单倍盒厚间距垂直排列和混合排列半透半反式液晶显示模式

提出了一种采用垂直排列模式与混合排列模式相搭配的单倍盒间距的半透半反式液晶显示模式,液晶材料为负性.基于液晶分子的初始取向,反射区为混合排列模式,其关态和开态有效相位延迟在x/2和,x之间变化;透射区为平行排列模式,其关态和开态有效相位延迟在0和π之间变化.采用半波延迟膜补偿的方法可以使器件工作于常黑模式.对于透射区下层偏振片吸收轴和上层偏振片吸收轴分别平行和垂直放置时,下层的半波延迟膜光轴的方位角不同,导致光谱响应曲线和视角锥对比度分布不同.用扩展琼斯矩阵方法模拟分析了这两种器件结构的电光响应及光谱响应特性以及视角锥对比度分布特性.     

一种新的视角可控的液晶显示仿真研究

在PVA显示模式的基础上,研究了一种新型的液晶显示视角切换技术。通过增大液晶分子在暗态下的倾斜角度控制暗态亮度,实现了宽视角下暗态低,显示对比度高;窄视角下暗态高,在相同白态亮度下,显示对比度低。实施可行性:在时序控制芯片系统(Timing Controling,Tcon)中烧录两版code,使用者根据不同环境下对宽窄视角的特性需求选择相应的显示模式,通过宽窄视角下分别采用不同的Tconcode编译驱动电压以实现宽窄视角的面板显示。模拟结果表明:宽视角显示上下左右视角达到80°以上,而窄视角显示上下左右视角均不足40°,从模拟结果看本文提供的宽窄视角显示方法是有效的。     

基于FFS架构实现宽窄视角切换

基于公共场合隐私保护的需求,宽窄视角可切换的液晶显示技术有着迫切的市场需求。现有宽窄视角切换技术不但增加了显示装置的厚度与成本,而且降低了原本宽视角模式下的显示效果。本文研究了一种基于负性液晶FFS模式的宽窄视角切换技术,它通过在彩色滤光片一侧形成高预倾角配向(40°～60°),在同侧第三电极施加弱电场时,液晶分子离轴方向具有较大相位延迟,形成大视角观看时的暗态漏光与对比度下降,实现窄视角显示模式。而同侧第三电极施加强垂直电场时,大的预倾角液晶分子因负介电各项异性使得倾角降低,可减少暗态漏光和提升对比度,实现宽视角显示模式。验证结果表明:宽视角模式时,其上下左右视角均可达到85°以上;而窄视角模式时,左右视角仅为40°,且具有较好的对称性。本技术结构简单,驱动灵活,在防窥显示领域具有很好的应用前景。     

一种宽视角和快速响应的连续视角可控液晶显示

在垂面排列液晶显示模式中,液晶分子垂直取向,具有暗态良好、高对比度的特点,但是其视角特性不佳。采用MVA和PVA技术等多畴结构可以使VA模式的视角情况得到改善,但MVA模式中凸起结构引起的液晶分子初始预倾状态会导致暗态漏光,从而降低显示的对比度。而PVA模式中的狭缝结构虽然不会影响对比度,但其响应速度比较慢。文中提出一种新型垂面排列液晶显示器结构,其像素电极四周刻蚀有弧形狭缝,公共电极中心刻蚀有孔洞。施加电压时液晶分子向中心倾倒,形成中心对称的多畴结构,实现了对比度均匀的宽视角,且这一结构在保证高透过率的同时还可以实现快速响应。另外,通过在公共电极上施加偏置电压,该结构还可实现视角的连续可控。     

手性垂直排列液晶盒的视角特性

模拟了手性垂直排列液晶盒的指向矢分布和电光特性，并在大视角内研究了其关态透过率、开态透过率和对比度。研究发现该常黑型显示模式具有很高的对比度、几乎无色散、高亮度、较低工作电压和在水平和垂直方向具有宽视角等特点。文章最后模拟了具有更宽视角的膜补偿手性垂直排列液晶盒。     

