球面壳体表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究

球面壳体是工程中一种常用的屋面结构形式。本文通过刚性模型风洞试验,对不同场地类别下球面壳体表面风压分布进行了同步测量。根据测到的同步风压分布数据,对壳体表面风压场特性进行了分析,包括平均风压系数及脉动风压系数分布、脉动风压的自功率谱及互功率谱分布、风压场的本征正交分解特性、雷诺数对壳体表面风压分布的影响等。结果表明,球面壳体模型表面风压分布受雷诺数的影响明显,且模型的曲面特性使得由风场本征正交分解得到的前几阶特征模态对整个风压分布的贡献增大。该研究为这类结构在抗风分析中风荷载的确定及数值模拟提供试验依据。     

基础局部沉陷下大型储罐变形形态与应力分析

大型钢制储罐是一种地基沉降十分敏感的特种结构,尤以沿罐周的不均匀沉降即基础局部沉陷对罐体的影响最为关键。本文采用有限元方法,研究分析了大型钢制储罐沿罐周相邻点不均匀沉降达到临界值的情况下,钢储罐的变形形态以及其应力分布特征。结果表明,在基础局部沉陷情况下,储罐的变形形态表现为褶皱式扭曲凹凸,具谐波状特征;罐壁内最大Mises应力点对浮顶罐主要发生在罐壁的中下部,对拱顶罐主要发生在罐壁底部。结果同时也表明,基础局部沉陷对浮顶罐的危害影响主要为浮盘的升降困难,对拱顶罐为罐底部局部应力的加剧。     

环状大悬臂挑篷风载特性与风场绕流分析

基于FLUENT软件并引入k-ε湍流模型,对环状大悬臂挑篷屋盖风载和风场进行模拟分析。数值计算分析风向角、屋盖倾角、看台后部通风率、挑篷开洞、有无后挑等参数对挑篷屋盖风压分布的影响;针对屋盖周围气流的绕流特性,分析设置屋盖竖向气动导流板和在挑篷外环边缘附近开洞对降低屋盖负风压的作用。研究结果表明：无论风向角如何变化,水平挑篷屋盖上风压均以吸力为主,较高的吸力分布在迎风的前缘位置;屋盖倾角宜设在 0°~15°范围,过大或过小均不利于结构抗风;增大结构迎风面的通风率有利于减小水平屋盖的平均风压;屋盖是否后挑对水平屋盖上表面的风压影响较小;增设屋盖竖向导流板可减低水平屋盖前缘局部极值风压;在环状挑篷外环边缘附近开洞可较明显减小屋盖风压。     

开合屋盖体育场风荷载特性试验研究

建筑立墙迎风面开孔时内部风压随开口处外压变化显著,使得屋盖所受净压显著增大,其测量值往往大于规范取值。而对于屋盖顶部开孔的建筑,其内部风荷载我国规范没有相应取值。为了进行开合屋盖结构设计和探讨屋盖顶部开孔对屋盖风荷载变化的影响,以1∶300的几何缩尺比制作了一个开合屋顶体育场的刚性模型,在B类地貌中对该体育场固定、活动屋盖的上、下表面进行了风洞测压试验,得到了屋盖上、下表面的体型系数、平均风压系数、脉动风压系数和极值风压系数。试验结果表明：活动屋盖的开启,可有效减小固定屋盖和活动屋盖的平均风荷载,引发整个结构承受向下的风荷载;活动屋盖开启将增大固定屋盖和活动屋盖的净脉动风荷载;活动屋盖开启将减小固定屋盖和活动屋盖的极小值风荷载,且固定屋盖上的最大极小值风压系数的位置往屋顶开口方向移动。     

高低跨柱面屋盖的风荷载特性研究

区别于标准等高柱面双跨屋盖的风荷载特性,不等高屋盖之间形成较强的干扰作用,形成特有的分布形态和数值。针对高低跨柱面屋盖结构,采用风洞试验方法进行测压试验,获得全风向角下的测压数据,并对典型风向角下的平均风压、脉动风压和全风向极值风压的分布特性进行分析。结果表明,尽管屋盖表面平均风压以负压为主,但是受到屋盖高跨部分与低跨部分相互之间的干扰效应,生成区别于等高柱面双跨屋盖的气流分离与再附效应,特别对于檐口、屋脊及屋檐角部位置,会出现负压极值乃至局部负压梯度极值。     

