Effect of controlled rolling/controlled cooling parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of the novel pipeline steel

The study of controlled rolling/controlled cooling process parameters which affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel pipeline steel has been optimized by the orthogonal experiment with four factors and three levels in this paper.However,the parameters of thermo-mechanical control process(TMCP)optimized by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulator could not satisfy performance requirements of the X100 pipeline steel.In order to improve the performance of this steel,the influence of finish cooling temperature(FCT) on the microstructure and property is studied in detail.It is found that,as this steel is thermo-mechanically treated by this set of parameters(the start heating temperature,finish rolling temperature(FRT),FCT and cooling rate of 1,180℃,810℃,350℃ and 35℃/s,respectively),the microstructures are mainly composed of granular bainite(GB)and acicular ferrite(AF).The effective grain sizes are below 20μm;the steel reaches the optimal balance between the strength and the toughness;the yield strength is 695 MPa;the tensile strength is 768 MPa;the elongation is 16.6%;the impact energy is 262 J at room temperature.All indexes could meet the requirements of X100 pipeline steel.     

旋转式热分离机接受管内热力过程的理论分析

利用工程热力学和气体动力学理论对热分离机接受管内的热力过程进行了理论分析 ,根据气体在热分离机内部的流动状况 ,分别用气塞理论和气波理论建立了数学模型 ,并将实验数据与理论模型进行了对比分析 ,指出提高旋转式热分离机制冷效率的有效途径和方法。     

Effect of Welding Parameters on Dilution and Weld Bead Geometry in Cladding

The effect of pulsed gas metal arc welding （GMAW） variables on the dilution and weld bead geometry in cladding X65 pipeline steel with 316L stainless steel was studied. Using a full factorial method, a series of experiments were carried out to know the effect of wire feed rate, welding speed, distance between gas nozzle and plate, and the vertical angle of welding on dilution and weld bead geometry. The findings indicate that the dilution of weld metal and its dimension i.e. width, height and depth increase with the feed rate, but the contact angle of the bead decreases first and then increases. Meantime, welding speed has an opposite effect except for dilution. There is an interaction effect between welding parameters at the contact angle. The results also show forehand welding or decreasing electrode extension decrease the angle of contact. Finally, a mathematical model is contrived to highlight the relationship between welding variables with dilution and weld bead geometry.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal behaviour of polylactic acid during the fused deposition process

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) has become the most popular additive manufacturing process worldwide since the early 2000s. However, limited understanding of its deposition process greatly hinders the future growth of the technology. In order to optimise and control the deposition process, modelling and predicting the thermal behaviour change of the material during such a process is required. In this paper, the thermal behaviour of FDM process was studied both experimentally and numerically; effects of nozzle temperature, platform temperature, extrusion speed, and layer thickness on effective diffusion time, maximum vertical distortion, and maximum thermal stress were evaluated. It is shown that the developed simulation model could predict the effective diffusion time with the error of less than 13% in 6 out of 9 experimental conditions, relatively lower than the existing simulation and theoretical prediction models. Both the experimental and numerical results suggested that polylactic acid would have the longest diffusion time at high nozzle temperature, high platform temperature, low printing speed, and high layer thickness. And the numerical model revealed that reducing extrusion temperature, slowing printing speed, decreasing layer thickness are beneficial of reducing the vertical distortion and residual thermal stress.     

Filter effects on the wear and corrosion behaviors of arc deposited (Ti,Al)N coatings for application on cold-work tool steel

In this study, (Ti,Al)N coatings were deposited on Japanese Industrial Standard SKD11 modified cold-work tool steel using a cathodic arc deposition system with and without magnetic filter attachment. Coating morphology and properties such as coating structure, adhesion, hardness, abrasion and corrosion behaviors were analyzed to evaluate the effects of magnetic filter on the coatings. The results showed that magnetic filtering slowed down (Ti,Al)N deposition rate, but it improved component homogeneity, roughness and adhesion of the coatings. Although (Ti,Al)N coated specimens produced with or without filter both showed superior abrasion resistance in service, however, filtered (Ti,Al)N coatings yielded better corrosion protection of the steel than unfiltered ones in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous medium.     

