轻质高效保温材料掺杂硅气凝胶

利用正硅酸甲脂（ＴＭＯＳ）为原料的溶胶－凝胶过程，摸索了不同反应条件下形成凝胶的规律，并选用ＴｉＯ２粉末及玻璃纤维作为掺杂剂，采用超临界干燥处理制备出掺ＴｉＯ２的硅气凝胶，通过对红外光谱以及不同温度和气压条件下热导率的测量，讨论了不同成份配比以及相应的热传输过程对材料热导率的影响。结果表明，密度为２６０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３的掺杂硅气凝胶在８００Ｋ时的热导率为０．０３８ｗ／ｍ．ｋ，是一种新型的轻质高效保温材     

石英玻璃纤维/气凝胶复合材料的热导率计算及优化

纤维含量和直径是影响纤维/气凝胶复合材料热导率的重要参数。采用常压干燥工艺实验制备了石英玻璃纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合材料,基于材料微观结构表征结果建立了纤维/气凝胶复合材料总体热导率的计算模型,研究了纤维含量和纤维直径对复合材料热导率的影响规律。通过二元优化(即同时优化纤维体积分数和直径)获得了复合材料的最小总体热导率,与单一优化纤维含量或纤维直径相比总体热导率可分别减少50%和20%(以1000K为例);并探讨了在不同温度条件下复合材料中最优纤维含量和纤维直径的变化规律,发现随温度升高最优纤维含量增大而最优纤维直径减小。研究结果可用于指导纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的结构设计和性能优化,促进气凝胶复合材料在航空航天、工业、建筑等领域的节能应用。     

Thermal Conductivity of Opacified Powder Filler Materials for Vacuum Insulations1

The thermal conductivity of powder fillings for load-bearing vacuum insulations is investigated. Different opacifiers have been tested in mixtures with perlite powder, precipitated silica, and fumed silica. Using temperature-dependent thermal conductivity measurements, the radiative thermal conductivity and the solid conductivity of the powder samples are separated. Additionally, the influence of the pressure load on the solid conductivity is studied. The thermal conductivities of silica powders with added opacifier powders (carbon black, magnetite, silicon carbide, titanium dioxide) can be as low as 0.003 W·m^–1·K^–1 if the powder boards are pressed with moderate loads. The use of microporous silica powders as filler materials allows internal gas pressures even beyond 10 hPa with only a moderate increase of the overall conductivity.     

气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板的热导率计算及优化

采用常压干燥和抽真空工艺制备了气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板,基于一维稳态导热建立了气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板热导率的理论计算模型,研究了气凝胶密度和纤维含量对热导率的影响。结果表明,气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板的热导率随着气凝胶密度的增大而增大,随着纤维含量的增大呈现先减小后增大的抛物线型趋势,因此在某一最优的纤维含量下气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板具有最小的热导率。当气体压力为1Pa、10~3 Pa和10~5 Pa,对应的纤维含量分别为7.3%、7.0%和2.5%(体积分数,下同)时,真空绝热板具有最小的热导率,分别为3.5mW·m~(-1)·K~(-1)、3.8mW·m~(-1)·K~(-1)和15.8mW·m~(-1)·K~(-1)。研究结果可用于指导气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板的设计与性能优化,促进气凝胶复合材料真空绝热板在建筑保温领域的应用。     

疏水改性对SiO2气凝胶薄膜性能与结构的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备SiO2气凝胶薄膜,并以不同体积分数的六甲基二硅胺烷(HMDZ)对SiO2气凝胶薄膜进行了疏水改性研究,采用椭偏仪、FITR、接触角测试仪、SEM和光谱仪等对薄膜的疏水性、微观结构及透光性进行了表征,研究了HMDZ疏水改性对SiO2气凝胶薄膜性能与结构的影响。结果表明,疏水改性后,SiO2胶粒表面的大部分亲水性-OH被疏水基团-CH3所取代,其与水的接触角达159°,疏水性好;SiO2气凝胶薄膜在可见光范围内透光率接近90%,透光性高;其孔隙率为78.8%,密度为0.464g/cm3,骨架颗粒尺寸小于40nm,具有纳米多孔网络结构特性。     

Determination of the Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of a Carbon Aerogel–Fiber Composite by a Non-contact Thermographic Technique

