聚丙烯/纳米碳管复合材料的制备及其摩擦性能研究

以纳米碳管为填料,填充聚丙烯制得纳米碳管/聚丙烯复合材料.借助扫描电子显微镜观察分析了复合材料表面形貌;利用MMW-1A型摩擦磨损试验机研究了纳米碳管含量对聚丙烯复合材料摩擦性能的影响并探讨其摩擦机理.结果表明：纳米碳管在复合材料中分散较好,且保持了一定的长径比;随着纳米碳管含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数显著减小,当纳米碳管的含量为5％时,复合材料的摩擦系数减少了13.17％.     

Improved tribological properties of polyimide composites by micro–nano reinforcement

The hydroxylate carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grafted by chemical method on the surface of the oxidized carbon fibers (CF) to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of polyimide (PI). The microstructure and fracture surface of the polyimide composites indicated that CF–CNTs hybrid as a multiscale reinforcement can distribute into the PI matrix homogeneously. Tribo-tests further showed that CF–CNTs hybrid had a better effect on hardness increment, impact strength enhancement, friction reduction, and wear resistance. Compared to the neat PI, the friction coefficient and wear rate of CF–CNTs/PI composite deceased by 23.2 and 55.9%, respectively. In particular, the loading capacity and high speed resistance of CF–CNTs/PI composite were greatly improved. The corresponding wear mechanisms were also discussed by observing the worn surface of the PI composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47900.     

Effect of carbon nanotube addition on friction coefficient of nanotubes/hydroxyapatite composites

Carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite (CNTs/HA) composites with different CNTs contents were synthesized by in situ method and were characterized by XRD, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. Friction coefficients of the composites were tested using UMT-2 friction tester. Effect of various factors including CNTs content, testing time and applied load on friction coefficient was carried out. Results show that the CNTs/HA composites exhibited lower friction coefficient than pure HA and their friction coefficients decreased with increase of CNTs content from 0 to 20 wt.%. Addition of CNTs in composite is beneficial to increase wear resistance of the CNTs/HA composite and to decrease its friction coefficient.     

Ni-P-PTFE自润滑镀层的耐磨性能及其增强机理研究

采用化学复合镀技术将纳米聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微粒沉积到化学镀Ni-P镀层中。扫描电镜(SEM)表明:镀层内PTFE微粒分散均匀,与Ni-P镀层结合紧密。摩擦磨损实验表明:在100N作用下,Ni-P-PTFE镀层的摩擦因数约为0.03,具有良好的摩擦学性能。热处理后的摩擦磨损实验表明:经热处理后,镀层仍具有较低的摩擦因数和良好的耐磨性能。     

(Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒化学复合镀层的摩擦特性

通过对化学镀Ni-P合金,化学复合镀（Ni-P)-微米SiC微粒复合镀层和化学复合镀（Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒复合镀层研究与比较,探讨了化学复合镀（Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒复合镀层的摩擦学特性;研究发现化学复合镀（Ni-P)-纳米TiO2微粒复合镀层由于其良好的组织与性能,滑动磨损过程中具有低的摩擦系数和高的耐磨性。这种良好的摩擦学特性在高载荷下更为突出。     

Tribological behavior of plasma sprayed carbon nanotubes reinforced TiO2 coatings

Intrinsic structural limitations of plasma-spray TiO₂ coating deteriorate its wear resistance. Herein, CNTs are incorporated in the coating to assess their effects on the microstructure and tribological properties. Structurally, degradation degree of CNTs in TiO₂ matrix during plasma spraying was revealed by Raman spectroscopy. And high resolution transmission electron microscopy manifested that TiO₂/CNT interface was well bonded along with presence of notable interfacial carbothermic product Ti_nO_2n-1 at atomic scale. The phenomenon indicates a beneficial effect for transferring stress from matrix to CNTs effectively. Then, the influence of CNTs on coating’s friction behavior was investigated by zirconia ball-on-disk tribometer under dry-sliding condition. As compared to TiO₂ coating, the nanocomposite coating exhibited a moderate decrease in friction coefficient and an enormous reduction (～93.6%) in wear volume. The remarkable advance in tribological properties of the reinforced coating can be attributed to four kinds of frictional effects of CNTs: tribo-reorientation, tribo-protruding, tribo-film and tribo-degradation.     