Experimental investigation into the effects of nozzle position,workpiece hardness,and tool type in MQL turning of AISI 1045 steel

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is a replacement for dry machining in which a minimum quantity of lubricant fluid is mixed up with compressed air and sprayed periodically on the machining area. In this research the effects of different parameters on the MQL turning of AISI 1045 steel have been investigated to evaluate the cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear in comparison with the wet and dry machining. The research is aimed to study the effect of the MQL nozzle position, workpiece hardness and tool type on the output parameters. During MQL machining experiments, the nozzles were placed in three different arrangements relative to the tool to investigate the effect of the nozzle position. The effect of workpiece hardness and tool type were also studied experimentally for different lubrication conditions. The results indicated that the MQL system significantly increases the cutting efficiency in AISI 1045 steel machining. The experiments results have also confirmed a significant influence of the nozzle position, workpiece hardness, and tool type on the outputs. Machining with MQL is also beneficial to the environment and machine tool operator health as lubricant consumption during operation with MQL is 7-fold lower than in the conventional system.     

火灾下平行钢丝束温度膨胀及高温蠕变试验研究

为研究开放空间拉索的火灾响应,该文考虑火源的空间辐射理论和拉索表面的环境换热边界,结合内部空腔辐射、接触传导、间隙导热三大基本传热理论,建立开放火灾下拉索腔体传热计算方法,并通过试验结果验证数值分析模型的准确性,分析预应力拉索在不同的内部传热方式、不同的包裹环境和不同的风环境下截面的温度场和应力场的时空分布特征,以及截面的轴力和弯矩的内力时变特征。结果表明：进行拉索的火灾响应分析时,考虑拉索的完整腔体传热模型可以比较准确地计算开放火灾下拉索截面的瞬态温度分布,随着曝火时间的增加,拉索截面的温度场和应力场分布呈现反对称状态且从二次分布特征向线性分布特征逼近,拉索截面会出现轴力损失和弯矩效应。相比于完整腔体传热模型,圆钢传热模型的截面应力分布均匀、轴力损失偏大且弯矩效应很小,空腔辐射模型的截面应力分布过于集中、弯矩效应偏大且轴力损失偏小。烟气包裹环境会加剧拉索截面的轴力损失和削弱拉索截面的弯矩效应。迎风环境会严重加剧拉索截面的轴力损失和弯矩效应。该文的研究成果可为索结构的抗火设计与防护提供理论依据。

     

Analytical investigation of thermal and mechanical load effects on stress distribution in adhesive layer of double-lap metal-composite bonded joints

Significant thermal stresses are induced in the adhesive layers of a metal-composite bonded joint owing to the large temperature change associated with the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansions of metals and composite adherends. In this study, a theoretical analysis of shear and peel stresses in adhesive layers of a double-lap metal-composite bonded joint is carried out to evaluate the effects of thermal and mechanical loads on the stress distribution in the adhesive layer. The effects of temperature change and adhesive thickness on the shear and peel stresses in the adhesive layer of the bonded joint, with and without external forces, are examined based on the theoretical analysis. The results calculated for the condition involving a mechanical load application to the bonded joint and a decrease in temperature indicate that the absolute value of the shear and peel stresses peak at both ends of the adhesive layer, and that the absolute value of the peak stresses increases in the case of a thinner adhesive layer. When mechanical and thermal loads are simultaneously applied to a double-lap joint, shear and peel stresses synergistically increase at one end of the adhesive layer and decrease with an offset at the other end.     