The carbon-composite under investigation consists of a felt of carbon fibers infiltrated by a nanoporous sol-gel derived carbon aerogel; in addition, cracks caused by the shrinkage of the gel upon drying are present within the composite. Due to the anisotropic structure of the felt, consisting of a pinned stack of fiber mats, the thermal conductivity of the compound is anisotropic. The components of the thermal conductivity in the different directions were measured at room temperature using a non-contact technique, which was formerly established for fibers and foils. Here, a high-power laser diode is used for non-contact heating and a thermographic system for non-contact detection of the surface temperature of the samples. The stationary profile of the surface temperature next to the laser focus was evaluated with respect to the lateral thermal conductivity. Using a line-shaped laser focus, a one-dimensional heat flow within the samples was established and the two relevant components of the thermal conductivity in the different directions could be separated by investigating slices of the composite with different orientation to the main fiber orientation of the felt. The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity, i.e., the ratio of the components perpendicular and parallel to the felt surface, was determined to be about two under vacuum conditions. This relatively small thermal anisotropy was in qualitative agreement with preliminary tests of the electrical conductivity. In addition, local inhomogeneities due to macroscopic voids within the samples influenced the observed temperature profile. As alternative measurement variants, point-shaped laser-heating of sample discs was used and evaluated in terms of a two-dimensional heat flow and periodic, i.e., dynamical heating of the sample slices with a line-shaped laser focus was used. The reliability of the results was also tested by comparing them to data derived with a guarded-hot-plate measurement of a (1.1 × 15 × 15) cm³ large tile. Paper presented at the Seventeenth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, 1 September 5–8, 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.     

红外遮光剂在二氧化硅气凝胶中的应用研究进展

气凝胶作为目前为止最轻的固体,具有极低的热导率,是一种较为理想的轻质、高效、最具潜力的隔热材料。但纯二氧化硅气凝胶的红外透明性影响了其高温隔热性能。介绍了红外遮光剂红外辐射抑制机理,综述了使用炭黑、TiO2和六钛酸钾晶须等作为红外遮光剂提高二氧化硅气凝胶隔热性能的研究进展,并对未来红外遮光剂在二氧化硅气凝胶中的应用做了展望。     

纤维增强二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料的制备和低温性能

以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体制备SiO2溶胶,并分别与玄武岩纤维和玻璃纤维复合,经超临界干燥工艺制备了疏水耐低温SiO2气凝胶复合材料。利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、接触角分析仪、激光法导热仪、万能试验机、氮气吸附法对SiO2气凝胶复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明:两种纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料在常温及低温下均具有良好的疏水性能和隔热性能,玄武岩纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料和玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的接触角分别为148°和142°,常温热导率分别为0.030 W·m-1·K-1和0.026 W·m-1·K-1,-50℃时的热导率分别为0.027 W·m-1·K-1和0.024 W·m-1·K-1,在低温条件下,体积无明显收缩。纤维的加入提供了力学支撑,两种材料不仅在常温下具有良好的力学性能,而且在低温下的力学性能有所增强。     

改性硅气凝胶/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯乳液的制备与性能研究

采用HMDS(六甲基二硅氮烷)改性硅气凝胶,通过乳液聚合法,将改性硅气凝胶与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)进行聚合,制得改性硅气凝胶/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合乳液,并且讨论了硅气凝胶的表面状态,以及改性气凝胶质量分数对复合乳液性能的影响。结果表明:HMDS可成功修饰于硅气凝胶表面,将改性硅气凝胶与PMMA乳液体系复合,乳液综合性能呈现较为显著的变化。HMDS修饰的硅气凝胶有助于降低乳液的导热系数,加入3%HMDS修饰的硅气凝胶可以使成膜后的乳液具有较低的导热系数。     

A Multiscale Model for the Effective Thermal Conductivity Tensor of a Stratified Composite Material

Thermal modeling of composites has three essential objectives: (i) comprehension of their thermal behavior; (ii) composite scaling in order to satisfy specific requirements; and (iii) optimal analysis of experimental results from thermal characterization. For a complete study of the material, each of these three points must be taken into account at the fiber scale ( 10m), the yarn scale ( 1 mm), and the composite scale ( 10 cm). This work presents multi-scale modeling of the effective thermal conductivity tensor of a stratified composite material made from carbon fibers, phenolic resin, and carbon loads. The longitudinal and transverse thermal conductivities of the yarn are computed from optical microscopic imaging of the material. The isotropic thermal conductivity of the loaded matrix is computed by the Bruggeman model. Then, the thermal conductivity tensor is determined by a finite element method taking into account the morphology of the fabric. Computed values are close to experimental values measured by classical methods. Finally, analytical relations are proposed to obtain an efficient model which can be used in a multiphenomenon simulation of the composite structure.Paper presented at the Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 22--27, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

