分布和传热系数分布.结果表明：随着吹风比的增大,下游叶栅通道的熵值有所减小,尾迹涡脱落频率没有明显变化;动叶压力面静压随着吹风比的增加而降低,压力梯度减小,传热系数则增大,换热增强,冷却效果较好;吸力面静压随着吹风比的增大而逐渐升高,形成了以吸力面最大曲率处为中心的负压区,传热系数增大,但靠近吸力面尾缘部分的换热效果优于前缘部分.     

气冷涡轮级气热耦合非定常频域分析

对某级涡轮进行了三维非定常气热耦合数值模拟,分析了叶片型面压力和温度的非定常波动,对静叶和动叶压力和温度非定常波动幅值较大的位置进行频谱分析。结果表明:静叶产生的尾迹作用在动叶前缘导致冲角增大,对动叶吸力面前部的非定常影响最大;上游尾迹不但直接与冷却气膜孔的流场发生作用,还会影响到冷却气膜孔下游流场;热传导系数的周期性波动主要是由于温度的波动而引起的。     

三级燃气透平进口热斑迁移路径分析

采用三维非定常数值方法对不同时序位置的进口热斑在三级透平叶栅通道内运动路径和影响范围进行分析。结果表明:热斑在三级透平通道内的迁移路径较为稳定;经过三级透平流道的折转,正对通道中心和正对叶片前缘的热斑周向偏移了约38°;动叶出口处热斑以动叶通过频率沿周向摆动;热斑的周向影响范围逐渐增大。     

Pressure measurement on casing wall and blade rows interaction of contra-rotating axial flow pump

An application of contra-rotating rotors has been proposed against a demand for developing higher specific speed axial flow pump. The blade rows interaction between front and rear rotors should be clarified for its stable operation and reduction of unsteady losses. In this paper, the static pressure distributions on casing wall are provided by measuring with the phase locked sampling method. The measurements are carried out for two types of the rear rotors with different blade number and chord length, and it is found that, for both types of rotors, the unsteady pressure fluctuations are more remarkable in the front rotor than in the rear rotor and they are caused by the rear rotor pressure field. The effects of pressure fluctuations will be discussed in more details toward understanding the blade rows interaction in the contra-rotating axial flow pump.     

Film cooling performance of converging slot-hole rows on a gas turbine blade

Experimental tests have been performed to investigate the film cooling performance of converging slot-hole (console) rows on the turbine blade. Film cooling effectiveness of each single hole row is measured under three momentum flux ratios based on the wide-band liquid crystal technique. Measurements of the cooling effectiveness with all the hole rows open are also carried out under two coolant–mainstream flux ratios. Film cooling effectiveness of cylindrical hole rows on the same blade model is measured as a comparison. The results reveal that the trace of jets from both consoles and cylindrical holes is converging on the suction surface and expanding on the pressure surface by the influence of the passage vortex, while the influence of passage vortex on the jets from consoles is weaker. The film coverage area and the film cooling effectiveness of single/multiple console row(s) are much larger than those of single/multiple cylindrical hole row(s). When the console row is discrete and the diffusion angle of the console is not very large, the adjacent jets cannot connect immediately after ejecting out of the holes and the cooling effectiveness in the region between adjacent holes is relatively lower. On the pressure surface, the film cooling effectiveness of console rows increases notably with the increasing of momentum flux ratio or coolant–mainstream flux ratio. But on the suction side, the increase in cooling effectiveness is not very notable for console row film cooling as the coolant flux increases. Moreover, for the film cooling of single console row at the gill region of the suction surface, the jets could lift off from the blade surface because of the convex geometry of the suction surface.     

Numerical Investigation of the Superimposed Effects on Stator Wake Oscillation in an Axial-radial Combined Compressor ZHAO Ben,YANG Ce,HU Liangjun,ZHOU Mi and ZHANG Jizhong简

The superimposed influences of the blade rows in a multistage compressor are important because different matches of upstream and downstream blades can result in significant differences in the stator wake oscillation. Numerical inves- tigation of the axial stator wake oscillation, which is affected upstream by the axial rotor and downstream by the radial rotor, was performed in an axial-radial combined compressor. Many configurations with different blade numbers and locations, which influence axial stator wake oscillation were investigated. When rotors have equal blade numbers, the axial stator wake oscillates periodically versus time within time T （moving blade passing 1/3 revolution）. In contrast, stator wake oscillates irregularly within T when rotors have different blade numbers. A model-split subtraction method is presented in order to separate the influences of the individual blade rows on the wake oscillation of the axial stator. Analysis from the rotor-stator configuration showed that the unsteady flow angle fluctuation response is caused by the upstream rotor. For the rotor-stator-rotor configuration, the unsteady flow angle fluctuations are influenced by up- and downstream blade rows. With the model-split subtraction method, the up- and downstream influences on the flow angle fluctuation could be clearly separated and quantified. Low amplitudes could be observed when the influences from up- and downstream moving rows were superimposed with the ＂positive peak- negative peak＂ type wave. Clocking investi- gations were carried out to change the relative superimposed phase of influences from the surrounding blade rows in or- der to modulate the amplitudes of the axial stator wake oscillation. However, the amplitudes did not reach the maximum when they were superimposed with ＂positive peak-positive peak＂ type wave due to the impact of the interaction between the two moving blade rows.     

