储能技术在光伏并网发电系统中的应用分析

根据光伏并网发电系统的结构特点分析了不加储能装置的光伏并网发电系统对电网造成的不良影响,并分别从电网角度和用户角度提出了储能系统在光伏并网发电系统中的几种应用技术,最后提出了用于光伏并网发电系统的储能技术发展需求。     

运用虚拟同步机技术的新型兆瓦级光-储并网结构

提出一种新型的VSG光-储分布式发电系统结构,该方案在传统光-储并网发电系统的逆变器后端另外添置了一套储能电池。这样不但可提高光伏组件的工作效率,避免光伏出力变化对系统频率造成影响,而且还可根据电网负荷的异常波动情况及时有效地输出有功及无功功率,达到稳定电网频率、电压的作用。系统的动态分析及仿真结果证明了该新型光-储并网发电系统结构能够实现新能源并网的目标与要求。     

储能型开关升压光伏并网逆变器的研究

以光伏发电并网系统为研究对象,提出一种新型储能型开关升压并网变换器。通过建立小信号模型,对系统中的储能型开关升压网络进行分析,该系统共包含3个功率单元：光伏组件、储能型开关升压网络和并网逆变器。为最大程度地利用太阳电池能量,利用扰动观测法对最大功率点进行跟踪。同时建立能量管理策略,对3个功率单元的能量流动进行控制,可提高能量利用率、增强系统的稳定性。仿真和实验验证了该拓扑结构的优越性以及储能策略的可行性。     

电化学储能系统在整县制屋顶光伏中应用前景分析

屋顶分布式光伏作为可"自发自用"、"余电上网"的电源已得到广泛应用,随着国家政策的大力扶持,光伏发电技术和储能技术相辅相成逐渐成为主要产业.首先,从屋顶分布式光伏的扶持政策以及试点应用出发,然后根据当前屋顶分布式光伏发展亟待解决的问题分析,提出储能在适用于整县制屋顶光伏发展的核心技术:屋顶光伏和储能的场景生成和评价、屋...     

Operation strategy of distributed energy storage system with multi-battery under output smoothing scenario

随着光伏发电在电网中渗透率的不断增加,光伏发电功率的不确定性和间歇性引起的光伏并网和弃电问题已引起关注。而采用"光伏+储能"的模式,却能有效缓解这一问题。在考虑储能电池容量衰退和光伏弃电率下,通过对不同光伏子阵配备的不同类型储能电池系统的运行进行仿真模拟,以消除光伏发电随机波动特性对电网的冲击为目的,研究平滑输出场景下分布式储能系统的电池的操作策略,优化储能系统中各储能电池子阵的运行。最后,采用共和地区20 MW （峰值）储能实证基地项目多电池储能系统实际案例对本模拟方法进行了验证。     

微网中光伏发电系统的储能控制研究

利用可再生能源（如太阳能和风能）的分布式发电,其输出是典型的不稳定,这些不稳定的输出对现有的电力系统产生负面影响。为了减少负面影响,需要控制在微网中的各个分布式电源的输出。设计了一种基于蓄电池储能的并网光伏发电系统结构,结合功率流动的控制策略介绍了各部分的运行原理,对系统能流模型进行了详细分析,根据电池的特性设计了充放电的控制策略。在PSCAD平台下对设计的模型进行仿真,通过在不同能流模型下控制策略仿真分析,验证所提出储能方案的正确合理性,对功率平衡起到很好的调节作用。     

新的地域并网式太阳能发电系统的电力经济分析与设计

提出一种新的地域并网式太阳能发电系统，即带有电力存储系统的地域并网式太阳能发电系统。从电力的有效利用、经济性的角度对这种新的地域并网式太阳能发电系统进行了研究，提出了系统的设计以及选定电力存储系统存储容量的方法，然后针对不同的条件选择了相应的电力存储系统的容量。     

