Experimental study on inelastic mechanical behaviour of composite girders under hogging moment

Negative bending moments acting on the support regions of continuous composite girders generate tensile stresses in the concrete slab and compressive stresses in the lower steel profile. As a result, the mechanical behaviour of these girders becomes strongly nonlinear, which needs special study. In this paper, static experimental tests on four half-scale models of steel and concrete composite girders with different shear connectors such as studs and Perfo-Bond Strips (PBLs) under hogging moments are cautiously conducted in order to investigate the reduction of flexural stiffness and the inelastic behaviour after cracking. In the test results, crack development, crack widths and strains of the composite section before and after cracking were observed. The crack width evaluation methods based on design codes for steel and concrete composite girders under negative bending moment were compared. Crack widths should be controlled appropriately within an allowable value in the slab under service load. The strains in reinforcing bars obtained through the static tests agreed well with the values calculated through the application of the existing tension stiffening theory. The test specimens could be assumed to be a full composite section until the ultimate state on the basis of load and slip relationship results of shear connectors. It follows that analytical and experimental studies can be served as a basis for the design of continuous composite bridges.     

预应力混凝土钢管桁架叠合板施工阶段短期刚度研究

预应力混凝土钢管桁架叠合板是近几年出现的一种新型叠合板,叠合板在施工阶段的受力性能非常重要。设计了4个预应力混凝土钢管桁架叠合板试件,并对其进行受弯载荷试验。给出了4个试件的荷载-跨中挠度曲线。同时考虑钢管对混凝土的约束,按照等效截面刚度法推导出了施工阶段的短期刚度计算公式,计算了简支板的跨中挠度。在构件抗弯刚度未发生严重退化时,跨中挠度的计算结果与试验结果较为吻合。     

Analysis of deflections of composite slabs with profiled sheeting up to the ultimate moment

This paper deals with an investigation of the deflections of composite slabs. The deflection of composite slabs depends directly on the shear stiffness of the connection between profiled steel sheeting and concrete. A method for calculating deflections of slabs is presented in this paper. This method is based on a theory of built-up bars, which allows one to take into account directly the shear stiffness of the connection. Influences on the stiffness of the structure of normal cracks in the concrete layer and plastic deformations of concrete that has been subjected to compression are also taken into account in the analysis method. The method gives one an opportunity to assess variations of these factors at all stages of the slab’s behaviour from the start of loading up to the ultimate moment. Results of the experimental investigations of a connection (contact) between steel profiled sheeting (Holorib type) and concrete are presented in this paper. In the results of these investigations, three stages of behaviour of the contact are distinguished. A connection shear characteristic is determined for each stage, which is used for calculating the deflection of the slab.Experimental investigations were performed on deflections of composite slabs with a Holorib type of profiled sheeting. Variations in experimental deflections of slabs were explored from the beginning of loading up to the ultimate moment.Theoretical calculations of deflections for the experimental slabs were made. Calculations were performed according to the method proposed by the authors. A comparison of experimental and theoretical values of deflections revealed that agreement between these values was sufficiently good at all stages of the slab’s behaviour.     

页岩陶粒轻质混凝土双向叠合楼板

根据3块足尺页岩陶粒轻质混凝土双向叠合楼板试件和1块足尺现浇双向楼板对比试件的静力堆载试验结果,分析了双向叠合楼板预制底板的普通混凝土和后浇叠合层的页岩陶粒轻质混凝土采用相同强度等级时的挠度变形特点,并根据试验结果和弹性力学薄板理论推导了页岩陶粒轻质混凝土双向叠合楼板的挠度计算公式。推导了四边固支页岩陶粒混凝土和普通混凝土叠合板在竖向均布荷载作用下截面中和轴高度、抗弯刚度和挠度的计算表达式,并分别对挠度和初始刚度计算公式进行了修正,提出了考虑四边支承转动的页岩陶粒轻质混凝土双向叠合楼板挠度计算公式。结果表明:页岩陶粒轻质混凝土双向叠合楼板跨中位移呈现线弹性变化特征,页岩陶粒轻质混凝土材料的弹性模量、叠合楼板中设置的钢筋桁架以及双向叠合板的板端约束条件是影响叠合楼板刚度和跨中挠度的主要因素;采用所推导公式计算的页岩陶粒混凝土叠合楼板的挠度值与试验值吻合良好。     

玄武岩纤维筋海水海砂混凝土梁承载性能及使用性能影响因素研究

为提升玄武岩纤维(BFRP)筋海水海砂混凝土梁的承载性能和使用性能,提出采用纤维编织网增强水泥基复合材料(textile reinforced ECC,TRE)复合层替代受拉区部分混凝土来限制裂缝和挠度发展.研究参数包括配筋率、截面高度、筋材直径和TRE复合层.结果表明:增大配筋率(或轴向刚度)和截面高度可提高承载力、...     

