解析"阳光·吴韵·绿宅"方案以及太阳能利用技术

本案根据当地气候特点以及夏季和冬季住宅能耗的不同,以太阳能技术为主,结合造型尝试多项太阳能技术的综合运用,建筑造型富有江南地方民居特色,在保证舒适性的同时,为不同住户或同一住户的不同使用时期提供户型演变的可能性,最大限度地满足居民需求。为南方低能耗宜居住宅设计提供参考思路。     

湖北山区农宅热环境及居民热舒适调查研究

基于2 171份来自湖北山区罗田县农宅冬、夏两季室内外热环境和热舒适问卷,真实再现了当地住宅室内冬季寒冷、夏季湿热的恶劣热环境和当地居民强大的热适应能力;并通过比较研究发现现有的自然通风状态热舒适评价模型在夏季能较好地预测当地农民的热舒适感受,而在冬季预测能力较低;当地农宅室内适应性热舒适区间与我国现行设计标准也较为吻合。     

夏热冬冷地区公共建筑外窗幕墙的节能研究

对于夏热冬冷地区,玻璃外窗和幕墙能耗损失在整个房屋建筑中占据很大比重,外窗幕墙的节能性直接关系到建筑的能耗和建筑节能65%的目标能否实现,同时也影响整幢建筑的运营费用.公共建筑作为夏热冬冷地区的一种建筑形式,在热工需求方面有其特殊性,探讨了夏热冬冷地区外窗节能的关键问题,提出"遮阳为主、采光合理"是夏热冬冷地区公共建筑外窗节能设计的基本设计原则,并特别指出双玻幕墙不宜在夏热冬冷地区大范围推广.     

One-year Measurement of Indoor Climate and Energy Consumption of Super-insulated Houses in a Mild Climate Region of Japan

Two super-insulated houses were constructed near Sendai City in accordance with the Canadian R-2000 manual (Canadian Home Builders' Assoc., 1987). Shelter performance, thermal environment, air quality and energy consumption of these two houses were investigated for one year. The two super-insulated houses were very airtight compared with other houses. The one-year measurement of room temperature and humidity for one super-insulated house showed that the daily mean temperature for the dining-living room and the master bedroom was 15°C-20°C during the winter and 22°C-28°C during the summer. Absolute humidity for these rooms was less than 5 g/kg (DA) during the winter. The indoor environment of the two super-insulated houses during the heating season was more thermally comfortable, compared with that of ordinary houses in Japan. During the summer, the indoor temperature in these two houses was stable during the day and did not decrease at night even if the outdoor air temperature dropped. The CO₂ concentration in these two houses was lower than that of other airtight houses due to continuous mechanical ventilation. The space heating energy consumption for one super-insulated house was less than that of ordinary houses in Tohoku District in which only the living-dining room was heated.     

Temperatures and heating energy in New Zealand houses from a nationally representative study—HEEP

The household energy end-use project (HEEP) has collected energy and temperature data from a randomly selected, nationally representative sample of about 400 houses throughout New Zealand. This database has been used to explore the drivers of indoor temperatures and heating energy. Initial analysis of the winter living room temperatures shows that heating type, climate and house age are the key drivers. On average, houses heated by solid fuel are the warmest, with houses heated by portable LPG and electric heaters the coldest. Over the three winter months, living rooms are below 20 °C for 83% of the time—and the living room is typically the warmest room. Central heating is in only 5% of houses. Solid fuel is the dominant heating fuel in houses. The lack of air conditioning means that summer temperatures are affected by passive influences (e.g. house design, construction). Summer temperatures are strongly influenced by the house age and the local climate—together these variables explain 69% of the variation in daytime (9 a.m. to 5 p.m.) living room temperatures. In both summer and winter newer (post-1978) houses are warmer—this is beneficial in winter, but the high temperatures in summer are potentially uncomfortable.     

华北地区农村房屋建筑现状以及房屋能耗的调研分析

通过对华北地区农村房屋采取的保温措施情况、需供暖房屋的建筑面积、冬季房屋供暖方式、房屋净高、冬季室内空气品质满意情况、平均温度以及期望温度等方面的调研与分析,发现华北地区农村房屋大部分没有采取良好的保温措施,建筑能耗大、层高过高、室内热舒适性差等问题。针对房屋节能改造和房屋净高的改良提出了合理化的意见,对社会主义新农村的规范化建设以及农村家庭节约能源提供依据,与国家节约能源的政策保持一致。     

夏热冬冷地区村镇住宅的建筑节能

针对夏热冬冷地区目前村镇住宅建设的现状，建筑节能的迫切需要和人们对住宅舒适性要求的提高，分析了夏热冬冷地区村镇住宅建筑节能的有利条件，从建筑环境、建筑围护结构、新能源的使用、节能意识等多方面探讨了村镇住宅建筑节能的解决措施。     