Modeling,control and simulation of a photovoltaic /hydrogen/ supercapacitor hybrid power generation system for grid-connected applications

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) should be designed appropriately with an adequate combination of different renewable sources and various energy storage methods to overcome the problem of intermittency of renewable energy resources. Focusing on the inevitable impact on the grid caused by strong randomicity and apparent intermittency of photovoltaic (PV) generation system, modeling and control strategy of pure green and grid-friendly hybrid power generation system based on hydrogen energy storage and supercapacitor (SC) is proposed in this paper. Aiming at smoothing grid-connected power fluctuations of PV and meeting load demand, the alkaline electrolyzer (AE) and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and SC are connected to DC bus of photovoltaic grid-connected generation system. Through coordinated control and power management of PV, AE, PEMFC and SC, hybrid power generation system friendliness and active grid-connection are realized. The validity and correctness of modeling and control strategies referred in this paper are verified through simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software platform.     

Electricity storage for grid-connected household dwellings with PV panels

Classically electricity storage for PV panels is mostly designed for stand-alone applications. In contrast, we focus in this article on houses connected to the grid with a small-scale storage to store a part of the solar power for postponed consumption within the day or the next days. In this way the house owner becomes less dependent on the grid and does only pay for the net shortage of his energy production. Local storage solutions pave the way for many new applications like omitting over-voltage of the line and bridging periods of power-line black-out. Since 2009 using self-consumption of PV energy is publicly encouraged in Germany, which can be realised by electric storage.This paper develops methods to determine the optimal storage size for grid-connected dwellings with PV panels. From measurements in houses we were able to establish calculation rules for sizing the storage. Two situations for electricity storage are covered: - the storage system is an optimum to cover most of the electricity needs; - it is an optimum for covering the peak power need of a dwelling.After these calculation rules a second step is needed to determine the size of the real battery. The article treats the aspects that should be taken into consideration before buying a specific battery like lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries.     

基于混合储能的并网光伏发电系统功率控制研究

针对并网光伏发电系统输出功率的波动,提出利用混合储能系统对功率进行平抑.介绍了光伏最大功率跟踪和并网逆变的控制,为实现发电和并网功率的匹配,考虑蓄电池和超级电容器各自特性的优势,对混合储能系统提出了三级式功率分配策略;通过设计相应的控制方法和以功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,混合储能系统控制变换器进行合理充放电.混合储能系统不仅保证了并网功率按计划运行,而且稳定了直流母线电压、满足了随机负荷供电.通过仿真验证,三级式功率分配策略有效,控制方法可行.     

Coordinated control strategy for a PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator

Due to the characteristics of intermittent photovoltaic power generation and power fluctuations in distributed photovoltaic power generation, photovoltaic grid-connected systems are usually equipped with energy storage units. Most of the structures combined with energy storage are used as the DC side. At the same time, virtual synchronous generators have been widely used in distributed power generation due to their inertial damping and frequency and voltage regulation. For the PV-storage grid-connected system based on virtual synchronous generators, the existing control strategy has unclear function allocation, fluctuations in photovoltaic inverter output power, and high requirements for coordinated control of PV arrays, energy storage units, and photovoltaic inverters, which make the control strategy more complicated. In order to solve the above problems, a control strategy for PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator is proposed. In this strategy, the energy storage unit implements maximum power point tracking, and the photovoltaic inverter implements a virtual synchronous generator algorithm, so that the functions implemented by each part of the system are clear, which reduces the requirements for coordinated control. At the same time, the smooth power command is used to suppress the fluctuation of the output power of the photovoltaic inverter. The simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed method from three aspects: grid-connected operating conditions, frequency-modulated operating conditions, and illumination sudden-drop operating condition. Compared with the existing control strategies, the proposed method simplifies the control strategies and stabilizes the photovoltaic inverter fluctuation in the output power of the inverter.     