Wear studies of hydroxyapatite composite coating reinforced by carbon nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been successfully introduced into hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings using laser surface alloying. It is evident from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations that the CNTs present in the matrix still keep their multi-walled cylinder graphic structure, although they undergo the laser irradiation. Scratching test results indicated that the as-alloyed HA composite coatings exhibit improved wear resistance and lower friction coefficient with increasing the amount of CNTs in the precursor material powders. These composites have potential applications in the field of coating materials for metal implants under high-load-bearing conditions.     

Effect of specimen orientation and heat treatment on electroless Ni-PTFE-MoS<Subscript>2</Subscript> composite coatings

In this study, the effects of simultaneous co-deposition of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and MoS₂ particles on tribological properties of electroless nickel (EN) coating were studied. The influences of specimen orientation and heat treatment on EN-PTFE-MoS₂ composite coatings were also investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of coatings and the distributions of the lubricant particles in the deposits. Chemical analyses of coatings were done by electron dispersive spectrometry. The phases of the coatings were identified by X-ray diffraction utilizing CuKα radiation. Wear and friction properties of the coatings were also determined by pin-on-disk wear tester. The wear investigations showed that the EN-PTFE-MoS₂ composite coating performs better than EN-PTFE and EN-MoS₂ coatings in terms of friction coefficient and wear resistance. PTFE and MoS₂ contents of the EN-PTFE-MoS₂ coating were increased by changing the specimen orientation from vertical to horizontal configuration, which leads to enhancement in tribological properties of the coating. After heat treatment, the wear rate of EN matrix composite coating decreased with corresponding change in phase structure.     

Carbon/carbon-boron nitride composites with improved wear resistance compared to carbon/carbon

This paper describes the fabrication of a carbon fiber reinforced/carbon-boron nitride (C/C-BN) hybrid matrix composite for possible use in aircraft brakes. These composites were fabricated via liquid infiltration of a liquid crystalline borazine oligomer into a low-density carbon fiber/carbon matrix (C/C) composite. The friction and wear properties of the C/C-BN were explored over the entire energy spectrum for aircraft braking using an inertial brake dynamometer. The C/C-BN composites with densities of 1.55 g/cc displayed wear rates 50% lower than values observed with C/C samples with densities of approximately 1.75-1.8 g/cc. This includes the near elimination of wear from 300 to 600 kJ/kg, which represents the normal landing regime for aircraft brakes. This encouraging behavior is attributed in part to the improved oxidation resistance of the BN at high energy levels and the ability of the BN to facilitate formation of a stable wear film at lower energy levels. The coefficient of friction, while being slightly lower than the values for C/C, appeared much less sensitive to changes in energy level.     

Impact of enhanced interfacial strength on physical,mechanical and tribological properties of copper/reduced graphene oxide composites: Microstructural investigation

Copper/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were prepared to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of copper without adversely affecting its physical properties in any significant manner. No hazardous chemicals were used for reduced graphene oxide production, which maintained the integrity of layers. For better dispersibility of rGO in the copper matrix, electroless deposition of copper was done on the activated and sensitized rGO surfaces. Different amounts of prepared Copper/rGO nanocomposites were then dispersed in bulk copper using ethanol and finally compacted using spark plasma sintering. The coefficient of friction of copper reinforced with 0.5 wt% of nanocomposite reduced by 77.5% compared to neat copper. The flexural strength of copper reinforced with 0.75 wt% of nanocomposite and modulus of 1 wt% of nanocomposite reinforced copper increased by 15.2% and 31.3%, respectively, with different strengthening mechanisms before and after yield point. The increase in hardness and strength of the material along with thin rGO films in the wear track accounted for the sharp decrease in the coefficient of friction for the composites. There was a minimal and gradual decrease in the physical properties (electrical and thermal conductivities) of the composites with an increase in the amount of reinforcement. The two-step composite fabrication process ensured better dispersion of rGO in the copper matrix, which resulted in even properties throughout the composite.     

