保障城市供水 合理降低能耗

在对供水系统运行分析的基础上,保证用水市场需求的前提下,通过调整水厂的供水量和加压站的供水范围,并对大型加压站实施分压供水等措施,产生了较好的节能效果,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

镇区给水工程规划中用水量指标探析

结合《镇规划标准》与规划工作实践,针对现阶段镇区供水规划中存在的问题,对小城镇给水工程规划进行系统分析,重点探析镇给水工程规划需水量预测中用水指标的确定,以供参考。     

浅谈如何提高城市供水水质

结合城市供水安全中可能发生的问题和存在的薄弱环节,提出保障城市供水水质安全要重点注意的方面和处理好的关系,指出应严格执行国家新颁布的城市饮用水水质标准,并建立完善科学的市场机制来促进城市供水安全建设。     

城市供水规划中人均综合用水量指标取值讨论

根据同一城市人均综合用水量与生活用水量之间相对稳定的比例关系建立人均综合用水量指标模型，采用该方法对广东某城区新一轮规划的城市人均综合用水量指标进行了预测，其结果与目前居住小区规划中使用的数据相吻合，说明这一方法是比较合理的。     

A comprehensive and well tested energy balance for water supply systems

This paper presents a novel energy balance scheme and performance indicators for assessing energy efficiency in water supply systems. This assessment consists of a three-step procedure: system characterisation and data collection, energy balance calculation and energy performance indicators assessment. The main innovation is the integrated approach between energy and water balances allowing the quantification of energy inefficiencies directly associated with water losses. Comprehensive energy performance indicators can be calculated by utilities with different maturity levels allowing a fair comparison of energy efficiency between systems with different layouts and operational schemes. This energy balance scheme has been applied by 17 water utilities in Portugal. Results have shown that systems provide more than twice the minimum energy necessary to supply their consumers and, consequently, there is a significant energy saving potential: 40% through water loss reduction, 30% for changes in network operation and layout and 30% for pump inefficiency reduction.     

Heat consumption for preparing domestic hot water in hospitals

This study analyses heat consumption for heating domestic water in large hospital facilities with over 600 hospital beds. The tests were carried out in 2 hospitals: the 715-bed University Hospital in Bydgoszcz and the 690-bed Provincial Hospital. The tests were performed over a period of 4 years: 2005-2008 for the first hospital and 2003-2006 for the second.The aim of this study is to analyse the variations and seasonal changes in the heat consumed to produce domestic hot water during the specified time periods. The results of this study show the yearly, monthly, daily, and hourly consumption of heat for domestic hot water. Particular emphasis is placed on the daily and hourly heat-consumption irregularity coefficients for domestic hot water.The results of this study may be used, for example, to predict heat consumption when designing new hospital facilities with 500-800 beds, to determine the heating power of the heat source and individual centres. Data on the constant and low-temperature heat consumption for domestic hot water throughout the whole year are particularly useful, as these data may be used to analyse existing large hospitals that are seeking alternative solutions (such as renewable energy or energy recycling) to reduce fossil fuel consumption.     

城市供水水压不足分析及建议对策

对水污染严重、水资源重复利用率低、自备井随意开挖滥用、城市管网系统布置不合理、二次供水管理权限不明确等原因造成的城市供水水压不足问题进行了论述,并针对这些问题提出了改进建议,以期缓解供水矛盾,满足居民用水需求。     

A new approach to energy consumption prediction of domestic heat pump water heater based on grey system theory

This paper presented a new approach to energy consumption prediction from a domestic air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH) based on grey system theory. An improved GM (1, 1) (i.e. a single-variable first-order grey model) applied in domestic hot water system was developed and its prediction accuracy was tested. Comparison of the measured and predicted values of heat from hot water and electricity consumed by the ASHPWH for two typical families (with 4 members and 2 members) were done. Results showed that, the prediction accuracy of the improved GM (1, 1) increased with increase in the data sample interval. The data sample interval of four weeks produced the best prediction accuracy. Based on the improved GM (1, 1) and weather data of Shanghai, the electricity cost saving, the monthly average heat and electricity consumption and the annual carbon emission reduction related to the use of the ASHPWH for the two typical families were evaluated and compared with those of the conventional electric resistance water heater.     

分质供水与大同市供水现状浅析

结合大同市的供水现状,分析了大同市供水存在的问题,阐述了分质供水的概念及必要性,深入探讨了分质供水应注意的问题,以解决人们对水质要求提高的问题,同时可以避免资源浪费、专水专用。     

集中供热系统采暖与热水用户并存时系统连接形式的研究

分析了供暖系统与热水供应系统非关联和关联连接方案的结构、工作原理、优缺点、设计要点及适用条件等。     

浅析建筑给排水设计中的节能措施

针对建筑给排水设计工作中的节能问题,总结了一些节能措施并作了具体阐述,包括分区供水、中水回用、真空节水排水技术、合理设置消防水池及消防加压系统、加强用水管理等,以期指导实践。     

供水管网泵站增压方式的节能研究

为降低供水管网中增压泵站的电单耗,上海市自来水奉贤有限公司对2座泵站进行了管道改接,将水库泵改为管道泵,增压方式由水库增压改为水库管道联合增压.通过分析可知,改造后泵站每月分别节省电费14 820和9 256元,节能效果显著.但改造后,机泵的运行情况与改造前有所不同,可通过测试机泵的特性曲线,找到机泵的运行高效区,由调度中心根据实际用水需求,将供水量和压力适时控制在合理区间,确保机组效率最优化,有效实现节能降耗.     