Experimental investigation on inelastic behavior of composite box girder under negative moment

The mechanical behavior of negative bending moment zone in composite girder is very complex. The nonlinear characteristics due to the cracking of concrete slab need careful studies. In this experimental research, two specimens of steel-concrete composite box girder with inclined webs under hogging moment were cautiously conducted and tested. The relative slips between the steel and concrete, load-displacement relationship, the strain distribution of the steel girder, the reinforcements and the concrete slab, and the cracking behavior of the concrete slab were measured during the tests. The relatively small slips on the surfaces between the concrete slab and the top flange of the steel girder showed the full shear connection composite behavior of the girders. The initial cracking load was compared with the calculation results from linear analysis and nonlinear analysis based maximum strain. The strain of the steel web measured at different positions along the vertical direction showed the establishment of plane section assumption and the variation of neutral axis in the loading process. Moreover, shear lag effect was found in the strain distribution of the bottom flanges. The strain of concrete slab and the crack spacing showed the effect of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio on the cracking behavior of the concrete. The maximum crack width was observed in the loading process and compared with the calculation results according the design codes. The influence of reinforcement ratio on the strain of reinforcement and on the load capacity in serviceability limit state was studied in the context and it was found that the reinforcement ratio play an important role on the crack control of composite girder under hogging moment.     

考虑收缩徐变影响的两跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁长期性能预测方法

为量化混凝土翼板收缩徐变对多跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁长期性能的影响,提出相应的预测方法,基于现有两跨连续组合梁长期试验结果对典型的组合梁设计方法进行适用性评述; 在此基础上,基于龄期调整的有效模量法并考虑混凝土的收缩徐变、开裂及组合梁界面相对滑移的综合影响,提出两跨连续组合梁长期中支座弯矩与跨中挠度的计算公式,并采用长期试验结果验证预测方法的可靠性; 进一步对比不同混凝土翼板类型(收缩徐变分布模型)对组合梁长期性能的影响。结果表明:采用龄期调整的有效模量法模拟混凝土徐变特征,考虑收缩产生的附加弯矩,采用折减刚度考虑混凝土开裂与界面滑移的影响,提出的两跨连续组合梁长期性能计算公式,可有效预测组合梁长期中支座弯矩分布与跨中挠度,计算结果与试验结果最大相差25.3%; 混凝土的收缩变形对组合梁长期性能影响显著,当不考虑混凝土收缩变形时,组合梁中支座弯矩与跨中挠度仅分别为试验值的41.1%和60.6%; 组合梁长期性能设计时,应根据楼板类型采用不同的收缩徐变模型,针对钢筋混凝土楼板采用均匀收缩、均匀徐变模型,针对组合楼板采用非均匀收缩、非均匀徐变模型。     

Die Methode der effektiven Spannungen zur einfachen Berechnung der Kriechverformung von Stahlbetonträgern

The method of effective stresses for simple calculation of creep deflections of reinforced concrete girders A method for simple calculations of deflections of reinforced concrete beams is taken on and enhanced. It is shown how the results of computer analysis on the basis of linear‐elastic material behaviour can replace the integration of the curvature distribution by hand to evaluate the deflection. For a systematic evaluation of deflections of reinforced concrete beams with regard to creep effects, parameters of major influence are identified and first evaluations are presented.     

Control of time-dependent effects in steel-concrete composite frames

Studies are presented for the control of time-dependent effects of creep and shrinkage in steel-concrete composite frames with pre-cast concrete slab for both shored and un-shored constructions. A developed hybrid procedure has been used for carrying out the studies. The procedure accounts for creep, shrinkage and progressive cracking in concrete slab panels. Two frames, a single storey and a five storey frame are considered. It is shown that, for both the types of constructions, shored and un-shored, the increase in bending moments and mid-span deflections can be controlled to a significant degree, without putting constraints on design parameters, by simply delaying the time of mobilization of composite action between the pre-cast concrete slab panels and the steel section. It is also found that though there is insignificant effect of type of construction on bending moments, the percentage change in mid-span deflection due to creep and shrinkage is significantly higher for shored construction.     