Tragfähigkeitsminderung durch lokale Instabilität bei stählernen Zylindertanks mit Doppelmantel

Reduction of load bearing capacity by local instability of double‐shell steel tanks. The structure of a double‐shell steel tank creates specific risks for its local stability and load capacity. These risks form the subject of this paper. The following three issues have been discussed: Internal shell stability risk during hydrostatic test of the tank, deformation of the bottom in between the shells by heating of the storage liquids and difference in the settlement of the bottom under the internal tank shell and the external shell resulting from different loads acting on both these parts of the bottom.     

大连市贝壳博物馆表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究

为了满足大连市贝壳博物馆的抗风安全需要,进行了刚性模型表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究。详细介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数与基本的数据处理方法,给出了典型风向角下结构表面风压分布的等值线图和结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律;分析了各风向角下绝对值最大的局部体型系数及其出现的位置,并将屋盖的局部体型系数与现行《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 5009—2001)进行了对比。结果表明:屋面上表面的风荷载主要表现为负压,顶部迎风挑檐边缘较大,屋面的尾流区域较小或为正压。屋面两侧的悬挑部分及主入口处迎风时分布有大面积正压,以靠近拐角部分最大,且这部分屋面对风作用反应敏感,设计时应考虑体型系数的变号情况。     

大尺度高低跨柱面屋盖的风压系数分区研究

针对大尺度高低跨柱面屋盖体系风压分布变化梯度较大、跨间相互干扰以及此类屋盖风压分区无相关规范可查阅等问题,在得到各种风向下最不利极值风压的基础上,采用K-means聚类的风压系数快速分区方法将高低跨柱面屋盖表面划分为多个区域,并计算了各区域的分区风压系数。同时,在高低跨柱面屋盖风压系数分区研究过程中,对K-means方法的k值取值范围和最佳k值确定方法进行针对性改进。结果表明,高低跨柱面屋盖的边缘属于风敏感部位,而中间部分风压变化较小,因而在进行大尺度平屋盖抗风设计时,采用聚类方法进行风压分区更为合理。     

大跨度屋面风压分布的插值计算方法

大跨度结构由于跨度大、体型复杂等特点,风流经过时会产生复杂的气流分离和再附着,因而其表面上的风压分布较为复杂．刚性模型试验是测量大跨度屋面结构风压分布较有效的方法,但是刚性模型试验只能布置有限的测点,得出有限测点的风压系数．本利用二元函数和多元函数的分段低次插值方法,求出风压系数分布的插值函数,进而反映整个屋面的风压分布情况,此方法能避免高阶插值方法带来的“龙格”现象;利用外插技术可以处理边缘部位和不规则的平面形状;并且通过坐标变换或投影平面代替曲面等方法可以处理球壳及曲面屋盖的风压分布插值计算。     

约束条件对天津极地海洋馆网壳结构性能的影响

天津极地海洋馆钢结构屋盖根据仿生学原理模拟鲸鱼的外形。"鲸鱼"身长275m,宽117m,高45.6m,采用双层网壳结构模拟;尾部背鳍高69.4m,采用空间管桁架结构模拟。通过对其屋盖钢结构主体的有限元分析,主要研究了双层网壳结构在弹性支座和固定铰支座两种不同约束条件下的静力性能、动力特性和抗震性能,分析支座刚度对网壳结构性能的影响。相比固定铰支座,弹性支座可以明显地改善屋盖双层网壳结构的力学性能,对相关课题研究及工程设计具有一定的理论价值与实用意义。     

大型罐区构建大流量液氮泡沫系统的探讨

针对我国大型浮顶储罐的发展趋势,指出移动式大流量消防炮与远程供水系统是国外处置大型储罐全面积火灾的主要方式。研究了固定式和移动式液氮泡沫灭火系统在我国大型罐区的应用方式,根据液氮泡沫在全尺寸油盘上的喷射与灭火试验结果,指出在罐顶集中布置泡沫喷射器有利于全面积火灾扑救。考虑到我国大型储罐的分布特点和数量,移动式大流量液氮泡沫灭火系统与储罐半固定式泡沫喷射系统结合是最适合于我国应对大型储罐全面积火灾的方式。     

Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise buildings with overhangs

Gable roofs with overhangs (eaves) are the common constructions of low-rise buildings on the southeastern coast of China, and they were vulnerable to typhoons from experience. The wind pressure distributions on gable roofs of low-rise buildings are investigated by a series of wind tunnel tests which consist of 99 test cases with various roof pitches, height-depth ratios and width-depth ratios. The block pressure coefficients and worst negative (block) pressure coefficients on different roof regions of low-rise buildings are proposed for the main structure and building envelope, respectively. The effects of roof pitch, height-depth ratio, and width-depth ratio on the pressure coefficients of each region are analyzed in detail. In addition, the pressure coefficients on the roofs for the main structure and building envelope are fitted according to roof pitch, height-depth ratio and width-depth ratio of the low-rise building. Meanwhile, the rationality of the fitting formulas is verified by comparing the fitting results with the codes of different countries. Lastly, the block pressure coefficients and worst negative pressure coefficients are recommended to guide the design of low-rise buildings in typhoon area and act as references for the future’s modification of wind load codes.     

Wind tunnel study of a cone-like shaped roof: Reynolds number effects

This paper describes the results of wind tunnel tests performed on a cone-like shaped roof characterised by multiple curved surfaces. Surface pressure measurements were carried out by high-frequency scanners. In particular, Reynolds number and surface roughness effects on the mean pressure distribution and on its unsteady components have been analysed. Methodologies were found in order to validate the wind tunnel wind load measures performed on scale models having the typology of building roofs with curved surfaces.     

风致屋面积雪分布风洞试验研究

为了预测屋面积雪分布,对一典型阶梯形屋面和两种双坡屋面进行了积雪分布风洞试验研究。首先对流场进行了测量,然后进行屋面积雪分布试验,测量了不同时间内屋面雪深分布,考察了风速、风向对屋面积雪分布的影响,并对屋面上粒子质量流率进行了分析。结果表明,运动粒子使表面附近的流场湍流度降低,流场有效气动粗糙长度与摩擦速度平方成正比;阶梯形屋面在风向角为0°时,雪深分布与观测结果基本一致,斜向风时,雪深分布严重不均匀,特别在风向角135°时,最小雪深系数为0,最大雪深系数达1.7;双坡屋面在风向角0°时背风屋面局部产生较多沉积,坡度10°的双坡屋面最大雪深系数达1.6,坡度20°的双坡屋面最大雪深系数为1.2;屋面上平均质量流率与风速呈线性关系,表明屋面上粒子质量输运率按摩擦速度三次方增加。     

Ankerkräfte bei kurzen Zylinderschalen

Anchor forces with short cylindrical shells. Thin walled short cantilever cylinders, such as supply‐air‐chimneys, silos or tanks, develop a shell‐type distribution of membrane forces when subjected to natural wind. A structural analysis by hand involves a Fourier decomposition of the circumferential wind pressure distribution and a separate calculation for each harmonic, using an appropriate shell theory. With this classical method simple boundary conditions at the bottom edge of the shell, such as ‘pinned’ or ‘clamped’, can be modelled only. The use of a finite element code – if available – gives possibility to account for more realistic conditions at the bottom of the structure, such as elastic flanges and anchors or unilateral contact. In designing silos, tanks or chimneys however, as often encountered by the authors, structural engineers use beam theory to determine stress resultants and anchor forces, may this be due to lack of time or due to ignorance. Those who determine ‘real’ anchor forces obtain dimensions, which they feel to be inadequate and which are so much in excess of beam‐theory‐anchors that there should be much more failures with ‘beam‐designed‐anchors’. In the present paper some evidence on this apparent contradiction is given and a practical design approach is suggested.     

