DAM-DOPO的合成及其阻燃性能

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦酰杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）、甲醛和二乙醇胺为原料,强酸性阳离子交换树脂作催化剂,分两步合成了新型反应型阻燃剂9,10-二氢-9氧杂-10-\[N,N-二(羟乙基)氨甲基\]-10-膦杂菲-10-氧化物（DAM-DOPO）,并制备了DAM-DOPO阻燃剂阻燃聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）,采用红外光谱、核磁共振等分析手段对DAM-DOPO进行了表征,同时通过极限氧指数值测定、水平燃烧试验和CAL 117D实验评估了阻燃PUF的阻燃性能。结果表明,合成的DAM-DOPO阻燃剂熔点为165~167 ℃;添加12 份（质量份,下同）DAM-DOPO阻燃的PUF的极限氧指数为26.5 %,阻燃性能通过GB 8410—2006标准和CAL TB 117D实验。     

从国内最新专利申请看DOPO的阻燃研究进展

研究了近年来有关DOPO(9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)的阻燃专利申请,分析了DOPO用于阻燃的类型、方法和效果,提出了多元素协同阻燃是未来DOPO基阻燃材料的研究和发展方向。     

有机磷系化合物反应阻燃聚乳酸的机理与性能

介绍9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物10-(2,5-二羟基苯基)-10-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO-HQ)分别反应阻燃聚乳酸(PLA)的机理和对PLA力学性能、阻燃性能、耐热性能的影响。结果表明,少量DOPO对PLA有良好的阻燃效果,少量过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)与DOPO-HQ并用能有效改善PLA的阻燃性能和热稳定性能。5%DOPO-HQ/0.5%DCP阻燃PLA具有良好的综合性能,拉伸强度为49.37MPa,断裂伸长率为5.03%,氧指数为32%,试样热失重5%、50%时的温度分别提高38、36℃。     

分子间磷杂菲与磷腈双基协同阻燃环氧树脂研究

将六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCP)和9,10–二氢–9–氧杂–10–磷杂菲–10–氧化物(DOPO)复合应用于阻燃环氧树脂(EP),通过极限氧指数和垂直燃烧性能测试、热失重分析、锥形量热分析等研究了其协同阻燃EP的性能,探讨了协同阻燃机理。结果表明,当DOPO在HPCP/DOPO复合阻燃剂中所占比例达到80%时,样品的阻燃级别达到UL94 V–0级,总热释放量降低,优于两种阻燃剂单独使用条件下对EP的阻燃效果,表明磷腈和磷杂菲两种阻燃剂之间存在着协同阻燃效应。     

低烟无卤阻燃聚异氰脲酸酯硬泡的制备及性能

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)基阻燃聚酯多元醇和膨胀石墨协同制备低烟阻燃的无卤聚异氰脲酸酯硬泡。热重分析、氧指数分析、锥形量热分析的结果证明,经过膨胀石墨复配的聚氨酯硬泡比未添加膨胀石墨的阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的阻燃性能得到很大的提升,同时还降低了泡沫燃烧中的发烟量。力学性能测试结果显示,膨胀石墨的加入也使得聚氨酯硬泡的力学性能得到了一定程度的提高。     

高效阻燃硅橡胶材料的制备及性能研究

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)和甲基乙烯基二甲氧基硅烷(VMDS)为原料,合成了阻燃剂聚(10-(2-二甲氧基二甲基硅烷)-9-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)(DOPO-VMDS)并添加到107型硅橡胶(RTV)中。测试结果表明,当DOPO-VMDS的添加量为19%(wt)时,RTV材料在垂直燃烧测试中通过了UL-94 V-0级,极限氧指数(LOI)值达到了29.4%。表明合成的阻燃剂对RTV具有很好的阻燃效率。阻燃剂的加入促进了RTV材料的降解和成炭,形成的炭层在燃烧过程中发挥了良好的阻隔作用,抑制了可燃物、氧气和热量的传递,RTV材料从而获得了优异的阻燃性能。同时随着阻燃剂的加入,材料的力学性能略有提高。     

基于磷杂菲基团阻燃环氧树脂的研究进展

综述了近些年来基于9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物为主的添加型阻燃剂和反应型阻燃固化剂(包括DOPO中P-H键与C=N、C=O、C=C之间的反应)应用于环氧树脂材料中的研究概况,总结了每种体系的性能特点与阻燃机理,并对未来基于磷杂菲基团阻燃环氧树脂的发展进行了展望。     

