pH或/和温度双重响应嵌段接枝膜的开关特性

利用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)成功地制备了聚甲基丙烯酸-嵌段-聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PMN)和聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-嵌段-聚甲基丙烯酸(PNM)接枝开关膜。通过通量实验系统考察了两类开关膜分别或同时对pH和温度的响应性。结果表明:用ATRP法接枝嵌段共聚物开关中第一段接枝物的接枝率总是高于第二段接枝物的接枝率;该嵌段接枝开关膜对pH和温度同时响应的开关系数要大于其对单一pH或温度响应的开关系数;嵌段接枝开关中第一段接枝物对膜孔的"开"或"关"起主导作用,而第二段接枝物的影响相对较小。实验结果还表明,PMAA的pH响应开关系数比PNIPAM的温度响应开关系数显著。研究结果为设计和制备双重或多重嵌段接枝开关膜提供了有价值的参考。     

PH值与温度感应型智能开关膜的研究

利用等离子体诱导填孔接技聚合法将聚异而基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)或聚丙烯酸(PAAC)接枝聚合在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜上,制备了一系列具有较宽接枝率范围的温度感应型开关膜(接枝PNIPAM)和pH值感应型开关膜(接技PAAC),研究了接枝率对膜的温度感应以及pH值感应开关特性的影响。研究结果表明,开关膜的接枝率对膜的开关特性有十分重要的影响。对于温度感应型开关膜,当接枝率等于2.81％时,可以获得最好的膜孔开关特性;而且发现在溶质扩散时,低接枝率膜与高接技率膜呈现两种完全相反的开关特性。对于pH值感应型开关膜,当接枝率为1.01％时膜孔开关特性最好。因此,为了获得预期的开关特性,必须将接枝率控制在合适的范围内。     

pH值响应分离膜研究进展

介绍了pH值响应分离膜的主要类型及其制备，评述了制备两性型pH值响应分离膜的新型聚合物膜材料、接枝膜的种类、天然膜材料改性以及pH值响应分离膜的表面电荷分布特征；综述了pH值响应膜在选择性分离有机离子化合物、分离无机离子和药物释控技术中的应用研究进展。     

温度感应复合型控制释放膜系统的性能研究

采用等离子诱导填孔接枝聚合法将聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)开关接枝到聚偏氟乙烯膜(PVDF)膜孔上,同自由基聚合法制备的PNIPAM交联水凝胶结合,成功地组成了一种温度感应复合型控制释放膜系统。在该膜系统中,PNIPAM接枝PVDF膜作为控制释放开关,PNIPAM交联水凝胶作为药物载体。通过改变交联水凝胶和开关膜的微观结构,研究了该复合膜系统的温度感应控制释放特性。结果表明,该复合膜系统具有良好的温度感应特性,优于单独的开关膜控制释放系统或是单独的交联水凝胶控制释放系统。研究结果将为温度感应型控制释放系统或给药系统的设计与开发提供理论基础。     

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝核孔膜微观结构及温敏响应特性

采用等离子体诱导填孔接枝聚合法在聚碳酸酯核孔（PCTE）膜上成功地接枝了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAM）,采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、接触角测量仪和水通量实验,系统地研究了PNIPAM-g-PCTE膜的化学成分、微观结构和温敏特性,以期为环境感应型开关膜的设计和制备提供指导.结果表明,PNIPAM被均匀地接枝在PCTE膜表面和膜孔中;当填孔率F<44.2%时,PNIPAM-g-PCTE膜的膜孔由于孔内接枝物的体积变化而表现出温敏开关特性,并且膜孔径随着F的增大而减小;当F>44.2%以后,水溶液中膜的膜孔被溶胀的PNIPAM接枝链堵塞,此时PNIPAM-g-PCTE膜不再具有温度开关特性;40 ℃时膜孔被完全堵塞的临界填孔率范围在30%～40%之间;随着温度从25 ℃增加到40 ℃,PNIPAM-g-PCTE膜表面的接触角也从58.5°增加到87.9°;PNIPAM-g-PCTE膜水通量的温敏开关特性主要取决于膜孔径的变化,而不是膜表面亲水性的改变.     