弹性气凝胶的制备及其力学、热学性能研究

以甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)为硅源、水为溶剂、醋酸和氨水作为酸碱催化剂, 采用酸碱两步法和酒精超临界干燥制备了透明块体气凝胶。用扫描电镜、比表面积与孔径分析仪、动态力学分析仪和hotdisk热分析仪等表征了气凝胶的微观形貌、孔结构、力学、热学等性能。制备的气凝胶具有很好的弹性性能, 压缩60%后可回复到原长的78%, 经热处理后反弹到原长的94%。气凝胶同时具有较好的保温隔热性能, 常温热导率仅为0.028 W/(m?K)。其接触角达154°, 表现出较好的疏水性能。气凝胶的耐热温度为440℃, 高于此温度将导致甲基氧化分解。气凝胶优良的保温隔热性能和力学性能使其在保温隔热领域中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Effective Thermal Conductivity in a Radial-Flow Packed-Bed Reactor

In this work a theoretical and experimental study of the heat transfer process in a radial flow reactor was carried out under steady- and non-steady-state conditions in order to determine the effective thermal conductivity (k _e). One of the mathematical models proposed was a pseudohomogeneous model in which the effective thermal conductivity varies with radial position. The second model studied was a two-phase model with different thermal conductivities for gas and solid. For the pseudohomogeneous model, an analytical solution was obtained using the method of separation of variables and series approximation. In the two-phase model, the gas and solid temperature profiles were obtained by two numerical methods: orthogonal collocation and Runge–Kutta. Several experiments were performed by changing particle diameter, gas flow and temperature input, and reactor size and time-operation condition: steady and nonsteady. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data in order to calculate the effective thermal conductivity. The values of k _e agree in general with the literature data. At low Reynolds numbers there is no appreciable difference between a pseudohomogeneous model and a two-phase equation model. Constant thermal properties can be used at Re;5 with enough accuracy to predict the thermal behavior of a radial-flow reactor.     

香蕉冻干过程中有效导热系数实验研究

为实现对冻干工艺的精准热控制,提高冻干产品品质,本文以香蕉为研究对象,利用稳态热流法研究了在真空环境下压强(10、30、50 Pa)和干燥温度(-20、-30℃)对香蕉切块整个冻干过程中有效导热系数的影响。借助微CT扫描,观察分析了香蕉内部的升华过程,深入探讨了冻干过程孔隙率和有效导热系数的关系。结果表明:当压强由10 Pa增至50 Pa,对应的有效导热系数由0.036 W/(m·K)增至0.072 W/(m·K);升华干燥温度由-30℃增至-20℃,对应的有效导热系数由0.084 W/(m·K)降至0.058 W/(m·K);微CT在冻干过程(30 Pa,-20℃)中,升华界面逐渐向切块中心移动,孔隙率由最初的0.059增至0.252,对应的有效导热系数由0.695 W/(m·K)减小至0.123 W/(m·K)。     

霜层综合导热系数的研究

提出了霜层综合导热系数概念。认为霜层导热系数除了应考虑霜层结构复杂性还应计及蒸汽凝华潜热释放的影响。从霜层能量平衡分析出发，导出霜层综合导热系数是霜层有效导热系数和蒸汽有效导热系数之和。据此计算的霜层综合导热系数与实验数据符合较好。     

基于Lattice-Boltzmann方法的填充型复合导热材料的导热性能数值分析

陶瓷被广泛用作催化燃烧的催化剂载体。为及时将反应热导出,避免催化剂烧结、失活,需提高陶瓷导热能力。针对通过填充高导热性的金属或无机填料的方法制成的陶瓷复合导热材料,引入二维九速度不可压格子多相Lattice-Boltzmann模型,对构造的5种规则填充形状(圆形、正八边形、正六边形、正四边形和正三角形)的陶瓷基复合材料进行了完整的二维导热过程的数值分析。结果表明,在相同的填料和填充体积分数下,三角形填充的复合材料有效导热系数最大,填充形状愈趋近圆形则有效导热系数越小。同时模拟了各填充形状下,填充材料与基体材料的导热系数之比kp/km对复合材料有效导热系数的影响。研究结果表明,孤立的导热填料对于复合材料导热系数的提高作用是有限的,当kp/km增大到一定程度,有效导热系数不再明显增加。     