Microstructure and properties of Cu-Ti alloy infiltrated chopped Cf reinforced ceramics composites

Novel friction composites (C/C-Cu₅Si-TiC) were prepared via reactive melt infiltration (RMI) of Cu-Ti alloy into porous C/C-SiC composites. The microstructure, physical properties and tribological behaviors of the novel material were studied. Results were compared to conventional C/C-SiC composites produced by liquid silicon infiltration(LSI). The resultant composite showed the microstructure composed of Cu₅Si matrix reinforced with TiC particles and intact C/C structures. Most importantly, the composite did not present traces of free Si. As a result, the C/C-Cu₅Si-TiC composite showed higher flexural strength, impact toughness and thermal diffusivity in comparison to C/C-SiC composites. Tribological properties were measured using 30CrSiMoVA as a counterpart. In general, the C/C-Cu₅Si-TiC composites showed lower coefficient of friction(COF), but higher wear resistance and frictional stability. The improved wear resistance of the C/C-Cu₅Si-TiC composites is credited to the formation of friction films from Cu₅Si matrix. Other deformation and wear mechanisms are also described considering the microstructural observations.     

The Friction and Wear Properties of Short Carbon/CNT/PA6 Hybrid Composites Under Dry Sliding Conditions

The authors present a study of the tribological properties of short carbon/carbon nanotube (CNT)/PA6 hybrid composites. Their specific wear rate and the coefficient of friction were examined as a function of sliding time and distance. In addition, the hybrid composites with varying CNT volume ratio were tested to assess hybrid effects. It was found that the friction and wear rate decreased with sliding distance and then leveled off under dry sliding conditions, showing the effective reinforcing effect of CNT. Worn surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope and the wear process was governed by the plastic deformation and mechanical microploughing.     

Effect of Annealing Temperature and Alumina Particles on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Ni-P-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Composite Coatings

In this study, the effect of annealing temperature and alumina particles on micro-hardness, corrosion, wear, and friction of Ni-P-Al₂O₃ composites coating is studied. The electroless nickel composite coating with various alumina particle content is deposited on a mild steel substrate. The corrosion behaviour and tribological behaviour (wear and friction) of the composite coated samples are investigated and compared with Ni-P coated samples. The micro-hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the composite coating improved significantly after heat treatment (400 °C) and in the presence of alumina particles. The composite coating deposited with alumina particle concentration of 10 g/L in an electroless bath and heat treated at 400 °C shows excellent results compared to Ni-P, as-deposited Ni-P-Al₂O₃ coating and coatings heat treated at different annealing temperature (200 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C). Microstructure changes and composition of the composite coatings due to incorporation of alumina particles and heat treatment are studied with the help of SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis and XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis).     

网带炉烧结工艺对PTFE基三层复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

通过湿法压轧复合工艺制备了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)基三层复合材料,采用网带炉对复合材料试样进行了烧结,对试样分别进行了油循环和干摩擦两种端面摩擦磨损试验,研究了网带炉不同烧结温度和烧结频率对PTFE基三层复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,对试样承载能力、摩擦系数、磨痕深度及磨痕形貌进行了表征。结果表明,随着烧结温度和烧结频率在一定范围内增加,试样的承载能力、减摩性和耐磨性都先增加后减小,试样露铜及剥落程度则先减小后增大。当烧结温度为365℃,烧结频率为25 Hz时,PTFE基三层复合材料的综合摩擦学性能最佳。     