A power allocation strategy of a hybrid energy storage system for a PV grid-connected system

针对光伏并网系统中光伏微电源出力的波动性和间歇性,将蓄电池和超级电容器构成的混合储能系统HESS（hybrid energy storage system）应用到光伏并网系统中可以实现光伏功率平滑、能量平衡以及提高并网电能质量。在同时考虑蓄电池的功率上限和超级电容的荷电状态（SOC）的情况下,对混合储能系统提出了基于超级电容SOC的功率分配策略;该策略以超级电容的SOC和功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,对混合储能系统充放电过程进行设计。超级电容和蓄电池以Bi-direction DC/DC变换器与500 V直流母线连接,其中超级电容通过双闭环控制策略对直流母线电压进行控制。仿真结果表明,所提功率分配策略能对混合储能系统功率合理分配,而且实现了单位功率因数并网,稳定了直流母线电压。     

An analysis for the need of a battery energy storage system in tracking wind power schedule output

电池储能系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)在风储联合应用中具有多种功能,利用电池储能系统提高风电并网调度运行能力是当前研究的热点之一.文章基于我国北方某风电场历史运行数据与预测数据,依据预测误差评价指标和风电场预报考核指标的综合评价方法对风电场预测数据进行分析研究,归纳了预测误差的概率分布特征;提出利用电池储能系统提高风电跟踪计划出力能力,统计并量化出电池储能系统用于跟踪计划出力场合的作用范围;通过仿真验证电池储能系统在风储联合系统中提高风电跟踪计划出力控制策略的有效性和可行性.     

Review on combined wind power generation and energy storage systems

储能系统由于能够实现电能的时空平移,具有响应速度快,规模化等优点,是改善风电波动性,提高其并网能力的有效手段,构建风储联合发电系统成为目前研究重点.简单介绍了风电并网对电力系统的影响及不同类型电池储能技术的发展现状,给出了部分国内外风储联合发电系统的示范工程,并分析了平滑风电功率波动,跟踪计划出力曲线和削峰填谷3种主要运行方式,重点阐述了目前风储联合发电系统控制策略和储能容量配置研究现状,对进一步开展风储联合发电系统的研究进行了展望,指出经济性仍然是制约储能技术应用的关键问题之一,提高包含储能单元的风储联合发电系统的经济性是今后的研究重点.     

一种并网型风光互补发电系统的建模与仿真

分析了风光互补发电系统的技术优势,设计了基于固态变压器结构的并网型风光互补发电系统。分别建立了光伏系统,风力发电系统,超级电容和蓄电池的模型,并分析各环节的控制策略,提出了基于平均功率的储能设备容量配置方法。仿真结果表明,该系统能模拟风光互补系统在不同模式下的运行特性,可以有效降低功率波动和维持电压稳定,并能在低光照强度、低风速等情况下为系统提供短时能量支撑。     

基于二阶滤波的混合储能系统能量管理控制策略

针对由超级电容器与蓄电池储能构成的混合储能系统,提出一种基于改进型二阶滤波功率分配的荷电状态（state of charge,SOC）恢复控制策略。首先,分析传统一阶低通滤波算法的功率分配过程,构造具有功率误差反馈环的二阶滤波传递函数,消除传统一阶低通滤波器在响应高频功率指令时的积分作用,改善混合储能系统对目标功率指令的跟踪控制效果。然后,以归一化后的混合储能系统SOC为控制指标,制定滤波时间常数新型调整规则,动态优化混合储能系统功率分配指令。仿真结果表明,该控制策略可有效平抑风电并网功率波动,最大化利用超级电容储能可用容量,同时延长蓄电池使用寿命。     

Impact of hydrogen energy storage on California electric power system: Towards 100% renewable electricity

