A systematic class AB state space synthesis method based on MOSFET square law and translinear square‐root cells

A new state space Class AB synthesis method for the design of square‐root domain filter based on the MOSFET square law is proposed in this study. Those circuits designed by the proposed Class AB systematic synthesis method have the advantages of Class AB circuit structure and translinear circuits. Two alternative design procedures were suggested for designing new circuits. Proposed synthesis technique is applied for designing of a first order all‐pass filter and a third order low‐pass filter. Circuits are simulated in PSpice using 0.35 µm CMOS technology parameters. Time domain and frequency domain analysis of the proposed filters are performed, and simulation results of those are also presented. The simulation results show that the proposed synthesis technique is appropriate for the design of different types of filters and has the advantages of Class AB circuit structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactive transmission line computer program for undergraduateteaching

Distributed-circuit analysis using transmission lines is a standard topic in undergraduate education in electrical engineering. This paper presents a simple menu-driven program that students can use to explore the behavior of transmission line circuits, and as a computational laboratory for verifying their solutions to homework problems. At the introductory level the program demonstrates traveling waves and standing waves. Smith-chart calculations of impedance and reflection coefficient can be associated with the standing-wave pattern on the transmission line. A branching circuit can be solved, including impedance matching with a quarter-wave transformer. At the intermediate level, students can use the program to test their designs for two- and three-step Chebyshev transformers, and for impedance matching using single, double and triple-stub circuits. The program makes easy the calculation of the bandwidth of a design by displaying the return loss or transmission loss as a function of frequency. Low-pass and bandstop filters can be solved. The program encourages students to explore the behavior of the voltages and currents on the lines as the frequency is changed to gain insight into the operation of transformers, matching schemes and filters     

Sensitivity analysis of lossy nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines based on the Lax‐Wendroff technique

This paper applies the Lax‐Wendroff technique, usually used in fluid dynamics, to transmission line sensitivity analysis. A second‐order‐accurate Lax‐Wendroff difference scheme for sensitivity analysis of both uniform and nonuniform transmission lines is derived. Based on this scheme, a new method for analyzing multiconductor transmission line sensitivity, which does not need to be decoupled, is presented by combining with matrix operations. Using numerical experiments, the proposed method is compared with the characteristic method and the fast Fourier transform approach. With the presented method, the sensitivity of a nonlinear circuit including nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines is analyzed and the results are verified by the HSPICE perturbation method. The proposed method can be applied to either linear or nonlinear circuits, which include lossy nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines and is proved to be efficient. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Technique and Calculation Results of Currents and Voltages in the Circuits of the Measuring Element of the Protection Device of the Transmission Line Based on the Control of Transient Processes

The specifics of generation of the signals of current and voltage in the circuits of a directional element of wave relay protection during short circuit (SC) in overhead power transmission lines are considered. The computing method of transient processes in the protection circuits, including frequency filters, that attenuate the parameters of currents and voltages of the mode taking into account the higher harmonic components and probable deviations of the frequency of transmission line from the rated value is presented. It is revealed that it is advisable to implement the measuring circuits of the directional elements of wave relay protection with the three-section filter attenuating the frequencies from 45 to 55 Hz and the low pass filter with cutoff frequency that does not exceed 1 kHz.     

Broadband and compact impedance transformers for microwave circuits

Most microwave circuits and antennas use impedance transformers. In a conventional power amplifier, large number of inductors and capacitor or transmission line sections are use to realize an impedance transformer. This article presents an asymmetric broadside-coupled microstrip TLT (transmission line transformer) on the GaAs substrate. This matching network can be easily implemented using any monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) process supporting multilevel metallization.     

基于谐波阻抗匹配的微电网互联线路谐振分析及抑制措施

相邻微电网之间往往通过长距离的输电线路互联.针对这类输电线路双端存在独立谐波源的系统,其谐波交互特性与谐波放大机理更为复杂,采用传统阻性有源电力滤波器方法抑制谐振并不适用.文中基于传输线理论分析互联线路的谐波传播机理,并提出基于谐波阻抗匹配的谐振抑制方案.为了克服线路参数与谐波源相角信息的不确定性,提出基于线路中点谐波...     

