基于混合储能的并网光伏发电系统功率控制研究

针对并网光伏发电系统输出功率的波动,提出利用混合储能系统对功率进行平抑.介绍了光伏最大功率跟踪和并网逆变的控制,为实现发电和并网功率的匹配,考虑蓄电池和超级电容器各自特性的优势,对混合储能系统提出了三级式功率分配策略;通过设计相应的控制方法和以功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,混合储能系统控制变换器进行合理充放电.混合储能系统不仅保证了并网功率按计划运行,而且稳定了直流母线电压、满足了随机负荷供电.通过仿真验证,三级式功率分配策略有效,控制方法可行.     

A power allocation strategy of a hybrid energy storage system for a PV grid-connected system

针对光伏并网系统中光伏微电源出力的波动性和间歇性,将蓄电池和超级电容器构成的混合储能系统HESS（hybrid energy storage system）应用到光伏并网系统中可以实现光伏功率平滑、能量平衡以及提高并网电能质量。在同时考虑蓄电池的功率上限和超级电容的荷电状态（SOC）的情况下,对混合储能系统提出了基于超级电容SOC的功率分配策略;该策略以超级电容的SOC和功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,对混合储能系统充放电过程进行设计。超级电容和蓄电池以Bi-direction DC/DC变换器与500 V直流母线连接,其中超级电容通过双闭环控制策略对直流母线电压进行控制。仿真结果表明,所提功率分配策略能对混合储能系统功率合理分配,而且实现了单位功率因数并网,稳定了直流母线电压。     

Combined operation of DC isolated distribution and PV systems for supplying unbalanced AC loads

This paper describes a DC isolated network which is fed by distributed generation (DG) from photovoltaic (PV) renewable sources to supply unbalanced AC loads. The battery energy storage bank has been connected to the DC network via DC/DC converter called storage converter to control the network voltage and optimize the operation of the PV generation units. The PV units are connected to the DC network via its own DC/DC converter called PV converter to ensure the required power flow. The unbalanced AC loads are connected to the DC network via its own DC/AC converter called load converter without transformer. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for storage converter which has a DC voltage droop regulator. Also a novel control system based on Clarke and Park rotating frame has been proposed for load converters. In this paper, the proposed operation method is demonstrated by simulation of power transfer between PV units, unbalanced AC loads and battery units. The simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software show that DC isolated distribution system including PV units can provide the balanced voltages to supply unbalanced AC loads.     

基于滑模变功率跟踪的PV-VSG控制技术

针对含储能装置的传统光伏虚拟同步发电机（PV-VSG）不仅投资成本高且未考虑光伏阵列输出特性的问题,提出一种基于滑模变功率点跟踪（SM-VPT）的PV-VSG控制策略。该方法在滑模控制的基础上引入直流母线电压偏差控制,调整光伏阵列的功率跟踪轨迹,实现光伏出力自适应匹配负载需求,即当光伏容量充足时,只提供与负载相匹配的功率;光伏功率不足时,可实现传统的MPPT控制以减少电力短缺,同时防止直流电压骤降,保证系统稳定运行。该方法使PV-VSG能够按需向负载供电,无需增加额外的储能设备,可实现光伏发电系统直接以VSG形式接入并网,仿真结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。     

直流模块式光伏发电系统前级DC/DC变换研究

针对传统集中式光伏发电系统结构存在的问题,介绍了直流模块式光伏发电结构,并利用反激变换器作为直流模块式光伏发电系统的前级直流模块,采用变步长的滞环比较法实现光伏电池的最大功率跟踪控制,采用带有输入电压前馈控制的电压闭环控制策略实现直流母线的稳压控制。试验结果表明,该方案可行。     

THD reduction with reactive power compensation for fuzzy logic DVR based solar PV grid connected system

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is used to protect sensitive loads from voltage disturbances of the distribution generation (DG) system. In this paper, a new control approach for the 200 kW solar photovoltaic grid connected system with perturb and observe maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is implemented. Power quality improvement with comparison is conducted during fault with proportional integral (PI) and artificial intelligence-based fuzzy logic controlled DVR. MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from a photovoltaic array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing modulation index of the converter. Simulation results during fault show that the fuzzy logic based DVR scheme demonstrates simultaneous exchange of active and reactive power with less total harmonic distortion (THD) present in voltage source converter (VSC) current and grid current with fast tracking of optimum operating point at unity power factor. Standards (IEEE-519/1547), stipulates that the current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation source. Simulation results and validations of MPPT technique and operation of fuzzy logic controlled DVR demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.     

Power quality improvement of solar photovoltaic transformer-less grid-connected system with maximum power point tracking control

This paper presents a transformer-less single-stage grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with active reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in the reactive power generation mode, which powers control circuitry and maintains regulated DC voltage. Control scheme has been implemented so that the grid-connected converter continuously serves local load. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been implemented at maximum power which performs power quality control by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid-injected current under varying environmental conditions. Standards (IEEE-519/1547) stipulates that current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation (DG) source. MPPT tracks actual variable DC link voltage while deriving maximum power from PV array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing the converter modulation index. Simulation results with the PV model and MPPT technique validations demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed system.     