DOPO阻燃PLA/BF复合材料的制备与性能研究

以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)为阻燃剂,制备了聚乳酸/竹纤维(PLA/BF)阻燃复合材料,并通过极限氧指数(LOI)测试、热重分析、力学性能测试和扫描电镜(SEM)分析等手段考察了阻燃剂DOPO对复合材料阻燃性能、热降解行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明:DOPO对PLA/BF复合材料具有良好的阻燃效果。其中当DOPO用量达到4%时,复合材料的LOI由DOPO添加前的22.5%增至29.5%,材料的阻燃性能得到明显提升;同时,复合材料的热稳定性也明显提高,其最大热分解温度由331℃升至357℃,DTG曲线面积明显减小。     

DOPO及其衍生物在高分子材料的阻燃研究

9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)是一种新型的含磷反应中间体,DOPO及其衍生物合成的阻燃剂具有无卤、无毒、不迁移、阻燃性能持久等优点,近年来被广泛应用于各种高分子材料的阻燃。文章将介绍近年来DOPO及其衍生物在高分子材料的阻燃应用。     

DOPO及其衍生物阻燃剂的发展现状

9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物阻燃剂具有优良的热稳定性和阻燃性,可广泛的用于电子、合成纤维、塑料、泡沫、橡胶等材料的阻燃。本文通过统计、分析DOPO衍生物阻燃剂的相关专利,从中获取了国内外申请量趋势、专利分布情况和重要的申请人信息,分析了专利中的主要技术发展过程。     

四元复合体系在硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料中的逐级释放阻燃行为研究

以甲基膦酸二甲酯（DMMP）、10-（2,5-二羟基甲苯）-10-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷酰杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO-HQ）、可膨胀石墨（EG）和氢氧化铝（ATH）构建了四元阻燃复合体系,并通过热失重分析仪（TG）、锥形量热仪、极限氧指数分析仪等研究了其在硬质聚氨酯泡沫（RPUF）中的阻燃行为。结果表明,四元阻燃体系能够在较宽温度区间内发挥逐级释放的协同阻燃效应;DOPO-HQ能够与EG/DMMP/ATH三元阻燃体系形成加合阻燃效应,使得RPUF复合材料的极限氧指数（LOI）提升至30.8%;与采用EG/DMMP/ATH三元阻燃体系的RPUF复合材料相比,采用加入DOPO-HQ的四元阻燃体系的RPUF复合材料的热释放速率峰值（PHRR）、总热释放量（THR）、总烟释放量（TSR）均有所下降,残炭率得到了进一步提升,说明DOPO-HQ与EG/DMMP/ATH所构建的四元阻燃体系在成炭性方面具有协同效应;此外,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对残炭进行表征,验证了四元阻燃体系在凝聚相中能够发挥优异的成炭阻隔效应,并能够在燃烧的初期、中期和末期发挥逐级释放阻燃效应。     

磷/溴单分子阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合材料制备及阻燃性能

将磷/溴单分子阻燃剂1,3,5-三(5,5-二溴甲基-1,3-二氧杂己内磷酰氧基)苯(FR)作用于硬质聚氨酯泡沫,制备出阻燃复合材料(FR/RPUF),利用极限氧指数、水平燃烧、锥形量热研究FR对硬质聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能及火灾燃烧性能的影响。结果发现:当FR添加量为15%时,阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的LOI达到24.1%,水平燃烧达到HF-1级,热释放速率平均值、热释放速率峰值、有效燃烧热及一氧化碳平均释放量分别降低78.7%、78.4%、57.1%和32.2%,硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料火灾危险性大幅度降低。     

反应型磷氮阻燃剂/可膨胀石墨复配阻燃聚氨酯泡沫

将反应型阻燃剂六(4-磷酸二乙酯羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(HPHPCP)和可膨胀石墨(EG)复配,制备了阻燃聚氨酯泡沫,详细研究了复配阻燃剂对聚氨酯泡沫的物理力学性能、热稳定性以及阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的密度和热导率随着复配阻燃剂中EG含量的增加而升高;压缩强度随着EG含量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。热失重表明复配阻燃剂大大提高了聚氨酯泡沫的热稳定性。聚氨酯泡沫的初始分解温度(T_10%)从212.9℃,分别提高到222.0、231.2和243.2℃;700℃残炭量从7.6%分别提高到26.3%、31.6%和37.9%。聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能随着复配阻燃剂中EG含量的增加而提高。阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的极限氧指数从19%提高到29%,均能通过UL-94水平燃烧HF-1等级和垂直燃烧V-0等级。     

Recycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) into flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams

Waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) textiles were effectively chemical recycling into flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs). The PET textile wastes were glycolytically depolymerized to bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) by excess ethylene glycol as depolymerizing agent and zinc acetate dihydrate as catalyst. The PUFs were produced from BHET and polymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate. The structures of BHET and PUFs were identified by FTIR spectra. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PUFs (≥23.27%) was higher than that of common PUFs (16–18%), because the aromatic substituent in the depolymerized products improved the flame retardance. To improve the LOI of the PUFs, dimethyl methylphosphonate doped PUFs (DMMP‐PUFs) were produced. The LOI of DMMP‐PUFs was approached to 27.69% with the increasing of the doped DMMP. The influences of the flame retardant on the foams density, porosity, and compression properties were studied. Furthermore, the influences of foaming agent, catalyst, and flame retardant on the flame retardation were also investigated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40857.     

Synthesis of a novel DOPO‐based polyphosphoramide with high char yield and its application in flame‐retardant epoxy resins

A novel and highly effective flame retardant (FR), DOPO‐TPMP oligomer, was synthesized by a simple condensation of 4‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2,6,7‐trioxa‐1‐phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane‐1‐oxide and phosphorus oxychloride followed by a polycondensation reaction with 6‐(2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐6H‐dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine‐6‐oxide. The chemical structure of DOPO‐TPMP was well characterized using Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectra. DOPO‐TPMP was used as an additive‐type FR for epoxy resin (EP). The FR properties of the resultant EP composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94 vertical burning test and cone calorimeter measurements. Specifically, the EP composite containing 10.0% DOPO‐TPMP achieved a LOI value of 36.1%, V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 test and a 58% reduction in peak heat release rate. Further mechanism analysis attributed the enhanced flame retardancy to the increased char yield on the addition of DOPO‐TPMP. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

AHP/碱木质素聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能

对精制后的碱木质素进行羟甲基化改性,再利用改性后的羟甲基化碱木质素部分替代聚醚多元醇,采用一步发泡法与聚合MDI制备了羟甲基化木质素基聚氨酯泡沫材料。将次磷酸铝(AHP)作为阻燃剂添加到泡沫中制备了阻燃碱木质素聚氨酯泡沫,通过极限氧指数(LOI)测试分析了羟甲基化木质素基阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能。利用热重分析(TG)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别研究制得泡沫的热降解行为、成炭性能和残炭形貌。实验结果表明,当羟甲基化碱木质素替代聚醚多元醇的量为60%,次磷酸铝的添加量为30%时,碱木质素聚氨酯泡沫材料的极限氧指数(LOI)值达到了27.5%。因此,羟甲基化碱木质素和次磷酸铝使泡沫在燃烧时能更好的形成炭层,从而有效地隔绝空气,降低热传递,提高了材料的阻燃性能。     

Expandable graphite encapsulated by magnesium hydroxide nanosheets as an intumescent flame retardant for rigid polyurethane foams

Encapsulation of expandable graphite (EG) particles by organic or inorganic shells has been proved to efficiently enhance the expandability of EG, and thus to improve the flame‐retardant efficiency of EG. In this study, magnesium hydroxide (MH) nanosheets were utilized to fabricate core–shell EG@MH flame‐retardant particles through a heterocoagulation method. It was observed that after the encapsulation by MH nanosheets, the edges of the char residue of the EG layer were sealed after combustion, which contributed to the enhancement of expandability. The expansion volume of EG@MH increased dramatically to 456 mL/g, in contrast to 338 mL/g for pure EG. By incorporating 11.5 wt % of flame‐retardant particles, polyurethane foam containing EG@MH (here PU‐EG@MH) displayed excellent flame retardancy. Compared with the physically mixed sample, PU‐EG+MH, the limiting oxygen index value for the PU‐EG@MH sample increased from 29.8% to 32.6%. Furthermore, the shell of MH nanosheets was beneficial for improving the interfacial adherence between EG and the rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) matrix, due to the reaction between isocyanate functional groups and MH. The cell structure and storage modulus of PU‐EG@MH were improved. In other words, the shell of MH nanosheets successfully improved the flame‐retardant efficiency and enhanced the interface adhesion between EG and the matrix. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46749.     