高温与脱粘对复合材料蜂窝板模态特性影响的试验

复合材料蜂窝板是目前航空航天领域中一类非常重要的结构,但此类结构在热环境下的模态特性研究鲜有公开报道。本文针对由碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板和Nomex蜂窝芯层复合而成的夹层板进行了不同温度下的模态试验,在加热过程中结构面板与芯层脱离,向外凸出。损伤发生前,结构固有频率随温度升高而下降,在识别出的前7阶模态中,弯曲振型的下降幅度较大,而扭转振型的降幅较小。对损伤后的结构再次进行常温模态试验,其模态特征发生显著变化,除了固有频率的变化外,模态阻尼比明显提高,而且其中两阶模态振型的顺序发生对调。此外,本文还对该损伤形式的成因进行了分析,所得结论对用于热环境的复合材料蜂窝结构设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Preliminary study on theory and experiment of photo-mechanics manufacturing and detecting technologies based on laser thermal stress

Mechanical effects of laser thermal stress is a new manufacturing technology, which is made use of thermal stress by high power laser acted on the surface of metal material to generate stress field. The technologies such as formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch, measurement by XRD and so on are formed based on mechanics effects of laser thermal stress. The mechanisms of formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch and measurement by XRD are analyzed. The theory of photo-mechanics manufacturing based on laser thermal stress is originally put forward whose experiment is primitively researched, and the manufacturing theory by mechanics effects of laser thermal stress is established.     

Influence of post weld treatments on the fatigue behaviour of Al-alloy welded joints

In this paper the influence of different post welding treatments, such as ageing or shot peening, on the fatigue behaviour of Al-alloy welded joints was investigated. The analysed joints were candidates for car structural applications. Several four point bending fatigue tests were conducted on GMAW specimens subjected to different post weld treatments. The residual stress field acting on specimens was measured by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The results of tests were discussed with the aid of a finite element model of the specimen aimed to calculate the actual fatigue cycle, also taking account of residual stresses and of their redistribution during the test. This allowed to characterize the fatigue resistance of the joints, taking account of the effective stress acting in the region of crack initiation.     

Effects of rapid thermal annealing on the morphology and electrical properties of ZnO/In films

Zinc oxide (ZnO) films were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis on indium (In) films deposited by evaporation and subsequently subjected to rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in air or vacuum. The crystallographic properties and surface morphology of the films were characterized before and after RTA by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The variation in resistivity of the films with RTA temperature and time was measured by the four-point probe method. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was carried out to determine the distribution of indium atoms in the ZnO films. The resistivity of the ZnO on In (ZnO/In) films decreased to 2×10⁻³ Ω cm by diffusion of the In. Indium diffusion into the ZnO films roughened the film surface. The results of depth profiling by AES showed a hump of In atoms around ZnO/In interface after RTA at 800 °C, which disappeared on RTA at 1000 °C. The effects of temperature, time and atmosphere during RTA on the structural and electrical properties of the ZnO/In films are discussed.     

三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在热环境中的拉压力学性能实验

针对不同编织角度的三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,进行了热环境下的轴向拉伸和压缩力学性能实验研究,讨论了温度对三维四向编织复合材料的轴向拉伸和压缩力学性能的影响,并根据宏观断裂形貌和SEM图像分析了材料的破坏和断裂机制。结果表明,随着测试温度的升高,三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的纵向拉伸强度有小幅提高,而纵向压缩强度显著降低。在室温条件下,编织角对材料的纵向拉伸破坏特征没有影响,而对材料的纵向压缩破坏特征有较大影响。随着测试温度的升高,不同编织角度复合材料的纵向拉伸和压缩的损伤破坏形态均与室温条件下明显不同。      

The influence of the parameters of the zinc oxide layer deposition process using the atomic layer deposition method on the physical and mechanical properties of 316LVM steel

The analysis of most of the work on the use of surgical implants shows that the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the implant surface determine the effectiveness of their use. Therefore, in the currently conducted research, the greatest attention is focused on the development of coating conditions on the surface of implants, limiting, among others, biofilm formation. In addition to the improvement of electrochemical properties, an important issue related to the production of layers is also an appropriate set of physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, the paper attempts to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the applied zinc oxide layers on the LVM 316 steel substrate using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. As part of the assessment of mechanical properties of the resulting surface layers, the tests of adhesion to the metal substrate (scratch test) were carried out. In turn, as part of the physical properties assessment, surface roughness tests (atomic force microscopy – AFM) and its wettability were carried out. Such a comprehensive approach will allow the development of an antibacterial layer with optimal physical and mechanical properties for applications with metal implants.     