Decarbonization of the power sector is a key step towards greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Due to the intermittent nature of major renewable sources like wind and solar, storage technologies will be critical in the future power grid to accommodate fluctuating generation. The storage systems will need to decouple supply and demand by shifting electrical energy on many different time scales (hourly, daily, and seasonally). Power-to-Gas can contribute on all of these time scales by producing hydrogen via electrolysis during times of excess electrical generation, and generating power with high-efficiency systems like fuel cells when wind and solar are not sufficiently available. Despite lower immediate round-trip efficiency compared to most battery storage systems, the combination of devices used in Power-to-Gas allows independent scaling of power and energy capacities to enable massive and long duration storage. This study develops and applies a model to simulate the power system balance at very high penetration of renewables. Novelty of the study is the assessment of hydrogen as the primary storage means for balancing energy supply and demand on a large scale: the California power system is analyzed to estimate the needs for electrolyzer and fuel cell systems in 100% renewable scenarios driven by large additions of wind and solar capacities. Results show that the transition requires a massive increase in both generation and storage installations, e.g., a combination of 94 GW of solar PV, 40 GW of wind, and 77 GW of electrolysis systems. A mix of generation technologies appears to reduce the total required capacities with respect to wind-dominated or solar-dominated cases. Hydrogen storage capacity needs are also evaluated and possible alternatives are discussed, including a comparison with battery storage systems.     

光储微网的储能优化配置与技术经济分析

在储能系统和光伏发电相结合的统筹规划中,电池储能投资成本、光伏装机容量、光伏并网价格以及热电联产(CHP)的采用对电池储能的容量配置和电池充放电策略具有显著影响。基于分时电价下的光伏储能系统,将电池储能的容量和功率的配置转化为根据电价时段划分的约束优化问题。以某工业园区为研究对象,建立光伏-储能系统功率流模型,优化计算得到经济效益最优化的电池容量和功率配置结果及电池充放电策略。基于内部收益率、光伏自我消纳率等指标,根据光伏上网价格和电网谷段电价的关系划分场景,通过光伏发电容量和电池价格的变化探究光伏-储能系统中电池储能的容量配置、经济效益的变化规律和热电联产对系统的影响。     

Energy dispatch schedule optimization and cost benefit analysis for grid-connected,photovoltaic-battery storage systems

A linear programming (LP) routine was implemented to model optimal energy storage dispatch schedules for peak net load management and demand charge minimization in a grid-connected, combined photovoltaic-battery storage system (PV+ system). The LP leverages PV power output and load forecasts to minimize peak loads subject to elementary dynamical and electrical constraints of the PV+ system. Battery charge/discharge were simulated over a range of two PV+ system parameters (battery storage capacity and peak load reduction target) to obtain energy cost for a time-of-use pricing schedule and the net present value (NPV) of the battery storage system. The financial benefits of our optimized energy dispatch schedule were compared with basic off-peak charging/on-peak discharging and real-time load response dispatch strategies that did not use any forecast information. The NPV of the battery array increased significantly when the battery was operated on the optimized schedule compared to the off-peak/on-peak and real time dispatch schedules. These trends were attributed to increased battery lifetime and reduced demand charges attained under the optimized dispatch strategy. Our results show that Lithium-ion batteries can be a financially viable energy storage solution in demand side, energy cost management applications at an installed cost of about $400–$500 per kW h (approximately 40–50% of 2011 market prices). The financial value of forecasting in energy storage dispatch optimization was calculated as a function of battery capacity ratio.     

光伏电力混合储能系统的能量管理策略研究

文章提出了一种光伏电力混合储能系统的能量管理控制策略,主要应用于含有光伏电源(Photovoltaic,PV)、电池能量存储(Battery Energy Storage, BES)和交流负载的发电网络系统中。该策略能够充分利用电力系统中组合架构之间的连接关系,有效缓解了目前电网中BES系统存在的过充电、欠充电等问题,并将充放电电流控制在一个相对稳定的范围内,延长了电池的使用寿命。分别在含有传统铅酸和锂离子电池的混合能量系统中使用6 kVA电源转换器进行实验,结果证明了所提出的能量管理策略的正确性和有效性。