既有建筑桩侧分级注浆施工工艺探讨

随着地下水位的变化及周边超大基坑的开挖,部分既有建筑基础出现不均匀下沉现象。桩端后注浆技术具有提高桩基承载能力、降低沉降值等优点,但对既有建筑结构较长的桩,其不仅提升了施工难度,还增加了工程成本。本文对既有建筑结构采用桩侧分级注浆法的施工工艺、作用机理等进行研究,分析桩侧注浆后桩侧摩阻力对结构承载力的影响。     

Application of the ZEL method in the prediction of foundation bearing capacity considering the stress level effect

There are a number of factors affecting the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Among them, the scale effect can be mentioned as one of the most important factors. Unlike the theoretical equations, experiments show that the bearing capacity of foundations does not increase without limit when the foundation size increases. The effect of stress level on soil shear strength parameters has been known as the main reason for this observation. The method of the zero extension lines (ZEL) for the solution of plasticity problems in soil mechanics has been utilized to take this effect into account by incorporating the stress level − dependent soil friction angle. The bearing capacity of shallow foundations is then computed with the aid of this method, showing a decreasing tendency in the third factor, N _γ, which is the main contributor in shallow foundations. Comparisons have been made with experimental data, showing good consistency between experiments and theoretical predictions with the ZEL method.     

VM荷载下双层饱和黏土地基承载特性数值分析

复合加载下地基的承载特性是港口、海洋工程基础设计的关键问题。近来,极限荷载包络图取代了经典的承载力计算方法,用于评价复合加载下地基的组合极限承载力。以大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS为计算工具,对VM荷载作用下层状饱和黏土地基上基底完全粘结的条形基础承载力进行系统的变参数计算,研究地基土层强度特性、荷载组合等因素对地基承载力及破坏模式的影响规律,得出VM荷载作用下极限荷载的包络图,为港口、海洋工程基础设计提供参考。     

桩基础承载力室内试验与数值计算研究

为深入研究桩基础破坏特征,解决桩基础承载机理和破坏条件问题,自行设计桩基础承载力室内试验,对桩顶外力、位移、桩侧摩阻力与桩底反力进行了全方位测试。采用临近桩基破坏时减小加载量的方法,结合数值模拟极限方法分析,在两种方法所得P-s曲线中可以找到陡降的破坏点。两种方法的极限承载力、桩底反力吻合较好,表明室内试验可信,数值极限方法可行。依据以上两种方法,提出了桩基的三点破坏特征:(1)破坏时桩顶位移突变,破坏后有时会有所反弹;(2) 破坏时桩底反力突变并出现明显反弹;(3) 破坏时桩侧摩阻力出现先降低后增大现象。这些特征表明桩基破坏后桩侧与桩底承载力还将提高,使桩基仍然维持力学平衡状态,表明桩基这种破坏特征与其他基础形式不同。综合桩基础破坏特征,提出应按第一次桩顶位移突变作为控制桩基础承载力的条件。本次研究只是探索,还需现场试验的验证。     

钢管桩逆作复合基础竖向承载性能试验研究

为了研究砂性土中钢管桩复合基础的承载特性,设计了模型桩系列试验。结果表明:对于单桩复合基础,封桩前阶段的荷载全部直接由承台底砂土承担,封桩后阶段桩体达到极限承载力之前,桩体分担的荷载占荷载增量的73.5%～92%,当桩的承载能力达到极限后,随着荷载的继续增加,桩分担的荷载比例较之前衰减明显,而土体分担的荷载比例增加。钢管桩八桩复合基础中,桩身轴力在桩身上部的衰减梯度明显小于中下部,角桩衰减速率最大,边桩次之;桩身摩阻力自上而下逐渐发挥,桩顶以下1.55 m处摩阻力达到最大;每级荷载作用下,角桩的侧阻力大于边桩。钢管桩群桩复合基础的竖向承载力远大于相对应的高承台群桩承载力。     

负压桶形基础地基水平承载力研究

通过模型试验和有限元计算 ,分析了单桶基础的地基极限水平承载力 ,基础主动区与被动区的土压力分布 ;建议了计算单桶基础水平极限承载力的关系式。进一步 ,分析了双桶基础的地基水平承载力 ,给出了相应的估算方法     

Bearing Capacity and Failure Mechanism of Different Types of Foundations on Sand

Performance-based design has slowly been adopted for the use in geotechnical design. In the future, various types of foundations suitable for a variety of soils and applications should be accepted as an alternative to conventional flat foundations for the increase of bearing capacity and the savings of materials. The concept of shells is not new in foundation design, considering the construction with inverted brick arch foundation. Shell foundations are economic alternatives to conventional flat foundations where heavy superstructural or lateral loads are to be transmitted to weaker soils. Various types of foundations with different geometrical shapes have been extensively investigated in the structural design. However, the corresponding studies on the geotechnical design in terms of bearing capacity and deformation are scare. As such the advantages of various types of foundations have not yet been clarified in terms of the geotechnical design. The objective of this paper is to examine the overall geotechnical performance of various types of foundations on sand using model loading tests and the numerical limit analysis. The general superiority of various types of foundations has been revealed by comparing the loading tests with the analytical results.     