贵阳奥体中心主体育场罩篷风洞试验及风荷载体型系数研究

贵阳奥体中心主体育场由东、西两个呈牛角造型的罩篷构成,采用了预应力平面桁架斜交网格结构体系,最大悬挑49m。对其刚性模型进行了风洞试验,给出了平均风压系数、平均风荷载体型系数及风压分布规律并与规范计算值进行了比较,详细讨论了风向角对风压系数和体型系数的影响。结果表明:在大多数风向角下,西罩篷的风荷载要比东罩篷的大,罩篷立面迎风面都是正压,在所有风向角下罩篷上、下表面基本都是负压,负压分布的局部最大值通常出现的迎风罩篷上表面的前缘和下风向罩篷上表面的后缘部分。建议对于有上、下表面围护结构的建筑应分别按内、外风荷载体型系数设计。     

风致内压及其对屋盖结构的作用研究现状评述

历次风灾调查证实，由于台风中门窗受损建筑物突然开孔而出现较高的风致内压是造成建筑物山墙倒塌、屋面掀翻破坏的主要原因之一。国内对突然开孔状态下的风致内压及其对柔性屋盖结构的作用研究甚少，从理论分析方法和风洞试验两方面全面回顾和总结了国外关于建筑物在开孔情况下风致内压的研究成果，比较分析了刚性和柔性结构的内压瞬态波动理论，明确突然开孔时弹性屋盖发生共振的条件和机理，同时介绍了突然开孔情况下风致内压及屋面结构风振响应风洞试验研究结果，并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

Full-scale validation of vortex suppression techniques for mitigation of roof uplift

Widespread damage to roofs in hurricanes and other high wind events has highlighted the need for improving the wind performance of roofs, including both new construction and retrofit on existing buildings. Effective and economical methods to mitigate wind effects on roof components are sought to reduce accumulated losses from frequently recurring low- and moderate-intensity events. An experimental study was carried out in the 6-fan Wall of Wind (WoW) testing apparatus to assess the effectiveness of aerodynamic edge devices at full scale in reducing wind effects over the roof corner and edge regions. Two sets of tests, roof gravel scour testing and pressure testing, were carried out to visualize the development of edge vortices and compare roof uplift pressures with and without aerodynamic edge shapes, thus allowing the estimation of the effects of such shapes in alleviating wind damage of roofing material as well as high uplift pressures on roofs. Probabilistic estimates of peak pressures indicated that the use of such mitigation devices resulted in significant reductions in uplift within the instrumented area, which according to the US wind load specifications (ASCE 7-05) represents a corner section of the roof that will experience the highest suction. The largest reduction was achieved with the Flat Roof AeroEdge Guard (FRAG1). This research demonstrates the potential for substantial reduction of roof uplift pressures through the development and application of mitigation techniques to lessen or prevent hurricane-induced damage to new and existing roofs.     

考虑特征湍流影响的体育场悬挑屋盖脉动风压谱模型

基于风洞试验对体育场悬挑屋盖的脉动风压谱进行系统研究,旨在得到适用于此类结构的脉动风压谱模型,为风振响应分析提供必要的信息。通过对屋盖表面脉动风压进行谱分析,可知在屋盖前缘处的风压谱与来流风速谱较接近,但屋盖后缘处则差异很大,表现出明显的漩涡脱落特征。因此脉动风压自谱采用来流谱与漩涡脱落谱相结合的形式来描述,并通过权数因子体现屋盖表面不同位置处流场作用的特点。对于脉动风压互谱则用指数衰减函数来表示,并确定了适用于悬挑屋盖的衰减系数。为验证所提出风压谱模型的有效性及特征湍流对风致效应的影响,对系列悬挑屋盖结构进行风振响应分析,风荷载时程分别采用风洞试验测得的风压时程、基于建议风压谱模型模拟生成的风压时程、按拟定常假设生成的风压时程。基于建议模型得到的响应结果与试验结果基本一致,基于拟定常假设的风振响应极值偏小10%～15%,均方根值偏小30%～40%,脉动风压谱建模中不可忽略特征湍流的影响。     

不同地貌下几个典型屋盖的风压特性

在均匀流场、市郊地貌及城市地貌中对包括双坡、球壳及柱壳的几个典型屋盖进行了风洞试验,利用同步多点压力扫描技术得到屋盖的风压数据。将分布于屋盖的局部体型系数与建筑结构荷载规范进行了比较,讨论了不同地貌及风向角对屋盖风压的影响,分析了各风向角下的绝对值最大的负局部体型系数及出现的位置。发现位于双坡屋盖的屋角、屋檐及屋脊区域的风压远大于其它区域的风压,均匀流中这些屋盖的平均风压是市郊地貌屋盖的2至3倍,而市郊地貌屋盖的平均风压又是城市地貌屋盖的2至3倍。