东北地区太阳能农宅设计和研究

针对东北地区的气候特点和农村的自然条件,根据太阳能房的工作原理,通过对农村住宅进行合理的户型设计和构造设计,有效利用太阳能解决冬季农宅采暖和夏季降温,并对太阳能产生的经济效益进行分析,通过试点工程表明,太阳能住宅设计大大提高了农宅的热工性能,既降低了冬季农宅的采暖能耗,也调节了夏季的室内温度,达到了节能、环保、经济的目的,走可持续发展的道路是可行的。     

Research on seasonal indoor thermal environment and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems in Korea

Indoor thermal environments and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems were investigated in Seoul, Korea and compared with the results of previous studies. Twenty-four houses in summer, six houses in autumn and 36 houses in winter were used in this study. The measurement of temperature, humidity and air conditioner usage behavior was carried out. The clo-value, thermal comfort, sensation and basic data of the houses were also investigated. The indoor thermal environment in the summer had a high temperature and a high humidity ratio compare to standard comfort zone. Most of the indoor thermal environments at the time of starting the air conditioner in the summer were out of the comfort zone. Some of the data recorded while the air conditioner was stopped were in the comfort zone, but in many cases the temperature was relatively higher than comfort zone. Most indoor climate distributions in the winter were in the comfort zone and the indoor climate in autumn coincided well with the criteria of the comfort zone. Compared with results of previous studies in these 25 years, indoor ambient average temperature in winter has increased and the comfort temperature has increased in the heating period and decreased in the cooling period. This result indicates that the development of an HVAC system has created an expectation of comfort for residents and has shifted their thermal comfort zone warmer in winter and cooler in summer.     

夏热冬冷地区住宅室内换气次数探讨

住宅能耗计算过程中,室内换气次数是一个重要的参数.为了使建筑能耗计算更接近于实际值,文章探讨住宅在门窗关闭情况下实际的换气次数.在夏热冬冷地区,选取8户普通住宅,用示踪气体法测试室内换气次数,分析不同窗型、窗户面积和室外风向对室内换气次数的影响.     

小城镇既有居住建筑节能改造技术研究

根据夏热冬冷地区小城镇气候条件,结合该地区居住建筑热环境、能耗状况,从屋面、墙体、窗户等外围护结构详细论述了适合该地区的既有居住建筑节能改造技术。     

夏热冬冷地区板式住宅体型系数分析

文章根据夏热冬冷地区的建筑气候特征和建筑节能对板式住宅体型系数的要求,从采光通风、视线干扰、热交换、技术经济等方面对两种不同体型系数的板式住宅户型进行了对比研究,提出了夏热冬冷地区的板式住宅建筑不应该过分地强调体型系数控制的观点。     

数据中心冷却塔供冷应用分析

针对数据中心能耗问题,分析了冷却塔供冷的关键因素,如热工曲线、湿球温度、工况切换点等,指出冷却塔厂家应提供冬季供冷工况下热工曲线等信息,冷却塔供冷按冬季工况选取,夏季校核,结合夏季工况灵活配置,指出冬季供冷以小于冷却塔的额定流量来获取较低出水温度延长冷却塔供冷时间,冷却水泵应设变频,适应管网特性曲线变化等设计方法,为数据中心节能设计提供参考与依据。     

Physico-chemical characterization of indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway: measurements overview and physical properties--URBAN-AEROSOL Project

Indoor/outdoor measurements have been performed in the Oslo metropolitan area during summer and winter periods (2002-2003) at two different residential houses. The objective of the measurement study was to characterize, physically and chemically, the particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants associated with actual human exposure in the selected places, and their indoor/outdoor relationship. In this paper, we focus on the PM measurements and examine the relationship between the indoor and outdoor PM concentrations taking into account the ventilation rate, indoor sources and meteorological conditions. The indoor/outdoor measurements indicate the important contribution of the outdoor air to the indoor air quality and the influence of specific indoor sources such as smoking and cooking to the concentration of PM inside houses. However, no specific correlation was found between the indoor/outdoor concentration ratio and the meteorological parameters. This study provides information on the physical characteristics and the relationship of indoor to outdoor concentration of particulate matter in residential houses. Moreover, the parameters that influence this relationship are discussed. The results presented here are specific to the sampled houses and conditions used and provide data on the actual human exposure characteristics which occur in the spatial and temporal scales of the present study.     