手性剂对TN显示模式的影响研究

向列相液晶中手性剂的含量对TN显示模式的显示效果起着至关重要的作用。通过对两种不同体系的液晶中加入不同含量的手性剂进行实验测定得出：添加手性剂对液晶分子的排列取向有序具有一定的作用;手性剂的含量不同,液晶的阈值电压也有所不同,手性剂含量增多则阈值电压增大,液晶的陡度值增大;手性剂含量不同,面板中的对比度有所不同,手性剂含量增多则对比度下降。通过从微观角度对液晶分子在面板中的排列状态进行理论分析,对以上实验结果的成因机理进行了解释,手性剂的合理添加能更好地使液晶与面板IC驱动相匹配,达到更高的对比度,改善液晶面板中出现的碎亮点显示不良,使液晶面板显示画面更鲜明、细腻、逼真。     

Ag纳米线掺杂的液晶显示器件的电-光特性

为了降低液晶显示器(LCD)的能耗,制备了Ag纳米线-液晶复合材料。用不同浓度的直径约为50nm的Ag纳米线掺杂在液晶中,制备了扭曲向列相液晶显示(TN)模式液晶盒,研究了Ag纳米线对TN显示模式液晶盒的驱动电压、开态响应时间以及频率调制特性的影响。液晶电-光性能的研究结果表明,Ag纳米线的加入能显著降低TN显示模式液晶盒的驱动电压,最大降幅可达14%;但液晶盒的响应时间在掺杂Ag纳米线掺杂后有一定程度的增加。此外,Ag纳米线掺杂的液晶显示出很强的频率调制特性。Ag纳米线的掺杂可以有效改善TN显示模式液晶的电-光性能。     

高扭曲向列液晶盒工作特性研究

利用VISUAL LCD对高扭曲向列液晶盒的透过率-电压特性、对比度-视角特性、透过率-视角特性及动态响应特性进行了模拟。详细分析了液晶盒参数、液晶材料参数、外加电压对液晶显示器特性曲线的影响,并重点介绍了影响对比度、视角、动态响应特性的因素及如何提高响应速度使其满足视频图像显示的需要;研究发现该常白型显示模式基本无色散,并具有较大的视角、良好的透过率和对比度特性,适用于高品质显示。     

聚合物稳定胆甾相滤色液晶光阀的显示研究

本文研究了在平面态和场致向列相之间快速切换的聚合物稳定胆甾相(PSCT)液晶光阀的彩色显示。采用紫外光诱导相分离法(PIPS)制备具有染料掺杂的聚合物稳定胆甾相液晶光阀,通过3种染料在可见光区的吸收作用,对入射白光进行选择性吸收过滤,得到不同颜色的出射光。结果表明:当PSCT处在平面态下,分子螺旋排列,染料对入射光波的吸收不受光波偏振方向的影响,器件具有很强的吸收作用,呈现有色态;当处于场致向列相,染料的吸收作用微小,器件呈透明态,因此器件具有一定的对比度,且不需要偏振片;器件在平面态和场致向列相之间快速切换的响应时间短于7ms。PSCT光阀可以用作滤色器,在多种染料的共同作用下,快速选择滤色得到多种彩色可见光,组成彩色显示平面。     

硅基液晶（LCOS）与电光特性

文章以向列相液晶的弹性理论和Jones矩阵方法为研究基础,给出了90°MTN模式的电压-反射率实验曲线,概述了硅基液晶（LCOS）所使用的反射式显示模式的电压开态特性。对红、绿、蓝三色光,给出了90°MTN和SCTN两种模式的电压-反射率特性曲线,强调了电压开态下的色散效应。对于5V的暗态工作电压,给出了TN-ECB-1和45°MTN两种模式对比度随盒厚的变化曲线。     

荧光粉配比对大功率白光LED发光特性的影响

利用黄色、红色和黄绿色3种荧光粉混合的方法制备了一系列大功率平面发光LED光源,深入研究了黄色、红色和黄绿色3种荧光粉分别对大功率白光LED光源的发光效率、显色指数以及色温的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着黄色荧光粉含量的增加,其发光效率明显提高,最高可达140 lm/W,而显色指数和色温略有下降。随着红色荧光粉含量的增加,其显色指数明显提高,最高可达85,而发光效率和色温明显降低。随着黄绿色荧光粉含量的增加,其发光效率、显色指数以及色温均不同程度地略有下降,但是其对大功率白光LED的色容差起到很好的调节作用。     