Bio-based rigid polyurethane foam composites reinforced with flame retardants: From synthesis to performance evaluation

The building and construction industry is under increasing pressure to make insulation materials greener, more sustainable, and less flammable. In this study, sugar beet pulp was liquified under the optimized liquefaction conditions and used as the source of bio-polyol (SBpol) in the production of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam (sPUF). In order to improve the flame retardancy, sPUF composites were prepared with the addition of flame retardants; expandable graphite (EG) and/or dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP). The bio-polyol was used at a fixed ratio of 50 php in sPUF composites whereas the total ratio of flame retardants was fixed at 20 php. The effects of the ratio of EG and/or DMMP on the morphological, physicomechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of sPUF composites were evaluated. Although the thermal conductivity values of flame retardant added sPUF composites were increased in comparison to the petroleum-based foam, the compressive strength values were decreased as the amount of DMMP increased in the flame retardant formulation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the onset of decomposition of 20 php DMMP-containing sPUF composite decreased to 168.3°C. Although the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the petroleum-based PUF was as low as 19.7%, the LOI value of the sPUF/10E/10D foam increased to 24.9% (by about 26%). According to the cone calorimeter results, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of sPUF was much higher than the petroleum-based foam. The incorporation of both DMMP and EG could further improve the flame retardant properties. The pHRR value of sPUF/10E/10D was 28.1% lower than that of sPUF. The results have shown that flame retardancy of sPUF composites could be improved by the addition of EG which acts in the condensed phase and DMMP, which acts mainly in the gas phase during burning. Flame retardant incorporated sPUF composites are considered as promising materials for use in insulation applications.     

Effect of expandable graphite on the properties of intumescent flame‐retardant polyurethane foam

Water‐blown rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) with two different particle sizes (180 and 300 μm) of expandable graphite (EG) as a flame‐retardant additive were prepared, and the effects on the mechanical, morphological, water absorption, thermal conductivity, thermal, and flame‐retardant properties were studied. In this investigation, EG content was varied from 5 to 50 php by weight. The mechanical properties of PUF decreased with increasing EG loading in both cases. The water absorption of the PUF increased with an increase in the EG loading mainly because of the collapse of foam cells, as evidenced from the scanning electron microscopy pictures. The thermal conductivity of the EG‐filled PUF showed that the insulation properties decreased with EG loading. The flame‐retardant properties (limiting oxygen index and char yield measurement) of the PUF improved with increasing EG loading. PUF filled with the higher particle size EG showed better mechanical properties and fire‐retardant properties than the PUF filled with the lower particle size EG. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

羟甲基木质素磺酸钠/膨胀石墨/次磷酸铝阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的研究

本研究利用木质素磺酸钠对聚氨酯泡沫进行改性,提高其阻燃性能。首先,对木质素磺酸钠进行羟甲基化反应,得到羟甲基木质素磺酸钠（HSL）,再将HSL部分替代聚醚多元醇,与聚合4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）混合,制备羟甲基木质素磺酸钠改性聚氨酯泡沫,再添加膨胀石墨（EG）和次磷酸铝（AHP）进一步提高聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性。制备出样品后分别进行极限氧指数（LOI）、热重分析（TGA）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测试。通过极限氧指数测试分析聚氨酯泡沫样品阻燃性能表明：当羟甲基木质素磺酸钠替代量为60%（以HSL质量占HSL和聚醚多元醇总质量的百分比计）时,所得聚氨酯泡沫材料的LOI指数达到21.6%,最大热降解速率降低了1.53 %/min,残炭量提高了15.04个百分点,泡沫试样中泡沫孔隙数量和面积减少。继续添加混合阻燃剂（膨胀石墨和次磷酸铝质量比为3:1）时,所得聚氨酯泡沫材料的LOI指数能达到26.3%,最大热降解速率降低了1.52 %/min,残炭量提高了23.52个百分点,泡沫试样的泡沫孔隙数量和面积进一步减少。因此,本实验制备出一种具有优异阻燃性能的聚氨酯泡沫,其在建筑领域、交通领域、食品保温领域有广阔的应用前景。