夏热冬冷地区住宅建筑能耗长期测试及使用行为模拟分析

目前,夏热冬冷地区要求冬季集中采暖的呼声越来越强烈。以杭州市3户典型住宅建筑一年的电耗分项计量数据为基础,并结合现场调研,对其空调使用行为进行模拟分析。由于使用行为不同,空调能耗相差5倍以上。可为该地区住宅建筑节能工作提供参考。     

Passive annual heat storage principles in earth sheltered housing,a supplementary energy saving system in residential housing

This paper looks through the many benefits of earth not only as a building element in its natural form but as a building mass, energy pack and spatial enclosure which characterized by location, unique physical terrain and climatic factors can be utilized in developing housing units that will provide the needed benefits of comfort alongside the seasons. Firstly the study identifies existing sunken earth houses in the North-west of China together with identifying the characters that formed the ideas behind the choice of going below the ground. Secondly, the study examines the pattern of heat exchange, heat gains and losses as to identify the principles that makes building in earth significant as an energy conservation system. The objective of this, is to relate the ideas of sunken earth home design with such principles as the passive annual heat storage systems (PAHS) in producing houses that will serve as units used to collect free solar heat all summer and cools passively while heating the earth around it and also keeping warm in winter by retrieving heat from the soil while utilizing the free solar heat stored throughout the summer as a year-round natural thermal resource.     

A survey on energy consumption in rural households in the fringes of Xian city

A survey, in the form of a questionnaire, of energy consumption patterns in residential households in the rural fringe of Xian city was undertaken during the winter of 2003/2004. More than 200 households were sampled during the survey. The status of fuel consumption, including the use of biomass fuels for cooking and space heating, was investigated. The types of stoves, purpose of the stove use, and characteristics of the residential houses and residents were also reported and analyzed.The purpose of the survey was to clarify the status of energy consumption and to estimate emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in rural areas of China, from the environmental perspective of climate change and indoor to continental scale air pollution. In rural areas of China, biomass (wood and agricultural waste, such as stalks, corn canes and twigs, branches of wood) is the type of fuel most commonly used. It emits several air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), CO, NMHCs, CH₄ and high levels of black carbon (BC) – a greenhouse effect aerosol, and organic carbon (OC) – a cooling effect aerosol. However, CO₂ emissions from biomass burning are assumed to be zero because of carbon neutrality.From this survey it would then be possible to analyze the fundamentals of emission reduction potential, for air pollutants and greenhouse gases, from the rural household sector in China.     

Overheating in Auckland homes: testing and interventions in full-scale and simulated houses

ABSTRACT

New Zealand dwellings have thermal conditions managed with relatively light regulation. No minimum airtightness standards exist and historical increases in required insulation levels aimed to reduce winter heating energy consumption. A consequence of this policy is an increased potential for overheating in summer. There has been a steady increase in the use of heat pumps, risking heating energy savings being outweighed by cooling energy increases. Internal temperatures and humidity were monitored in the living spaces of three unoccupied, transportable houses over all four seasons of the Auckland climate. The houses are located on the same site and are of identical construction, apart from selected interventions which were tested to explore their potential to mitigate overheating. Results indicate that overheating can be extreme and long lasting. High internal temperatures are very closely connected with solar gains. Internal temperatures reached 32°C in autumn. Roof space temperatures reached 51°C in summertime. Interventions resulted in modest improvements and an airtight construction provided a small thermal benefit. A thermal model for the houses was developed using EnergyPlus and compared with actual measurements and the interventions. Early results point to the further need to reduce solar gain, increase roof-space ventilation and increase mass, where feasible.     

夏热冬冷地区住宅的节能设计研究

根据夏热冬冷地区的气候特征，从外墙保温、门窗的保温与节能的措施出发，论述了该地区住宅围护结构的节能设计方法，从而创造良好的室内热环境，节约能源。     

Indoor air quality and thermal comfort in temporary houses occupied after the Great East Japan Earthquake

Thermal conditions and indoor concentrations of aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and NO₂ were investigated in 19 occupied temporary houses in 15 temporary housing estates constructed in Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan. The data were collected in winter, spring, and summer in January to July 2012. Thermal conditions in temporary log houses in the summer were more comfortable than those in pre‐fabricated houses. In the winter, the indoor temperature was uncomfortably low in all of the houses, particularly the temporary log houses. Indoor air concentrations for most aldehydes and VOCs were much lower than the indoor guidelines, except for those of p‐dichlorobenzene, acetaldehyde, and total VOCs. The indoor p‐dichlorobenzene concentrations exceeded the guideline (240 μg/m³) in 18% of the temporary houses, and the 10^?3 cancer risk level (91 μg/m³) was exceeded in winter in 21% due to use of moth repellents by the occupants. Indoor acetaldehyde concentrations exceeded the guideline (48 μg/m³) in about half of the temporary houses, likely originating from the wooden building materials. Indoor NO₂ concentrations in the temporary houses were significantly higher in houses where combustion heating appliances were used (0.17 ± 0.11 ppm) than in those where they were not used (0.0094 ± 0.0065 ppm).