温度感应式开关膜的接枝率对其开关特性的影响

利用等离子体诱导填孔接枝聚合法将聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)（PNIPAM）接枝聚合在聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）微孔膜上制备了一系列具有较宽接枝率范围的温度感应式开关膜,系统地研究了接枝率对膜的温度感应开关特性的影响.结果表明,开关膜的接枝率对膜的过滤通量、温度感应开关系数和膜孔径感温变化倍数都有十分重要的影响.接枝率在小于等于2.81%时,温度感应开关系数和膜孔径感温变化倍数均随接枝率增加而增加;而对于接枝率大于等于6.38%的膜,膜开关系数和膜孔径感温变化倍数总是趋近于1,膜不具备温度感应开关特性.为了获得预期的开关性能,必须将膜的接枝率控制在适当的范围.     

环境响应型智能膜的制备研究进展

膜材料的智能化是当下膜分离材料领域的一个比较热门的研究方向。综述了环境响应型智能膜材料的制备方法,讨论了环境响应型智能膜的类别及温度响应型、pH响应型、分子识别响应型、光响应型智能膜的环境响应特性,并且对智能膜的应用现状进行了分析,对智能膜的研究方向进行了展望。     

原子转移自由基聚合最新研究进展

概述了原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）在引发体系、反应温度、反应介质、实施方法等方面的进展；介绍了3种不同催化剂脱除技术；结合最新的研究成果，着重论述了ATRP在进行聚合物分子设计，制备窄分子量分布聚合物、无规、梯度和交替共聚物，嵌段共聚物，末端官能团聚合物，接枝和梳状聚合物，星型及高支化聚合物等方面的应用。     

智能膜开关尺寸与孔径的匹配性对膜响应性能的影响规律

智能膜的响应性能是其主要性能之一。本文借助计算流体力学（CFD）模拟,以孔壁排布有聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAM）智能微球的单直膜孔为模型,定量系统地考察了智能微球的响应倍数以及微球尺寸与膜孔径的匹配性对膜温度响应性能的影响规律,并通过实验验证了模拟结果的可靠性。CFD模拟结果表明,当智能开关与膜孔径的相对比值一定时,温度响应开关系数随着微球响应倍数的减小而逐渐增大。当相对比值小于0.4时,实测的温度响应开关系数与固载量100%的模拟结果相吻合;而当相对比值大于0.4时,其与固载量为67%的模拟结果相吻合。通常当相对比值在0.4～0.65之间时,智能膜可以同时获得良好的温度响应性能和稳定的渗透性能。该研究结果可望为设计和制备高性能智能膜提供理论指导和实验基础。     

智能膜——反应与分离过程协同与强化的新途径

膜分离与反应过程的耦合是提高反应与分离过程效率和降低过程能耗的重要手段。智能膜可根据环境因素的变化而主动调节其渗透通量,为反应与分离过程的耦合与协同强化提供了重要的新手段。本文简要介绍了智能膜的性质与特点、以及温度响应型、pH响应型、醇浓度响应型、葡萄糖浓度响应型和分子识别响应型等几类典型的智能膜材料与膜过程原理,叙述了智能膜在反应与膜分离过程耦合中的优势;并以一个典型产物抑制反应——生物乙醇发酵反应为例,简述了利用智能膜实现反应与分离过程耦合与协同强化的机理与途径。     

Thermo‐Responsive Gating Characteristics of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐Grafted Membranes

Both hydrophilic Nylon‐6 membranes and hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes, with a wide range of grafting yields of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), were prepared using the plasma‐graft pore‐filling polymerization method. The effect of the physical and chemical properties of the substrates on the thermo‐responsive gating characteristics of the PNIPAM‐grafted membranes was investigated experimentally. For both the PVDF and Nylon‐6 membranes, the grafted PNIPAM polymers were found not only on the membranes outer surface, but also on the inner surfaces of the pores throughout the entire thickness of the membrane. The thermo‐responsive gating characteristics of the PNIPAM‐grafted membranes were heavily affected by the physical and chemical properties of the porous membrane substrates. The PNIPAM‐g‐Nylon‐6 membranes exhibited a much larger thermo‐responsive gating coefficient than the PNIPAM‐g‐PVDF membranes. Furthermore, to achieve the largest thermo‐responsive gating coefficient, the corresponding optimum grafting yield of PNIPAM for the PNIPAM‐g‐Nylon‐6 membranes was also larger than that for the PNIPAM‐g‐PVDF membranes.     