钢与混凝土组合梁考虑剪力连接非线性的挠度计算

剪力连接的非线性将导致钢与混凝土组合梁挠度的显著增加。参考有关文献．介绍了计算组合梁挠度的有限单元法。该法考虑了剪力连接形式、混凝土板开裂和受拉强化等非线性因素的影响。经与试验对比．验证了其计算精度。对其他相关参数作进一步分析,提出了具有非线性剪力连接行为的简支组合梁的挠度简化算法。     

预制T形肋底板混凝土叠合板弯曲疲劳性能试验研究

为研究T形肋对混凝土叠合板弯曲疲劳性能的影响,进行了预制T形肋底板混凝土叠合板和整浇板的弯曲疲劳性能对比试验。通过对比试验得到了不同疲劳循环加载次数下的跨中挠度、混凝土应变、预应力筋应变、残余变形等,研究了试件在疲劳循环荷载下的刚度退化情况、荷载 应变分布、裂缝分布及残余承载力等。结果表明：经历200万次疲劳作用后,预制T形肋底板混凝土叠合板无明显刚度和承载力退化,增设T形肋的叠合板能达到与整浇板相同的疲劳性能。基于试验结果,给出了预制T形肋底板混凝土叠合板正截面弯曲疲劳强度计算假定以及正截面弯曲疲劳应力验算方法。     

Bending capacity of composite girders with Class 3 section

In this research, the flexural behaviour of composite girders under non-monotonic service loads and the bending capacity of composite girders with Class 3 section were studied through experimental work. Three specimens were fabricated and, through the 4-point flexural test, the stiffness and strength of the composite girder under hogging moments were observed. Test specimens were overhanging simple support beams, in total 6 m long. From the test results, the deflection, stiffness, moment-curvature relationship, and strain distribution of the composite girder section under service and ultimate loading were analyzed. The flexural behaviour under reloading-unloading cycles and tension stiffening effects on the mechanical behaviour of composite girders were discussed. The ultimate strength of composite girders with different Class flange sections and a same Class web section were also studied. Test results were analyzed by design equations in Eurocode 3 and 4 for flexural stiffness and sectional resistances. Also, a new simple design equation for the bending capacity of composite girders with Class 3 sections was suggested.     

钢-混凝土组合楼板施工阶段变形计算荷载取值探讨

现场测试和模拟试验表明,压型钢板作为组合楼板浇注混凝土的底模,在施工荷载撤走后,压型钢板的变形出现回弹,实测挠度与楼板自重作用下的计算挠度基本吻合,小于按现行标准计算的结果。因此,验算组合楼板施工阶段的挠度时,可不考虑施工荷载的影响。     

钢-ECC组合梁负弯矩区受弯性能试验研究

纤维增强水泥基复合材料（Engineered Cementitious Composite,ECC）具有高延展性以及受拉刚化特点,应用于组合梁桥的负弯矩区时可有效减少桥面板的受拉开裂。完成了2根钢-ECC组合梁和1根钢-混凝土组合梁对比构件在负弯矩作用下的静力加载试验,通过试验研究了不同配筋率的ECC对结构受力性能特别是抗裂性的影响。试验研究表明：在负弯矩作用下,钢-ECC组合梁的刚度较钢-混凝土组合梁明显提高|由于ECC翼板的抗拉作用导致截面中和轴上升,钢梁受压区增大,构件延性有所降低|钢-ECC组合梁可有效提高结构的开裂荷载并减小裂缝宽度,提高配筋率有利于进一步减少ECC翼板的裂缝宽度。提出了钢-ECC组合梁的承载力与开裂荷载的计算方法,提供了挠度分析的方法和裂缝宽度的基本模型。     

钢-混凝土组合桁架梁研究综述

钢-混凝土组合桁架梁(SCCTG)是在普通组合梁的基础上发展起来的一种新型构件,通过剪力连接件将混凝土板和钢桁架形成整体共同工作。钢-混凝土组合桁架梁与普通组合梁相比具有经济性好、抗弯刚度大、承载力大等优点。在总结SCCTG在国内外应用和研究的基础上,重点介绍了关于SCCTG在计算模型、有限元分析、剪力连接件推出试验和翼缘有效宽度等方面取得的成果。为SCCTG在我国的进一步研究、设计及应用提供参考。     