Numerically distributed circuit parameters model on microstrip transmission line circuits and its application on CAD

A new numerical model of microstrip transmission line circuits in terms of distributed circuit parameters is here illustrated. Based on full‐wave electromagnetic results, the extraction methods of these distributed circuit parameters on different types of microstrip transmission line circuits are introduced. As a preparatory experiment, an improved CAD method using this model is tested on microstrip low‐pass filter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development and design of wave SC filters

A direct z-domain simulation of LC ladder and unit-element filters by means of wave SC circuits is presented. the development of a wave SC circuit is achieved by interconnecting a limited number of basic SC building blocks. the derived circuits are fully parasitic-free, symmetric and can be optimally designed for dynamic range maximization and capacitance area minimization. the number of operational amplifiers in the simulated unit-element filters is essentially low in comparison to earlier presented parasitic-insensitive wave SC filters and to leap-frog-type SC filters. Four- and two-phase multiplexed simulated LCR filters can be developed. Bilinear s-z transformation applies for all the circuits; thus the design is exact and there is no requirement for a high clock frequency. Filters with transmission zeros can be developed. the simulated responses of various types of filters are in good agreement with the theory. Detailed examples of different designs are given.     

All‐pass sections with rich cascadability and IC realization suitability

In this paper, two new circuit configurations for realizing voltage‐mode (VM) all‐pass sections (APSs) are presented. The proposed circuits employ only two differential voltage current conveyors (DVCCs) and are cascadable with other VM circuits due to their high‐input and low‐output impedances. The first configuration uses a grounded resistor and a grounded capacitor without requiring matching constraints, whereas the second employs two grounded resistors and a grounded capacitor with a single matching condition. While the first configuration can realize only one all‐pass response, the second can provide inverting and non‐inverting all‐pass responses with selection of appropriate input port. Adding two grounded resistors to the proposed filters, variable gain APSs can also be obtained. As applications, two quadrature oscillators, each of which using one of the proposed all‐pass circuits, one grounded resistor and one grounded capacitor are presented. SPICE simulation results are included to verify the theory. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sc filters based on scattering parameters

A systematic method for the simulation of LC ladders and unit-element filters by means of switched capacitor (SC) circuits is proposed. the method is based on the use of wave equivalents of various two-port subnetworks which are now realized by the same type of SC symmetric subcircuits. These subcircuits serve as the structural unit-blocks for realizing high-order circuits. Parasitic-free circuits of practical interest can be developed. Examples of high-order circuits are given. This wave method is simple in its concept and also in the circuit design. Through the alternative solutions which are described, the flexiblity of the method is demonstrated.     

超特高压同塔4回输电线路工频电场强度的计算

通过对输电线路适当等效建模,应用模拟电荷法在输电线内部设置模拟线电荷,计算了超特高压同塔4回线路的导线表面电场强度和距地面1.5m处的工频电场强度,并与目前的特高压双回鼓型塔、单回猫头塔、单回酒杯塔和单回紧凑塔进行比较。结果表明,同塔4回线路的导线表面电场强度不高于其他塔型,同时地面工频电场强度要明显小于其他塔型。其理论依据为同塔的500kV导线屏蔽了1 000kV导线在地面方向的大部分电场。     

A MICROPROCESSOR BASED ULTRA HIGH SPEED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT OF MULTI-BUS EHV/UHV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

A modern power system consisting of multi-bus EHV/UHV transmission links to increase the capacity and reliability of the system, requires faster and reliable operation of relays and circuit breakers for its protection. The present day available relays for protection of transmission lines against open circuit fault are not sufficient for application in EHV/UHV circuits for their larger operating time. In the present paper, a microprocessor based ultra high speed relay has been developed for protection of a transmission line against open circuit fault which operates on the principle of continuous tracing of the line current waveforms thus eliminating sequence filters, and it requires less than one cycle to operate even in the worst possible fault condition. Application of a microprocessor enhances the accuracy, reliability and speed of operation of the device eliminating complicated hardware and dead band in operation. The use of zero crossing detectors in signal processing keeps the signals free from any transient effects.     

基于强跟踪滤波器的模拟电路故障在线诊断方法

基于强跟踪滤波理论,给出了模拟电路故障实时诊断的一种新方法.该方法以建立模拟电路状态空间模型为基础,利用强跟踪滤波器对电路状态及元件参数进行估计,当元件参数发生软、硬型故障时,根据强跟踪滤波器对元件参数的跟踪结果及修正的Bayes分类算法,可实时诊断模拟电路中的元件故障.此外,该方法对于元件容差引起的故障诊断模型的不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性,对非线性电路的故障诊断也非常适用.实验结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

考虑电容电流的同塔双回线接地距离保护零序电流补偿系数的整定

分析了同塔双回线路在独立运行方式下零序互感和电容电流2种因素对零序电流补偿系数的影响.推导了接地距离保护的数学模型,在传统接地距离保护基础上,提出一种零序电流补偿系数整定新方法,即零序电流补偿系数为原始零序电流补偿系数、附加零序互感补偿系数与附加电容电流补偿系数之和,给出了零序电流补偿系数计算公式. PSCAD仿真结果表明,整定范围为线路80%时,线路末端故障情况下,所提方法比传统方法更能准确地反映故障位置,且能使两侧的距离 I 段保护范围有交叉,提高了同塔双回线路的距离保护性能     