Gating Characteristics of Thermo‐Responsive Membranes with Grafted Linear and Crosslinked Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Gates

Thermo‐responsive porous membranes with grafted linear and crosslinked poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) gates are successfully prepared at temperatures above and below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM by using a plasma‐induced grafting polymerization method, and the effects of operation pressure and grafting temperature on the thermo‐responsive gating characteristics of the prepared membranes are investigated systematically. The fluxes of water through the grafted membranes increase simply with increasing the operation pressure no matter whether the environmental temperature is 40 °C or 25 °C. Under high operation pressure (e.g., higher than 0.14 MPa), the grafted linear PNIPAM gates deform to a certain extent, whereas the grafted crosslinked PNIPAM gates do not deform. For both membranes with grafted linear and crosslinked PNIPAM gates, the membranes prepared at 25 °C (below the LCST of PNIPAM) show larger thermo‐responsive gating coefficients than those prepared at 40 °C (above the LCST of PNIPAM), which results from different distributions of grafted PNIPAM gates in the membrane pores. When the PNIPAM gates are grafted at 25 °C, the grafted layer near the membrane surface is much thicker than that inside the membrane pores; on the other hand, when the PNIPAM gates are grafted at 40 °C, the grafted layer is homogeneously formed throughout the whole pore length. Both linear and crosslinked grafted PNIPAM gates in the membrane pores exhibit stable and repeatable thermo‐responsive “open‐close” switch performances under the operation pressure of 0.26 MPa. The results in this study provide valuable guidance for designing, fabricating, and operating thermo‐responsive gating membranes with desirable performances.     

Preparation of block-brush PEG-b-P(NIPAM-g-DMAEMA) and its dual stimulus-response

Well-defined dually responsive block-brush copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-[poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-g-poly(N,N-dimethylamino-ethylmethacrylate)], [PEG-b-P(NIPAM-g-PDMAEMA)] was successfully prepared by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and click chemistry based on azide-capped PDMAEMA and alkyne-pending PEG-b-PNIPAM copolymer. Azide-capped PDMAEMA was synthesized through ATRP of DMAEMA monomer using an azide-functionalized initiator of β-azidoethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate. Alkyne-pending PEG-b-PNIPAM copolymer was obtained through ATRP copolymerization of NIPAM with propargyl acrylate. The final block-brush copolymer was synthesized by the click reaction between these two polymer precursors. Because of characteristics of three different blocks, the copolymer exhibited dually thermo- and pH-responsive behavior. The responsive behaviors of block-brush copolymer were studied by laser light scattering, temperature-dependent turbidity measurement and micro differential scanning calorimetry. The phase transition temperature of block-brush copolymer increased with the decrease of pH value. At pH = 5.0, the copolymer displayed weak thermo-responsive behavior and might form uni-molecular micelles upon heating. At higher pH values, the block-brush copolymer aggregated intermolecularly into the micelles during the phase transition.     

Ethanol‐responsive characteristics of polyethersulfone composite membranes blended with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) nanogels

Ethanol‐responsive smart membranes with different microstructures are prepared from blends of polyethersulfone (PES) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanogels by immersion precipitation phase inversion method in a convenient and controllable manner. The introduction of PNIPAM nanogels forms the microporous structures on the surface of the top skin layer and on the pore walls of the finger‐like porous sublayer of membranes. The ethanol‐responsive characteristics of the proposed PES composite membranes are systematically investigated. With increasing ethanol concentration in the range from 0 to 15 wt %, the trans‐membrane flux of ethanol solution increases. The microstructures and the resultant ethanol‐responsive characteristics of the composite membranes can be regulated by the content of PNIPAM nanogels blended in the membranes. The more the content of PNIPAM nanogels blended in the membranes, the more the number of the submicron pores is, and thus the better the ethanol‐responsive characteristics of the composite membranes. The proposed ethanol‐responsive smart membranes are expected to be combined with the traditional pervaporation membranes as a smart vavle to achieve continuous and highly efficient ethanol production during the biological fermentation. The preparation technique and results in this study provide valuable guidance for further design and the industrial‐scale fabrication of novel composite membranes for application in ethanol separation systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41032.     

磁性温度感应微囊膜的制备与表征

合成了亲油Fe3O4纳米颗粒,然后采用界面聚合法制备了磁性聚酰胺多孔微囊膜,最后用等离子体填孔接枝聚合法将聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)接枝到微囊的多孔膜上,制得了磁性温度感应微囊膜.利用X射线衍射(XRD),傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),透射电镜(TEM)对Fe3O4颗粒进行了表征;用扫描电镜(SEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、磁场分离实验和对VB12的温度感应控释实验对微囊进行了表征.结果表明,未接枝的微囊膜为非对称多孔结构,接枝微囊膜具有超顺磁性,在水溶液中的磁场响应性能良好,对模拟药物有一定的温度感应控制释放特性.