双向板裂缝及长期开裂挠度的有限元非线性分析

简述了受压混凝土的徐变基本理论和裂缝间受拉混凝土对开裂构件刚度硬化的分析模型,并解读了GB 50010—2010,ACI 318-08的EC 2∶2004有关裂缝和挠度计算条文的理论背景。其中,EC 2∶2004使用徐变系数φ(t,t0)、混凝土龄期调整弹性模量Ec(t,t0)和刚度插入系数ζ,三个反映徐变和开裂刚度的设计参数来计算裂缝宽度和长期挠度的半经验公式,既适用于梁,也适用于双向板。另外一个方面,由于双向板主应力方向随平面位置变化,使用植入φ(t,t0),Ec(t,t0)和ζ的板单元进行有限元非线性分析,是计算双向板裂缝和长期开裂挠度的通用方法。在列出了有限元非线性分析的基本流程后,作为一个算例,使用CSI. SAFE完成了地下室柱支撑双向顶板的截面设计及使用极限状态的裂缝和长期挠度的验算,并与板带分析法进行了对比。验证了GB 50010—2010与EC 2∶2004对于裂缝与挠度计算条文的适用性与局限性,并对双向板裂缝和长期挠度的计算方法给出了意见。     

Elastic rigidity of composite beams with full width slab openings

Openings often exist in the concrete slab of composite floors due to the functional requirements of structures. The strength and rigidity of steel-concrete composite beams are reduced by openings. Based on three tests of steel-concrete composite beams with full openings in the concrete flange, the elastic rigidity of composite beams is analyzed. Finite element analysis (FEA) considering the slip effect between the steel and concrete is conducted to simulate the composite beams with full openings in the concrete slab, and the results show that the FEA method is reliable. The analytical calculation method for the deflection of composite beams with full openings in the concrete slab is also proposed, and the results are verified by tests. The predicted deflections using the analytical method and FEA method both agree well with the test results. It is further verified that openings near the supports have insignificant effects on the deflection at the mid-span and this effect can be thus ignored. The simplified method to calculate the rigidity reduction factor is developed by a regression analysis. The analytical method and FEA method can be used for the serviceability limit state design of steel-concrete composite beams with full openings in the concrete flange.     

Strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete slabs using different techniques

The present study examines the potential of using four different techniques in repairing and strengthening of preloaded, cracked, lightweight, reinforced concrete one-way solid slabs. Nineteen lightweight reinforced concrete (LWRC) slabs specimens were casted with one-third scale dimensions from prototype structure in buildings. The slabs dimensions were 1.2 m in length and cross section of (70 × 500) mm in depth and width. The slabs were reinforced with 3φ10 for the main reinforcement and tested under a four-point loading system. The tested slabs were divided into two groups according to preloading level to study the effect of cracking level. Two preloadings were selected, i.e. 60% and 80% from the ultimate load. The strengthening techniques used were ferrocement layer, steel plate, carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheets and CFRP strips. The slabs were loaded up to failure and the structural response of each slab specimen was predicted in terms of the onset of cracking, deflection, collapse load and failure mode. The efficiency of different repair and strengthening techniques and their effects on the structural behaviour of cracked concrete slab had been analysed. It was observed that the type of strengthening technique used affect the load carrying capacity, deflection, stiffness and toughness of the slab. All repair techniques were found to be able to restore and enhance the structural capacity of cracked concrete slabs. The enhancement ratio is found to be affected by the preloading or the cracking level.     

四边简支钢筋混凝土双向密肋楼盖极限荷载与挠度计算方法的理论与试验研究

钢筋混凝土双向密肋楼盖由于具有结构高度小、经济、美观、自重轻和变形小等特点,在实际工程中的应用已日趋广泛。但是,目前对这种结构开裂后的变形计算方法,以及破坏时的机构形态和极限荷载的研究尚少见报导。为此,本文作者做了一个四边简支钢筋混凝土双向密肋楼盖的大比例模型试验,根据试验结果,建立了这种结构的破坏机构,推导了其极限荷载公式,给出了楼盖从开裂至破坏的变形计算方法。     

自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土单向叠合板的受弯性能

以混凝土组合形式及预制底板自燃煤矸石砂轻混凝土(SSC)的强度等级为变量,制作了5块SSC单向叠合板,通过静力加载试验,对其变形特征、破坏形态和裂缝开展情况进行了分析.结果 表明:5块单向叠合板表现出相似的变形特征;分形维数分析表明,适当提高预制底板SSC的强度等级,保证了叠合面不出现滑移;合理设计的半普通混凝土-半SSC和全SSC单向叠合板,均具有良好的整体性和较高的极限荷载,能够作为楼板使用.