Direct analysis and synthesis of multiphase switched-current networks using signal-flow graphs

A by-inspection analysis and synthesis method for multiphase switched-current (SI) circuits using signal-flow graph (SFG) techniques is presented. The SFG is derived on the transistor level and the method is primarily useful for the hand analysis and design of small and medium-size SI circuits (e.g. SI filters, decimators, interpolators). Tables of commonly used SI circuits, in which the corresponding SFGs and circuits are given, make the derivation easy and fast. From the SFGs, not only the overall discrete-time transfer function, but also those in-between individual switching phases, are obtainable. With the proposed method it is straightforward to include non-ideal effects, such as finite output resistance of MOS transistors, clock-feedthrough and settling error. The method is also a useful tool for the synthesis of new SI circuits. It is shown that every low-sensitivity switched-capacitor (SC) circuit can be mapped directly into a low-sensitivity SI circuit with a corresponding topology. Examples of transformed SC circuits are given and two new double sampling integrators are introduced. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

150W PT功率变换器输入匹配网络的设计

本文从压电陶瓷变压器（PT）自身的工作特点和电气特性出发,提出PT功率变换器主电路的设计方法——窄带控制方法,并应用该主导思想设计并验证了输入匹配网络。主要完成了如下工作：分析了输入匹配网络的作用,给出了设计方法.并计算出各个参数;根据确定的参数用PSpice进行了仿真,结果显示系统达到设计要求;测量了加入匹配网络后的关键实验波形.波形显示.加入输入匹配网络后,基本满足设计要求。实现了窄带控制.输出功率达到150W.效率达到90%。     

Graphical analysis of delay line wave forms: a tutorial

Analysis of delay line waveforms by graphical techniques based on Bergeron diagrams can be a useful tool, especially in the more complicated nonlinear circuits. The analysis described is limited to transient waveforms in lossless lines. The transients can be of any shape in linear circuits (although simple steps and ramps are best), but are limited to ideal steps in nonlinear circuits. This tutorial explains the basis of the graphical method and gives examples of analyses with practical results. There is also a comment on when a connection should be regarded as a transmission line rather than a lumped circuit     

高压直流输电系统直流滤波器的设计

直流滤波器是抑制高压直流输电(HVDC)直流侧谐波的最有效、最典型且应用最广泛的设施,其设计的优劣既牵涉到HVDC系统的运行性能和安全稳定性,又关系到整个系统总投资的高低。为深入研究直流滤波器的设计,首先总结了现有HVDC工程直流滤波器的配置现状,在分析直流滤波器电路结构和阻抗-频率特性的基础上,忽略电阻的影响,根据调谐点滤波器阻抗Z=0,推导了双调谐滤波器和三调谐滤波器设计的精确公式,提出了详细的参数设计方法,而公式有多组解,选取最大的串联谐振频率rω1那一组解,此时滤波器阻抗-频率特性在谐振点附近的曲线比较平坦,滤波效果最好。然后以HVDC实际工程直流滤波器参数进行验证,结果表明所提出的公式完全正确,可为直流滤波器的参数设计提供工程指导。最后以满足等效干扰电流为基本要求,对某HVDC工程的直流滤波器进行了实例设计。     

新型谐振式混合有源滤波器的研究

为减小有源滤波器的容量,提出了一种新型混合有源滤波器的拓扑结构。其基本思想是:根据分流原理,适当控制有源部分来等效增大系统支路的谐波阻抗,提高无源滤波器的滤波效果;将有源部分与基波谐振电路并联来减小有源部分容量;合理地配置注入支路的参数,以保证滤波器具有较好的滤波能力和一定的无功补偿能力。仿真和实验结果证明了所提出的混合有源滤波器的可行性和正确性,所提出的拓扑结构消耗的有效材料少,体积小,占地面积小。     

A practical fault location approach for double circuit transmission lines using single end data

Double circuit transmission lines are frequently subjected to a variety of technical problems from the perspective of protection engineering. These problems are mainly due to the mutual coupling effects between adjacent circuits of the line. In this paper, a new fault location approach for double circuit transmission lines is introduced. It depends only on the data extracted from one end of the line. This practically facilitates implementing and developing this approach, as it needs no information from the other end. The approach is based on modifying the apparent impedance method using modal transformation. Depending on modal transformation, the coupled equations of the transmission line are converted into decoupled ones. This greatly eliminates the mutual effects resulting in an accurate estimation for the fault distance in a straightforward manner. Also the effects of prefault currents, charging currents, and the unknown fault resistance on the estimation accuracy are compensated. The proposed approach was tested via digital simulation using ATP-EMTP in conjunction with MATLAB. Applied test results corroborate the superior performance of the proposed approach.