A novel maximum power fuzzy logic controller for photovoltaic solar energy systems

The maximum power tracking problem and efficient energy utilization of a stand-alone photovoltaic array (PVA) feeding voltage controlled linear and nonlinear loads is studied. A novel and simple on-line fuzzy logic-based dynamic search, detection and tracking controller is developed to ensure maximum power point (MPP) operation under excursions in solar insolation, ambient temperature and electric load variations. A computer simulation model of the PVA renewable utilization scheme including the effects of temperature and solar irradiation changes was developed and fully simulated. The load voltage is controlled by a DC chopper and kept constant at the required rated voltage. A permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC) driving a fan-type load was connected in parallel to an RL passive load. A speed control scheme is also used for the PMDC motor drive so that the drive can be operated at specified speeds. Different controllers have been employed in the unified PVA scheme to control three separate loads at MPP tracking condition namely voltage at load bus and speed of the PMDC motor. The main objective of the paper is to present a novel enhanced, cost-effective MPP detector (MPPD) and dynamic MPP tracking (MPPT) controller for a hybrid mix of electric loads.     

Modeling,control and simulation of a photovoltaic /hydrogen/ supercapacitor hybrid power generation system for grid-connected applications

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) should be designed appropriately with an adequate combination of different renewable sources and various energy storage methods to overcome the problem of intermittency of renewable energy resources. Focusing on the inevitable impact on the grid caused by strong randomicity and apparent intermittency of photovoltaic (PV) generation system, modeling and control strategy of pure green and grid-friendly hybrid power generation system based on hydrogen energy storage and supercapacitor (SC) is proposed in this paper. Aiming at smoothing grid-connected power fluctuations of PV and meeting load demand, the alkaline electrolyzer (AE) and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and SC are connected to DC bus of photovoltaic grid-connected generation system. Through coordinated control and power management of PV, AE, PEMFC and SC, hybrid power generation system friendliness and active grid-connection are realized. The validity and correctness of modeling and control strategies referred in this paper are verified through simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software platform.     

一种基于三端口能量路由的单级式光储并网系统及其高压穿越技术

该文提出一种具有高压穿越能力的基于三端口能量路由的单级式光储并网系统（PV-ESS）。光伏最大功率跟踪始终由三相变换器控制完成。多端口能量路由器可根据不同运行工况使储能灵活接入,平抑光伏输出,使得系统具有更高的效率。在电网高压故障下,通过储能装置抬升直流母线电压,从而使系统具有高压穿越的能力,可在电网高压状态下不脱网连续运行,直至故障恢复。     

基于改进型恒压控制与直流电压控制的交流微网协调控制方法研究

PQ控制、下垂控制与交流微网中光伏发电、风力发电等微电源之间存在协调性差问题,该文通过采用交流微网的直流电压控制策略,可使直流电压控制与光伏发电、风力发电之间的配合与协调更好,但当采用直流电压控制时,光伏发电、风力发电微电源的恒压控制策略就无法实现,为此改进恒压控制策略,提出基于改进型恒压控制与直流电压控制的交流微网的协调控制策略。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果验证了该文所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

Optimal operation of DC smart house system by controllable loads based on smart grid topology

From the perspective of global warming mitigation and depletion of energy resources, renewable energy such as wind generation (WG) and photovoltaic generation (PV) are getting attention in distribution systems. Additionally, all-electric apartment houses or residence such as DC smart houses are increasing. However, due to the fluctuating power from renewable energy sources and loads, supply-demand balancing of power system becomes problematic. Smart grid is a solution to this problem. This paper presents a methodology for optimal operation of a smart grid to minimize the interconnection point power flow fluctuation. To achieve the proposed optimal operation, we use distributed controllable loads such as battery and heat pump. By minimizing the interconnection point power flow fluctuation, it is possible to reduce the electric power consumption and the cost of electricity. This system consists of photovoltaic generator, heat pump, battery, solar collector, and load. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, results are used in simulation presented.     

Coordinated control strategy for a PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator

Due to the characteristics of intermittent photovoltaic power generation and power fluctuations in distributed photovoltaic power generation, photovoltaic grid-connected systems are usually equipped with energy storage units. Most of the structures combined with energy storage are used as the DC side. At the same time, virtual synchronous generators have been widely used in distributed power generation due to their inertial damping and frequency and voltage regulation. For the PV-storage grid-connected system based on virtual synchronous generators, the existing control strategy has unclear function allocation, fluctuations in photovoltaic inverter output power, and high requirements for coordinated control of PV arrays, energy storage units, and photovoltaic inverters, which make the control strategy more complicated. In order to solve the above problems, a control strategy for PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator is proposed. In this strategy, the energy storage unit implements maximum power point tracking, and the photovoltaic inverter implements a virtual synchronous generator algorithm, so that the functions implemented by each part of the system are clear, which reduces the requirements for coordinated control. At the same time, the smooth power command is used to suppress the fluctuation of the output power of the photovoltaic inverter. The simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed method from three aspects: grid-connected operating conditions, frequency-modulated operating conditions, and illumination sudden-drop operating condition. Compared with the existing control strategies, the proposed method simplifies the control strategies and stabilizes the photovoltaic inverter fluctuation in the output power of the inverter.     