独立别墅热水供暖系统动态模型、控制策略及能耗分析

建立了独立别墅供暖系统的非线性动态模型并分析了其动态特性,介绍了模型降阶方法及PI控制器参数的设计和整定。针对可能的供暖系统控制策略进行了动态仿真和能耗分析。仿真结果表明,单纯采用室外气候补偿控制模式并不能获得理想的控制效果;采用分室控制模式能满足室内舒适性要求并有一定的节能效果,节能率约为25%。     

Embodied energy comparison of surface water and groundwater supply options

The embodied energy associated with water provision comprises an important part of water management, and is important when considering sustainability. In this study, an input-output based hybrid analysis integrated with structural path analysis was used to develop an embodied energy model. The model was applied to a groundwater supply system (Kalamazoo, Michigan) and a surface water supply system (Tampa, Florida). The two systems evaluated have comparable total energy embodiments based on unit water production. However, the onsite energy use of the groundwater supply system is approximately 27% greater than the surface water supply system. This was primarily due to more extensive pumping requirements. On the other hand, the groundwater system uses approximately 31% less indirect energy than the surface water system, mainly because of fewer chemicals used for treatment. The results from this and other studies were also compiled to provide a relative comparison of embodied energy for major water supply options.     

城市供水管网系统分区改造模式的研究

通过分析我国城市供水管网的现状，阐述了管网分区的含义，指出分区供水是提高供水优化调度效率的基础，并介绍了以供水分界线和节点压力为依据的分区方法，以及区域内部、区域间的规划。通过管网分区，各管段的功能明确，易于区域计量及压力控制。整个管网系统便于优化调度，减小管网的漏失，提高经济效益。     

The reality and future scenarios of commercial building energy consumption in China

While China's 11th Five-Year Plan called for a reduction of energy intensity by 2010, whether and how the energy consumption trend can be changed in a short time has been hotly debated. This research intends to evaluate the impact of a variety of scenarios of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, energy elasticity and energy-efficiency improvement on energy consumption in commercial buildings in China using a detailed China End-Use Energy Model.China's official energy statistics have limited information on energy demand by end-use. This is a particularly pertinent issue for building energy consumption. The authors have applied reasoned judgments, based on experience of working on Chinese efficiency standards and energy-related programs, to present a realistic interpretation of the current energy data. The bottom-up approach allows detailed consideration of end-use intensity, equipment efficiency, etc., thus facilitating assessment of potential impacts of specific policy and technology changes on building energy use.The results suggest that: (1) commercial energy consumption in China's current statistics is underestimated by about 44%, and the fuel mix is misleading; (2) energy-efficiency improvements will not be sufficient to offset the strong increase in end-use penetration and intensity in commercial buildings; (3) energy intensity (particularly electricity) in commercial buildings will increase; (4) different GDP growth and elasticity scenarios could lead to a wide range of floor area growth trajectories, and therefore, significantly impact energy consumption in commercial buildings.     

浅谈我国城市供水节水的发展与对策

分析了城市供水节水工作存在的主要问题,按照“开源,节流和保护并举,资源合理配置”的原则,阐述了提高供水节水工作的科学技术管理水平,促进污水资源化等建成节水型城市与社会的策略。     

城市集中供热的单独用户供暖与生活热水供应

指出应把供热作为一种商品来考虑。探讨了造成目前供系统中用户用热量无法计量，用户反映供热差，管理部门收不回供暖费等问题的原因，认为对住宅而言每户应设一个独立的供热系统并在每个系统上装热量计；另外，为提高居民生活质量，建议在集中供热系统中，采用一种既能供热又能供应生活热水的每衣单独供热与计量的供热系统。     

蒸气压缩式冷水机组生产能耗和资源消耗分析

采用厂家调研、产品样本数据和相关资料分析相结合的方法,对一些不同品牌、不同类型的蒸气压缩式空调冷水机组的材料资源消耗和生产能耗进行定量分析,得到了常用冷水机组的材料组成、耗材系数和生产能耗数据,这些研究结果为建筑空调寿命周期能耗及环境影响评价、设计方案优选和节材工作提供了重要的基础数据.     

流量普测在供水调度和水质保障中的作用

通过超声波测流仪对广州市露空管进行测量,这些测量数据结合广州市分布的遥测点、加压站、水厂的流量和压力数据,绘制广州市管网流量流速流向分布图,以了解水在市政管网中的流速、流向,查找容易出现水质问题的流速较慢管段和滞留管段,然后再解决问题,从而改善水质和优化调度。