Highly Efficient Greenish‐Yellow Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Interzone Exciton Transfer

Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) have undergone tremendous growth over the past two decades. Indeed, they are already prevalent in the form of mobile displays, and are expected to be used in large‐area flat panels recently. To become a viable technology for next generation solid‐state light source however, PHOLEDs face the challenge of achieving concurrently a high color rendering index (CRI) and a high efficiency at high luminance. To improve the CRI of a standard three color white PHOLED, one can use a greenish‐yellow emitter to replace the green emitter such that the gap in emission wavelength between standard green and red emitters is eliminated. However, there are relatively few studies on greenish‐yellow emitters for PHOLEDs, and as a result, the performance of greenish‐yellow PHOLEDs is significantly inferior to those emitting in the three primary colors, which are driven strongly by the display industry. Herein, a newly synthesized greenish‐yellow emitter is synthesized and a novel device concept is introduced featuring interzone exciton transfer to considerably enhance the device efficiency. In particular, high external quantum efficiencies (current efficiencies) of 21.5% (77.4 cd/A) and 20.2% (72.8 cd/A) at a luminance of 1000 cd/m² and 5000 cd/m², respectively, have been achieved. These efficiencies are the highest reported to date for greenish‐yellow emitting PHOLEDs. A model for this unique design is also proposed. This design could potentially be applied to enhance the efficiency of even longer wavelength yellow and red emitters, thereby paving the way for a new avenue of tandem white PHOLEDs for solid‐state lighting.     

Fine‐Tuning of Yellow or Red Photo‐ and Electroluminescence of Functional Difluoro‐boradiazaindacene Films

The present work describes the synthesis of difluoro‐boradiazaindacenes (Bodipy) functionalized at the central 8‐position by phenylamino moieties easily transformable into phenyl amide scaffoldings. Molecules carrying three linear or branched chains were prepared and characterized. An X‐ray crystal structure for the pivotal trimethoxyphenyl‐Bodipy derivative was determined, and the packing is discussed in terms of molecular interactions; a key feature for the formation of thin films. All of the dyes are thermally stable up to 170 °C but no liquid‐crystalline phases are observed. Reversible reduction and oxidation processes occur around +0.97 and −1.34 V, respectively, versus saturated calomel electrode in solution and the electroactivity and photoluminescence are maintained in thin films produced by vacuum evaporation. Interestingly, two distinct emissions are observed at 550 and 635 nm by electroluminescence of the trimethoxyphenyl‐Bodipy derivative, corresponding to the luminescence of isolated molecules and dimers, respectively. Doping Alq₃ films with this Bodipy molecule by vacuum evaporation produces organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) in which very efficient energy transfer from the Alq₃ matrix to the Bodipy occurs by a resonance mechanism involving the first Bodipy excited state. Yellow light (550 nm, 344 cd m⁻² at 15 V) is emitted at low doping concentration (7 mol %), whereas red light (635 nm, 125 cd m⁻² at 15 V) is emitted at higher concentration (19 mol %). Dispersion of the Bodipy into a fluorescent poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) polymer (PVK) (≈3 mol % per repeating unit of PVK) by solution processing exclusively produces yellow emission owing to the isolated Bodipyfluorophore (550 nm, 213 cd m⁻² at 15 V). The second excited state of the Bodipy dye is likely involved during energy transfer from the PVK matrix.     