Photovoltaic solar system connected to the electric power grid operating as active power generator and reactive power compensator

In the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems acting as distributed generation (DG) systems, the DC energy that is produced is fed to the grid through the power-conditioning unit (inverter). The majority of contemporary inverters used in DG systems are current source inverters (CSI) operating at unity power factor. If, however, we assume that voltage source inverters (VSI) can replace CSIs, we can generate reactive power proportionally to the remaining unused capacity at any given time. According to the theory of instantaneous power, the inverter reactive power can be regulated by changing the amplitude of its output voltage. In addition, the inverter active power can be adjusted by modifying the phase angle of its output voltage. Based on such theory, both the active power supply and the reactive power compensation (RPC) can be carried out simultaneously. When the insolation is weak or the PV modules are inoperative at night, the RPC feature of a PV system can still be used to improve the inverter utilisation factor. Some MATLAB simulation results are included here to show the feasibility of the method.     

Supercapacitors for power control in a grid-connected photovoltaic system

并网光伏发电系统输出功率的波动性和随机性给并网后系统稳定性,光伏发电消纳以及光伏电站电能质量等方面带来了负面影响,制约了光伏发电的发展.针对这一问题,将超级电容器作为功率调节装置,控制光伏并网系统按指定值平滑,准确地输出功率,使光伏发电具有可调度性.在分析了超级电容特性,系统构成和双向DC/DC变换器状态空间平均小信号模型的基础上,提出功率,电流双闭环反馈滞环电流控制策略,控制超级电容器吸收或补充输出功率的波动成分.在PSCAD/EMTDC 电力系统仿真软件中构建仿真模型,对提出的系统和控制策略进行了仿真分析,良好的仿真结果验证了方法的可行性.     

Impact of renewable generation unit on stability of power systems

Nowadays, the development of the electric power system is associated with the penetration of power generation units based on renewable energy sources and operated with energy storage systems. However, the operation of such generation units changes and complicates the processes in the electric power system, which determines the need for a number of studies and analyses. This paper presents the results of assessing the impact of the operation of photovoltaic plants on the static stability of the electric power system. To achieve the goal, the EUROSTAG software was used. The results of studies of normal and post-emergency modes of electric power system with the different penetration level of generation units are presented, power system stability coefficients of active power and voltage are determined, damping properties of electric power system based on the calculation of the transient damping coefficient of the damping process are estimated.     

光伏电站复合储能电压波动抑制双层优化控制方法

大规模光伏电站的不断接入为电力系统的安全稳定运行带来了巨大挑战。为解决光伏电站出力不确定性所造成的功率波动问题,提高光伏电站在并网点处电压的稳定性,文章采用由蓄电池与超级电容组成的复合储能一体化控制方法,提高光伏并网点电压稳定水平。首先研究由光伏电源、复合储能构成的典型复合储能系统拓扑结构下储能双层优化控制策略;其次,在不同储能介质的荷电状态与充放电特性模型基础上,研究基于不同光伏并网点电压波动场景的多储能介质组合电压波动抑制优化控制模型及其求解算法;最后,以并网光伏电站数据为基础,建立光伏复合储能电压波动优化控制仿真模型。仿真结果及其分析表明,文章所提出的基于复合储能的并网点电压波动抑制模型能够有效提升并网点电压稳定性能。     

Frequency deviation control by coordination control of FC and double-layer capacitor in an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation system

In this paper, a novel control strategy for frequency control in stand-alone application based on coordination control of fuel cells (FCs) and double-layer capacitor (DLC) bank in an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation system is implemented. The proposed renewable energy power generation subsystems include wind turbine generator (WTG), photovoltaic system (PV), FC system and DLC bank as energy storage system. The system performance under different condition has been verified by using real weather data. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of proposed studied hybrid power generation system feeding isolated loads in power frequency balance condition.     

A comparative review on power conversion topologies and energy storage system for electric vehicles

Fossil fuel depletion and its adverse impact on global warming is a major driving force for a recent upsurge in the development of hybrid electric vehicles technologies. This paper is a conglomeration of the recent literature in the usages of an energy storage system and power conversion topologies in electric vehicles (EVs). An EV requires sources that have high power and energy density to decrease the charging time. Commonly used energy storage devices in EVs are fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheel, and photovoltaic arrays. The power output from energy storage sources is conditioned to match load characteristics with the source for maximum power delivery. A DC-DC converter topology performs this task by way of transforming voltage under the condition of power invariance. In addition, power electronics is also required to power DC/AC motors efficiently with precise control as these motors provide tractive efforts and acts as prime movers. This paper therefore brings out a critical review of the literature on EV's power conversion topologies and energy storage systems with challenges, opportunities and future directions by systematic classification of EVs and energy storage.