预测纤维增强气凝胶复合材料热导率的研究进展

SiO2气凝胶复合材料具有纳米尺度结构和极低热导率,作为隔热保温材料在航天航空、建筑和其他工业领域具有重要的科学和应用价值。根据纤维在气凝胶基体中的不同分布方式,概述了预测 SiO2气凝胶复合材料的气固耦合热导率的研究进展;基于纤维和气凝胶的消光系数的不同计算方法,概述了预测 SiO2气凝胶复合材料的辐射热导率的研究进展。并提出了纤维增强气凝胶复合材料体系存在的跨尺度、多物相、分级及相互耦合等仍需进一步解决的难题,结合最新发展的格子 Boltzmann 方法(LBM),指出了预测 SiO2气凝胶复合材料等效热导率的可能发展方向。     

石墨泡沫有效导热系数研究综述

石墨泡沫作为一种新型的轻质多孔材料,具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、密度低、导热系数高等优点,可应用于诸多领域。本文综述了三种研究石墨泡沫有效导热系数的方法,分别为实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟,概括了三种方法中不同泡沫模型的假设条件及适用范围,并通过分析计算与实验数据间的相对误差,得到每种模型的优、缺点。经比较发现,K.C. Leong模型在模拟泡沫内部孔隙结构上效果最好,为改进石墨泡沫有效导热系数的模型设计提供了很好的参考价值。     

Effective Thermal Conductivity and Permeability of Aluminum Foam Materials1

An experimental measurement program was performed to determine thermophysical properties of aluminum-based foam metals. The effective thermal conductivity k _e and permeability K were investigated in detail. Experimental facilities were fabricated, and the measurement procedures and methodologies were evaluated. One-dimensional heat conduction was considered to determine k _e . The results indicate that k _e increases as the porosity decreases. However, no noticeable changes in k _e were detected from variations of the cell size of the foam metal at a fixed porosity . The permeability K is substantially affected by both and the cell size. An empirical correlation for the friction factor f is proposed based on the concepts of K and inertial effect.     

Experimental Study on the Effective Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Nanofluids

This paper reports measurements of the effective thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of various nanofluids using the transient short-hot-wire technique. To remove the influences of the static charge and electrical conductance of the nanoparticles on measurement accuracy, the short-hot-wire probes are carefully coated with a pure Al₂O₃ thin film. Using distilled water and toluene as standard liquids of known thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, the length and radius of the hot wire and the thickness of the Al₂O₃ film are calibrated before and after application of the coating. The electrical leakage of the short-hot-wire probes is frequently checked, and only those probes that are coated well are used for measurements. In the present study, the effective thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities of Al₂O₃/water, ZrO₂/water, TiO₂/water, and CuO/water nanofluids are measured and the effects of the volume fractions and thermal conductivities of nanoparticles and temperature are clarified. The average diameters of Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, TiO₂, and CuO particles are 20, 20, 40, and 33 nm, respectively. The uncertainty of the present measurements is estimated to be within 1% for the thermal conductivity and 5% for the thermal diffusivity. The measured results demonstrate that the effective thermal conductivities of the nanofluids show no anomalous enhancement and can be predicted accurately by the model equation of Hamilton and Crosser, when the spherical nanoparticles are dispersed into fluids.     

颗粒填充型复合材料有效导热系数的数值计算方法

基于Monte Carlo随机摆放方法,建立颗粒填充型两相复合材料的随机分布模型.应用有限差分法对导热微分方程进行离散,获得差分格式的热传导方程.将复合材料模型中的微观随机结构单元的数据信息导入计算机,应用循环迭代法对差分格式热传导方程进行求解,实现了对二维稳态导热温度场的数值模拟.采用此方法对可以理论求解的特殊情形进行模拟验证,结果表明其准确可靠.同时模拟了导热增强颗粒含量、颗粒与基体的导热系数比对复合材料有效导热系数的影响,并将模拟结果与Maxwell-Eucken、Bruggeman模型进行了比较,发现该方法的模拟结果在低填充量时与Maxwell-Eucken模型、在高填充量时与Bruggeman模型吻合良好.研究表明所述方法能够较好地计算颗粒填充型复合材料的导热系数.