Exceptional Oxygen Sensing Properties of New Blue Light‐Excitable Highly Luminescent Europium(III) and Gadolinium(III) Complexes

New europium(III) and gadolinium(III) complexes bearing 8‐hydroxyphenalenone antenna combine efficient absorption in the blue part of the spectrum and strong emission in polymers at room temperature. The Eu(III) complexes show characteristic red luminescence whereas the Gd(III) dyes are strongly phosphorescent. The luminescence quantum yields are about 20% for the Eu(III) complexes and 50% for the Gd(III) dyes. In contrast to most state‐of‐the‐art Eu(III) complexes the new dyes are quenched very efficiently by molecular oxygen. The luminescence decay times of the Gd(III) complexes exceed 1 ms which ensures exceptional sensitivity even in polymers of moderate oxygen permeability. These sensors are particularly suitable for trace oxygen sensing and may be good substitutes for Pd(II) porphyrins. The photophysical and sensing properties can be tuned by varying the nature of the fourth ligand. The narrow‐band emission of the Eu(III) allows efficient elimination of the background light and autofluorescence and is also very attractive for use e.g., in multi‐analyte sensors. The highly photostable indicators incorporated in nanoparticles are promising for imaging applications. Due to the straightforward preparation and low cost of starting materials the new dyes represent a promising alternative to the state‐of‐the‐art oxygen indicators particularly for such applications as, e.g., food packaging.     

Axial and radial fluorescence of dye-doped polymer fiber

Fluorescence spectra of perylene-doped polymer fiber were measured in both radial and axial directions, i.e., for leaky and guided beams, by exciting the fiber with a pulsed laser of 460-540-nm wavelength. Green (540-550 nm) and yellow (580 nm) peaks were observed in the radial fluorescence spectrum. Measuring fluorescence change at positions closer to the input end and progressing forward to the output end, we observed that green fluorescence decreased rapidly corresponding to an attenuation constant at incident laser wavelength. In contrast, yellow fluorescence decreased gradually, because it was induced by the absorption of green fluorescence, which attenuated more gradually than incident laser. Therefore, in axial output beams, green fluorescence was much weaker than yellow. As incident laser power increased, intensities of axial green fluorescence and radial fluorescence (both green and yellow) saturated to a certain level. In contrast, axial yellow fluorescence increased nonlinearly with increase in laser power. The output light intensity became strongest at a fiber length of 20-30 mm. These phenomena were analyzed theoretically taking self-absorption and stimulated emission by fluorescent dyes into consideration     

Red‐Light‐Emitting Iridium Complexes with Hole‐Transporting 9‐Arylcarbazole Moieties for Electrophosphorescence Efficiency/Color Purity Trade‐off Optimization

The synthesis, structures, photophysics, electrochemistry and electrophosphorescent properties of new red phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(III) isoquinoline complexes, bearing 9‐arylcarbazolyl chromophores, are reported. The functional properties of these red phosphors correlate well with the results of density functional theory calculations. The highest occupied molecular orbital levels of these complexes are raised by the integration of a carbazole unit to the iridium isoquinoline core so that the hole‐transporting ability is improved in the resulting complexes relative to those with 1‐phenylisoquinoline ligands. All of the complexes are highly thermally stable and emit an intense red light at room temperature with relatively short lifetimes that are beneficial for highly efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Saturated red OLEDs, fabricated using these dyes as the phosphorescent dopants both as vacuum‐evaporated and spin‐coated emissive layers, have been achieved in a multilayer configuration with outstanding red color purity at Commission International de L'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.67,0.33) to (0.68,0.32). Some of the devices can show very high efficiencies with a maximum external quantum efficiency of up to 12 % photons per electron. The excellent performance of these red emitters indicates the advantage of the carbazole module in the ligand framework; demonstrated by an improved hole‐transporting ability that facilitates exciton transport. These materials could thus provide a new avenue for the rational design of heavy‐metal electrophosphors that reveal a superior device efficiency/color purity trade‐off necessary for pure red‐light generation.     