Model testing of tripod caisson foundations in silty clay subjected to eccentric lateral loads

In this study, model tests were conducted to investigate the bearing capacities of tripod caisson foundations subjected to eccentric lateral loads in silty clay. Lateral load–rotation curves of five eccentric-shaped tripod suction foundations were plotted to analyze the bearing capacities at different loading angles. It was observed that the loading angle significantly influenced the bearing capacity of the foundations, particularly for eccentric tripod caisson foundations. Compared with eccentric tripod caisson foundations, the traditional tripod foundation has a relatively high ultimate lateral capacity at the omnidirectional loading angle. By analyzing the displacement of the caissons, a formula for the rotational center of the tripod caisson foundation subjected to an eccentric lateral load was derived. The depth of the rotation center was 0.68–0.92 times the height of the caisson when the bearing capacity reached the limit. Under the undrained condition, suction was generated under the lid of the “up-lift” caisson, which helps resist lateral forces from the wind and waves.     

泉州市区人工挖孔桩基质量事故分析

根据福建泉州市区12个工程桩基的静载试验资料,初步分析了桩基工程经常出现质量事故的原因;指出该区多层建筑人工挖孔桩基础宜选择残(坡)积砂质粘土作为桩端持力层;对于此类桩的单桩极限承载力主要取决于受施工扰动“软化”程度及清孔情况影响的极限桩端阻力值,而增大桩端扩头直径和嵌入持力层深度对提高单桩极限承载力不起显著作用.     

CFG桩复合地基在高层建筑地基处理中的应用

本文依托某26层四星级酒店主楼地基处理为实际项目,由于该项目天然地基无法满足该建筑地基承载力要求,需对地基进行加固处理。根据综合分析比选,采用CFG桩复合地基处理技术。本文的研究目的是考察CFG桩复合地基在高层建筑中作用的影响,其研究意义在于拓展CFG桩复合地基的实际应用价值。本文首先介绍了该项目概况和地质地层条件,然后结合工程实际详细介绍了CFG桩复合地基的设计方法和步骤,并阐述了其施工工艺。最后为了对成桩效果进行监测,进行了静载试验,试验结果表明:CFG桩复合加固地基效果较好,其沉降-压力曲线光滑平顺,场地复合地基承载力特征值为490 kPa,大于设计值,满足规范和设计要求。     

基于统一强度理论的临坡地基极限承载力解答

基于统一强度理论,综合考虑中间主应力、基底至坡肩水平距离和坡角的影响,推导了条形基础下临坡地基的极限承载力解答,给出其适用条件和计算步骤,讨论与水平地基极限承载力公式的差异,分析所得解答的可比性,并对比文献模型试验结果和上限法解答进行验证,最后探讨各参数的影响特性。研究表明：本文极限承载力解答可退化为Mohr-Coulomb强度准则解答并得到一系列新强度准则解答,具有很好的可比性;与文献模型试验结果和上限法解答吻合良好,验证了所得解答的正确性;中间主应力对临坡地基极限承载力的增强作用显著,未考虑中间主应力效应的结果偏于保守;临坡地基极限承载力随基底至坡肩水平距离的增加逐渐增大,当达到临界距离时与水平地基的极限承载力一致;坡角的增加导致临坡地基极限承载力大幅减小,且中间主应力效应较大时承载力降低的更加明显。本文解答可为临坡地基优化设计提供一定的理论参考。     

复杂地基极限承载力半解析解

本文研究了复杂地基极限承载力的半解析解答。通过非均质非线性各向异性破坏准则，建立了复杂地基极限平衡理论，导出了滑移线斜率公式、应力沿滑移线微分方程。分析滑动区域应力变化规律，导出了有内摩擦与无内摩擦各向异性地基及非线性地基的极限承载力解析式，计算了各种复杂地基承载力系数解答。研究结果表明：岩土材料各向异性降低了地基承载力；非线性地基承载力可由拉压强度比控制。本文成果简化到线性各向同性地基中，与Ｐｒａｎｄｔｌ解、Ｒｅｉｓｓ－ｎｅｒ解、索科洛夫斯基公式及太沙基结果相吻合。     

多个浅基础共同作用时的地基承载力

用拱上效应理论分析了相邻浅基础共同作用时的地基承载力；得出了相邻基础对地基承载力产生影响的最大净间距，并提出了确定浅基础承载力设计值的建议。     

Limit analysis solutions for the bearing capacity of rock masses using the generalised Hoek–Brown criterion

This paper applies numerical limit analyses to evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity of a surface footing resting on a rock mass whose strength can be described by the generalised Hoek–Brown failure criterion [Hoek E, Carranza-Torres C, Corkum B. Hoek–Brown failure criterion—2002 edition. In: Proceedings of the North American rock mechanics society meeting in Toronto, 2002]. This criterion is applicable to intact rock or heavily jointed rock masses that can be considered homogeneous and isotropic. Rigorous bounds on the ultimate bearing capacity are obtained by employing finite elements in conjunction with the upper and lower bound limit theorems of classical plasticity. Results from the limit theorems are found to bracket the true collapse load to within approximately 2%, and have been presented in the form of bearing capacity factors for a range of material properties. Where possible, a comparison is made between existing numerical analyses, empirical and semi-empirical solutions.     