Experimental investigation on the uniformity optimization and chaos characterization of gas-liquid two-phase mixing process using statistical image analysis

Taking the two-phase flow mixing process in the top-blown gas stirred tank as the research object, a new strategy extracting the chaotic characteristics of the two-phase mixing state is proposed. By quantifying the local mixing characteristics in the top-blown metallurgical furnace stirring simulation reactor, a new chaos detection method combining complete ensemble empirical modal decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) and 0–1 test is introduced to characterize the chaotic characteristics of mixing index time series. The results show that (1) the uniformity coefficient (E) is better than the Betti number in quantifying the mixing uniformity of the two-phase flow. (2) $E_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$ can better quantify the uniformity of two-phase mixing. (3) The mixing time can be decreased when the optimal gas flow rate and the length of the submerged pipeline are correctly selected. (4) By using the CEEMDAN to decompose the time series, the chaotic characteristics of different IMF components under different working conditions can be observed straightforwardly. (5) The difference of chaotic degree in different mixing processes can be more accurately characterized. The investigation reference on the flow and mixing characteristics of the top-blown metallurgical furnace can be provided further.     

ICVI工艺参数对碳/碳复合材料快速均匀致密化的影响

为了研究碳/碳(C/C)复合材料的快速均匀致密化工艺,参考工业天然气的成分,以92％甲烷(CH4)、5％乙烷(C2H6)、3％丙烷(C3H6)组成的混合气作为前驱体,在沉积温度为1075℃时,采用等温化学气相渗透(ICVI)工艺,在不同系统压力和滞留时间下对16和26 mm两种厚度的碳纤维针刺预制体进行120 h致密化...     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of temperature on mixed‐mode fracture behaviour of AM60 Mg alloy

The aim of present paper is to experimentally investigate mixed‐mode fracture behaviour of AM60 Mg alloy at low and elevated temperatures. For this purpose, mode I, 45° mixed‐mode, and mode II tests were conducted using a modified version of Arcan device at three different temperatures. An elastic‐plastic finite element model was used to extract necessary geometric parameters. Crack resistance curves (J‐R) and critical J‐integral of the material were extracted. The results indicated that, for all loading modes, maximum critical J‐integral value was observed at ambient temperature and decreased by either increasing or decreasing the temperature. It was observed that effect of temperature on fracture behaviour is much larger at temperatures above 0°C rather than sub‐zero temperatures. By changing the loading angle to go from mode I to mode II, a decreasing trend was observed in the values of critical fracture parameters at all temperatures. Finally, the surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

热循环退火对InAs/Si(211)薄膜结构和电学性能的影响

InAs作为III-V族化合物半导体材料,可以应用于磁阻和霍尔元器件、量子点激光器元件、太阳能电池和红外探测器元件等方面,具有广泛的研究和应用前景.本文以Si(211)为衬底,采用热壁外延(hot wall epitaxy,HWE)技术制备了InAs薄膜,研究热循环退火(thermal cycle annealing,TCA)次数对InAs/Si(211)薄膜结构及电学性能的影响.热壁外延制备InAs薄膜的衬底温度为400℃,生长时间为4 h,不同的热循环退火次数为2、4、6、8、10.X射线衍射(XRD)测试表明:利用HWE技术在Si(211)衬底表面成功制备了闪锌矿结构的InAs薄膜,且沿(111)取向择优生长;TCA能够明显增强Si(211)衬底表面生长的InAs薄膜的择优取向.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及原子力显微镜(AFM)测试分析表明:随着TCA次数增加到6次,InAs/Si(211)薄膜表面由于晶粒细化作用变得均匀平整,表面粗糙度从69.63 nm降低到56.43 nm,此时霍尔迁移率达到2.67×10~3cm~2/(V·s);过多的退火次数(≥8次)又会使薄膜表面的晶粒过大、缺陷增多,导致薄膜性能下降.