Solution‐Processed Extremely Efficient Multicolor Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Utilizing Doped Electron Transport Layer

A specially designed n‐type semiconductor consisting of Ca‐doped ZnO (CZO) nanoparticles is used as the electron transport layer (ETL) in high‐performance multicolor perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) fabricated using an all‐solution process. The band structure of the ZnO is tailored via Ca doping to create a cascade of conduction energy levels from the cathode to the perovskite. This energy band alignment significantly enhances conductivity and carrier mobility in the CZO ETL and enables controlled electron injection, giving rise to sub‐bandgap turn‐on voltages of 1.65 V for red emission, 1.8 V for yellow, and 2.2 V for green. The devices exhibit significantly improved luminance yields and external quantum efficiencies of, respectively, 19 cd A^?1 and 5.8% for red emission, 16 cd A^?1 and 4.2% for yellow, and 21 cd A^?1 and 6.2% for green. The power efficiencies of these multicolor devices demonstrated in this study, 30 lm W^?1 for green light‐emitting PeLED, 28 lm W^?1 for yellow, and 36 lm W^?1 for red are the highest to date reported. In addition, the perovskite layers are fabricated using a two‐step hot‐casting technique that affords highly continuous (>95% coverage) and pinhole‐free thin films. By virtue of the efficiency of the ETL and the uniformity of the perovskite film, high brightnesses of 10 100, 4200, and 16,060 cd m^?2 are demonstrated for red, yellow, and green PeLEDs, respectively. The strategy of using a tunable ETL in combination with a solution process pushes perovskite‐based materials a step closer to practical application in multicolor light‐emitting devices.     

Evolution of Luminescence from Doped Gallium Phosphide over 40 Years

The results of luminescence studies conducted on the same samples of GaP over a 40-year period are discussed. The results strongly imply that periodic ordering of impurities improved the overall optical and mechanical properties of the material over time. Forty years after preparation, “hot” luminescence spectra in gallium phosphide (GaP) are similar to those for nanocrystals. The aged pure and N-doped crystals exhibit stimulated emission at 300 K. The aged GaP:N:Sm at room temperature generates bright green or yellow and red tunable luminescence. These results correlate with Raman light scattering and microhardness data obtained from the same crystals.     

Novel Chromogenic Esters of ortho‐Phenylazonaphthols

We have prepared the photo‐labile benzoic acid esters and the acid‐labile tert‐butoxycarbonyl esters of Sudan I and Sudan Red B, two representatives of the ortho‐phenylazonaphthol dye family, exhibiting hydroxyazo–hydrazone tautomerism with the hydrazone as the strongly favored form. The chromophores obtained are “locked” in an exclusive azo configuration and exhibit absorbance spectra which are dramatically blue‐shifted (more than 100 nm) and have strongly reduced extinction coefficients when compared to their parent chromophores. Thus, the esters of the orange dye Sudan I exhibit an absorption maximum in the ultraviolet (UV) regime, and the esters of the red dye Sudan Red B appear yellow. Depending on the nature of the ester moiety, by irradiation with UV light or by exposure to preferentially photochemically released acidic species at elevated temperatures, these esters can be reverted to the parent, highly tinctured Sudan I and Sudan Red B, respectively. Unlike conventional chromogenic systems, these dyes are compatible with melt‐processible polymers and do not require any wet‐chemical development. In polymer films comprised of these chromogenic dyes, color patterns can be produced directly by masked irradiation. We here report on the synthesis, spectral properties, and conversion kinetics of these novel chromogenic dyes, which may be potentially suitable for marking and labeling goods in a lithographic process and for optical data storage and sensing applications.     

Overcoming the poor short wavelength spectral response of CdS/CdTe photovoltaic modules via luminescence down‐shifting: ray‐tracing simulations

The short‐wavelength response of cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride (CdS/CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) modules can be improved by the application of a luminescent down‐shifting (LDS) layer to the PV module. The LDS layer contains a mixture of fluorescent organic dyes that are able to absorb short‐wavelength light of λ < 540 nm, for which the PV module exhibited low external quantum efficiency (EQE), and re‐emit it at a longer wavelength (λ > 540 nm), where the solar cell EQE is high. Ray‐tracing simulations indicate that a mixed LDS layer containing three dyes could lead to an increase in the short‐circuit current density from J_sc = 19.8 mA/cm² to J_sc = 22.9 mA/cm² for a CdS/CdTe PV module. This corresponds to an increase in conversion efficiency from 9.6% to 11.2%. This indicates that a relative increase in the performance of a production CdS/CdTe PV module of nearly 17% can be expected via the application of LDS layers, possibly without any making any alterations to the solar cell itself. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.