喷射成形GH738合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

进行了不同温度、频率和应力比条件下喷射成形GH738合金紧凑拉伸(CT)试样的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分析了相应条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率及其对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律。结果表明:随着温度的升高,裂纹扩展速率略有加快;加载频率降低,疲劳裂纹扩展加速;裂纹扩展速率da/d N随应力比R的增大而增大。疲劳断口呈现多裂纹源特征,裂纹稳定扩展为疲劳条带机制。     

返回料添加比例对K44合金热疲劳性能的影响

研究了返回料添加比例对新型抗热腐蚀高温合金K44热疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:新料和返回料合金试样V型缺口尖端主裂纹扩展长度与热循环次数之间遵循L=bNa规律.新料合金热疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展速率最低,随着合金中返回料比例的增大,热疲劳裂纹萌生速率和扩展速率也增大.热疲劳裂纹萌生于V型缺口尖端附近区域,沿枝晶间、晶界和开裂的碳化物扩展,主裂纹扩展以裂纹尖端连续开裂的形式进行.返回料合金由于氮含量增加导致共晶和夹杂物增多,碳化物聚集块化,加速了热疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展.合金经热疲劳实验后,裂纹两侧产生氧化带和γ'相贫化带.     

保持时间对定向合金DZ125热/机械疲劳断裂行为的影响

对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金进行了应变比为-1.0的同相位三角波和同相位梯形波,550℃()1000℃热/机械疲劳实验研究.实验结果表明:在相同应变幅下,同相位三角波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命比同相位梯形波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命长.研究了在两种载荷情况下材料的热/机械疲劳循环应力响应行为.试样断口的微观分析表明:在热/机械疲劳过程中,同时存在疲劳、蠕变和氧化损伤;在同相位三角波载荷下,穿晶 沿晶断裂为疲劳断裂的主要特征;在同相位梯形波载荷下,裂纹主要为沿晶萌生与扩展.这是导致在同相位梯形波载荷下疲劳寿命缩短的主要原因.     

镍基高温合金蠕变-疲劳-环境交互作用研究

为了研究在高温下常见的疲劳裂纹扩展速率在低频下显著增加的现象而进行了本研究工作。对两种不同热处理状态的lnconel718合金,在空气和氦_7环境中于650℃进行了蠕变试验和0.01、0.1与1.0Hz三种频率下的疲劳试验。蠕变裂纹扩展速率在空气中比在氦中快50～100倍。在氦中的疲劳试验表明,裂纹扩展速率对频率几乎不敏感;但在空气中的试验表明,在较低频率下,裂纹扩展速率显著增加。这些结果说明,无论在蠕变试验还是在疲劳试验中,空气环境都起了主要的作用。氧扩散到晶界中好象是加速空气中裂纹扩展的原因。过时效热处理降低了裂纹扩展速率。     

纤维增强金属基复合材料层板热/机械疲劳性能试验研究

进行了B／Al层板250～350℃温度循环范围内的同相位、反相位的热／机械疲劳寿命试验以及250℃和350℃下的等温疲劳试验与宏微观分析研究。结果表明：同相位与反相位的热／机械疲劳S—N曲线出现相交，以交点做应力水平线FPF，在FPF以上，同相位的热／机械疲劳(TMF)比反相位的要短；而在FPF以下，同相位的TMF寿命比反相位的要长；无论是同相位，还是反相位的TMF寿命，均低于250℃和350℃下的等温疲劳寿命；疲劳裂纹起源于纤维与基体界面，并随着基体的横向开裂而扩展，但最终的疲劳损伤机理不仅取决于应力水平，还取决于试验环境条件；纤维与基体之间界面反应区在TMF的损伤扩展方面起了主要作用。     

橡胶夹层／复合材料粘接界面疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究

用Ⅰ型加载下的双悬臂夹层梁试样,以应变能释放率为裂纹扩展参量,研究橡胶夹层／复合材料粘接界面疲劳裂纹的扩展行为。结果表明,循环载荷下的裂纹扩展速率对试验频率、载荷比、温度及橡胶夹层厚度反映较敏感。     

用直流电压降法研究高温下GH3230合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

采用直流电压降法对GH3230合金进行了高温下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分析了温度及应力强度因子对GH3230合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对断口进行分析。结果表明：在相同的应力强度因子下,随着温度的升高,合金的裂纹扩展速率增大;温度从750℃升高到850℃时,裂纹扩展速率明显增大,从850℃升高到950℃时,小应力强度因子下的裂纹扩展速率相差不大,随着应力强度因子的增大和温度的升高,裂纹扩展速率的差距增大;观察断口表面可知,在裂纹扩展区和瞬断区,断口表面呈现典型的疲劳辉纹和韧窝特征,随着温度的升高,断口表面的氧化物颗粒增多,裂纹扩展区的疲劳辉纹不明显。     

2E12铝合金加速腐蚀环境谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展

采用疲劳试验、腐蚀实验、SEM及EDS等分析测试手段,研究2E12铝合金标准中心裂纹试件在加速腐蚀环境谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展,该谱的1个周期包括温湿、热冲击、室温疲劳和盐雾4个环境块。利用修正的Paris公式分析,发现试样在加速谱环境下合金的疲劳裂纹扩展较实验室环境明显加速。合金的疲劳裂纹扩展主要呈现腐蚀疲劳特征。讨论了加速谱对合金疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,其中盐雾、湿热环境下的氢脆导致塑性区脆化及腐蚀诱导的阳极溶解是导致裂纹扩展、性能降低的主要原因。     

金属陶瓷热冲击疲劳裂纹形成机制

研究了金属陶瓷热冲击疲劳特性, 重点探讨了裂纹的形成机制。试验结果表明, 随着循环温度的增高, 裂纹形核孕育期缩短, 裂纹扩展速率增大; 随着金属陶瓷中金属相含量的增加, 裂纹扩展速率降低。热冲击疲劳裂纹的形成与微孔洞的形核、长大和连通有关。研究还发现, 金属陶瓷热冲击疲劳断口中存在疲劳条纹。      

沉积颗粒对7N01-T6铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

利用自主设计的实验方法,结合疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试以及断口微观形貌观察研究了R=0.1和R=0.5两种应力比下,石墨和氧化铝沉积颗粒对7N01-T6铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明:在两种应力比条件下,裂纹扩展Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段中,合金在石墨颗粒环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率均最快。当R=0.5时,在裂纹扩展Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段,合金在氧化铝颗粒环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最慢。当R=0.1时,在应力强度因子ΔK15 MPa·m~(1/2)阶段,合金在氧化铝颗粒环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最慢,在ΔK=15～30 MPa·m~(1/2)阶段,合金在氧化铝颗粒环境和大气环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相当。石墨颗粒环境下合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增加是由于石墨颗粒的润滑作用降低了疲劳卸载过程中的裂纹闭合效应。氧化铝颗粒环境下合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的降低是由于氧化铝颗粒在断面的沉积增强了疲劳卸载过程中的裂纹闭合效应。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...