Numerical simulation of clocking effect on blade unsteady aerodynamic force in axial turbine

To give an insight into the clocking effect and its influence on the wake transportation and its interaction, the unsteady three-dimensional flow through a 1.5-stage axial low pressure turbine is simulated numerically by using a density-correction based, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations commercial CFD code. The 2nd stator clocking is applied over ten equal tangential positions. The results show that the harmonic blade number ratio is an important factor affecting the clocking effect. The clocking effect has very small influence on the turbine efficiency in this investigation. The difference between the maximum and minimum efficiency is about 0.1%. The maximum efficiency can be achieved when the 1st stator wake enters the 2nd stator passage near blade suction surface and its adjacent wake passes through the 2nd stator passage close to blade pressure surface. The minimum efficiency appears if the 1st stator wake impinges upon the leading edge of the 2nd stator and its adjacent wake of the 1st stator passes through the mid-channel in the 2nd stator. The wake convective transportation and the blade circulation variation due to its impingement on the subsequent blade are the main mechanism affecting the pressure variation in blade surface.     

Clocking Effect in a Two-Stage Compressor with Different Inter-Blade-Row Gaps

A multi-stage axial compressor has inherently unsteady flow fields because of the following main reasons: (1) relative positions between rotor and stator airfoil; (2) the buildup of converted wakes lead to complex wake/wake and wake/airfoil interactions. The distributions of the potential flows and wakes in the flow passage are depended on the relative positions of blade rows in axial and circumference direction, so variations in the relative axial positions (axial gap) and circumferential positions (clocking effect) of stators or rotors can change these distributions, leading to different compressor efficiency. The current study presents the experimental/numerical result of a low-speed axial compressor, considering the combined effects of stator clocking and variation of axial gaps. Testing was conducted in Two-Stage Axial Compressor Facility in Harbin Institute of Technology. In the test, time averaged data were collected. The results of experimental and time accurate flow calculation for 2 axial gaps, 8 clocking positions for each gap are compared. It is shown that clocking determines the degree of interaction of a stator with the wake of another upstream stator for different gaps between the blade rows.     

涡轮静叶前缘气膜冷却数值模拟

对某新型燃机带6排前缘气膜冷却的第1级静叶叶栅进行了全三维N-S方程数值模拟,描述了叶片前缘绝热效率的分布和冷却射流的流动特征。结果表明,前缘的冷却射流运动相当复杂,各排气膜孔沿径向绝热效率的分布有较大的差异。前缘叶背侧的冷却效果明显好于叶盆侧。冷却空气的流动特征和冷却孔开设的位置直接影响到冷却效果的分布。     

风雨作用下风力机流场及气动性能分析

风雨作用下雨滴会改变风力机流场及叶片气动力,影响风力机的安全和稳定运行.以某1.5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于多参考坐标系法和欧拉两相流法,得到风雨作用下风力机流场和雨滴收集率分布;在此基础上,结合欧拉壁面液膜模型对雨滴在叶片表面的累积过程进行计算,分析叶片气动性能.计算表明:风雨作用下叶片表面雨滴收集率沿展向逐渐增大...     

Film cooling on a gas turbine blade pressure side or suction side with axial shaped holes

The film cooling effectiveness on the surface of a high pressure turbine blade is measured using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Four rows of axial laid-back, fan-shaped cooling holes are distributed on the pressure side while two such rows are provided on the suction side. The coolant is only injected to either the pressure side or suction side of the blade at five average blowing ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. The presence of wakes due to upstream vanes is simulated by placing a periodic set of rods upstream of the test blade. Effect of the upstream wakes is recorded at four different phase locations with equal intervals along the pitch-wise direction. The freestream Mach numbers at cascade inlet and exit are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively. Results reveal that the tip leakage vortices and endwall vortices sweep the coolant film on the suction side to the midspan region. The film cooling effectiveness on the suction side is usually higher than that on the pressure side except the regions affected by the secondary vortices. The presence of upstream wakes results in lower film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface. The moderate blowing ratios (M = 0.6 or M = 0.9) give higher film cooling effectiveness immediately downstream of the film cooling holes. Further downstream of the holes, higher blowing ratios cover wider surface area.     

Pressure fluctuation generated by the interaction of blade and tongue

Pressure fluctuation around the tongue has large effect on the stable operation of a centrifugal pump. In this paper, the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) and the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model is employed to simulate the flow in a pump. The flow field in the centrifugal pump is computed for a range of flow rate. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental data and good agreement has been achieved. In order to study the interaction of the tongue with the impeller, fifteen monitor probes are evenly distributed circumferentially at three radii around the tongue. Pressure distribution is investigated at various blade positions while the blade approaches to and leaves the tongue region. Results show that pressure signal fluctuates largely around the tongue, and it is more intense near the tongue surface. At design condition, standard deviation of pressure fluctuation is the minimum. At large flow rate, the increased low pressure region at the blade trailing edge results in the increases of pressure fluctuation amplitude and pressure spectra at the monitor probes. Minimum pressure is obtained when the blade is facing to the tongue. It is found that the amplitude of pressure fluctuation strongly depends on the blade positions at large flow rate, and pressure fluctuation is caused by the relative movement between blades and tongue. At small flow rate, the rule of pressure fluctuation is mainly depending on the structure of vortex flow at blade passage exit besides the influence from the relative position between the blade and the tongue.