基于滑移线场理论斜坡条基极限承载力解析解

在工程建设领域,经常需要把基础设置在斜坡地基上,但在现行成果中,对斜坡地基极限承载力的确定并没有给出具体计算方法。为合理确定斜坡地基极限承载力,从而为斜坡地基上的基础设计提供理论依据,并有效降低基础工程的建设成本,本文基于滑移线场理论,建立了斜坡地基的滑移破坏模型,进而根据斜坡地基坡前、坡后土体的塑性边界条件,推导了无重土斜坡地基极限承载力解析公式。同时,提出了采用有限差分方法获取斜坡地基滑移线场及应力分布场的方法。实例计算表明,滑移线解小于极限平衡解及有限元解,主要误差来自于地基土自重的影响,但总体误差在10%以下,本文所述解析法可用于斜坡地基极限承载力的快速估算。     

地下水位上升对浅基础地基承载力的影响

从水对土的抗剪强度指标影响出发,结合地基土极限承载力理论以及按塑性开展区深度的临界承载力计算公式,分析地下水上升,土的有效重度减少必然降低地基的承载力。并根据不同的理论公式推导出考虑地下水位上升影响的界限深度Zmax。针对不同地基土层,提出地下水上升时地基承载力的计算公式,并在此基础上对于黏性土和砂土承载力影响程度进行分析比较。     

Tragfähigkeit von schlanken Druckgliedern aus Beton und Mauerwerk

Bearing capacity of slender compression members in concrete and masonry. Theoretical analysis about the bearing capacity of slender structural members use for the derivation of the bearing capacity reduction factors differential equation or numerical analysis. The analytical formulation by Hansen [4] delivers with similar assumptions as by Haller [2] a design concept with direct derivation of the eccentricity‐curvature relation and the bearing capacity for linear and non‐linear stress distribution in the section. In this paper the bearing capacity with rectangular stress distribution in the section has been derived in similar way. Using the limit term it's able to differ between cracked and uncracked sections. Another limit term defines, whether the section is in the buckling or the compression area. Depending on state and area the bearing capacity can be calculated directly. On the compressed side of the section it can lead to material softening. The stress decrees at the edge enlarge the curvature of the column and reduce bearing capacity.     

单桩静载试验的数值模拟及极限承载力确定

静载试验是确定单桩承载力最直接、可靠的方法,但对于大部分乙级和丙级桩基工程,往往只能采用规范提供的间接方法确定单桩极限承载力的大小,所得数值的可靠性不足、设计常偏于保守。将数值分析手段与现场勘察试验结果相结合,对单桩静载试验进行模拟,可以确定出单桩极限承载力。实例研究表明,该方法能较准确的模拟单桩静载试验过程,并得到破坏阶段时的极限承载力。     

后注浆抗拔桩在复杂地层下的试验及模拟研究

以郑州某工程抗拔试桩单桩抗拔承载力试验结果为基础,针对抗拔桩抗拔承载力不足的情况,采用桩端桩侧复式后注浆工艺来减小泥皮和沉渣对桩侧摩阻力和端阻力的影响,从而提高桩抗拔承载力。对注浆结果进行分析并用经验公式计算。结果表明通过试验验证,由《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ 94—2008)公式计算的注浆量可适当减小。分析了有泥皮存在的情况下桩侧摩阻力的减小以及注浆后桩侧摩阻力的增强。最后对后注浆桩进行数值模拟,证明了后注浆尤其是加强桩端后注浆能明显提高抗拔桩承载力。     

预压装配式预应力混凝土框架边柱拆除时抗连续倒塌性能试验研究与理论分析

对一榀二层二跨预压装配式预应力混凝土(PC)平面框架进行了静力拆除底层边柱的试验及理论分析,探究了裂缝发展、变形能力、破坏模式及连续倒塌机理。根据试验框架达到极限承载力时的状态,提出了边柱失效时简化的结构抗力分析模型,并推导出结构抗倒塌极限承载力的计算方法; 基于能量法建立近似的动力响应评估模型,根据试验框架静力加载荷载-位移曲线近似得到其在边柱瞬时失效时的动力响应曲线。结果表明:框架的受力过程可分为弹性、弹塑性、塑性铰以及倒塌4个阶段; 加载时试件的混凝土裂缝开展及破坏集中在失效边柱相邻区域框架梁两侧梁端结合部,除失效边柱外,其余框架柱以及失效柱远离区域框架梁端基本完好; 框架在小变形阶段按梁机制受力,存在压拱效应及空腹效应; 在大变形阶段不能按悬链线机制受力,由梁的受弯机制和空腹机制共同抵抗不平衡荷载; 边柱失效时预压装配式预应力混凝土框架最大抗力达到60.9 kN,最终倒塌位移为430 mm,梁端转角为10.0°～15.3°,具有较好的抗连续倒塌能力。