氧化处理对MC尼龙/C3D复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

以己内酰胺单体和经氧化处理的碳纤维三维编织物(C3D)为原料,采用原位聚合方法制备了C3D增强浇铸尼龙(MC尼龙/C3D)复合材料。在磨损试验机上进行了滑动摩擦试验,采用扫描电子显微镜对磨痕和磨屑形貌进行观察和分析,研究了氧化处理对MC尼龙/C3D复合材料摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,C3D经过氧化处理后所制MC尼龙/C3D复合材料的摩擦系数明显小于C3D未经氧化处理的MC尼龙/C3D复合材料。随着载荷的增加,材料的摩擦系数增大,而磨损率减小;在较高滑动速度下,摩擦系数和磨损率均较小;从磨痕和磨屑形貌观察到,C3D经氧化处理后与基体结合好,而未经氧化处理的C3D与基体剥离,但是C3D经氧化处理的复合材料的磨损率在较高载荷下略有增大。表明,C3D的氧化处理提高了碳纤维与基体间的结合强度,同时在一定程度上提高了复合材料的摩擦学性能。     

Synthesis and properties of ceramic-based nanocomposite layer of aluminum carbide embedded with oriented carbon nanotubes

In the present work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were embedded in aluminum carbide coating in desired vertical/horizontal direction in order to fabricate a nanocomposite layer with unidirectional enhanced mechanical properties. A novel method based on monopolar pulsed plasma electrolysis under magnetic field was used for this purpose. Nanostructure of the obtained nanocomposite layer was examined with high precision figure analysis of SEM, AFM and TEM nanostructures. The mechanical and tribological properties of these coatings were investigated with respect to the direction of the embedded CNTs. The coefficient of friction was lowered from 0.2 to less than 0.1 in a pin-on-disc test against steel with dramatic affected coating wear rate by a decrease to near 400% with respect to raw substrate. The lower friction is attributed to more extensive creation of amorphous carbon on the counter surface and also in the coating wear track. As a conclusion, this method is appropriate for fabrication of hard coating on the surface of low-melting-point metals and light alloys.     

Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as reinforced fibres on tribological behaviour of Ni–P electroless coatings

After multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were modified and dispersed uniformly in electrolyte, the MWNTs composite coatings were prepared by electroless deposition. Hardness tests were carried out using a Vickers Hardness indenter. The friction and wear behavior of the Ni–P–MWNTs composite coatings in carbon-steel rings were investigated by using a ring-on-plate wear tester at pure liquid paraffin. Moreover, the friction and wear behavior of nine kinds of wear combinations, which were composed of plates and rings of different composite coatings, were studied. The experimental results indicated that addition of MWNTs would result in an increase in microhardness and an improvement of tribological properties of the Ni–P composite coating significantly. The Ni–P–MWNTs composite coatings revealed lower wear rate and friction coefficient compared with Si–C composite coatings. Moreover, the wear combination, which composed of the Ni–P–MWNTs composite coatings, showed a more excellent ability of friction-reduction and wear resistance than other combinations, and their friction coefficient and wear rate were 0.1087 and 1.49 × 10^− 6 kg/m, respectively.     

高压气体压缩机阀片用材料的研究

根据气体压缩机阀片的要求，制备了碳纤维(CF)和二硫化钼(MoS2)填充热塑性聚酰亚胺(PI)复合材料；研究了不同组成材料的力学性能、摩擦性能，考察了载荷对材料摩擦性能的影响，观察了材料磨损面形貌，并对磨损面进行了元素分析。结果表明：通过填充碳纤维，可以有效增强聚酰亚胺材料的强度；填充MoS2后，材料的力学性能有所下降，但可有效提高材料的极限PV值；随载荷增加，材料的磨损率及摩擦系数都不断减小；该材料适于作高压气体压缩机构件。     

Tribological behavior of polyetheretherketone composites containing short carbon fibers and potassium titanate whiskers in dry sliding against steel

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites reinforced by short carbon fibers (SCF) and potassium titanate whiskers (PTW) were prepared using twin‐screw extrusion compounding and injection molding. The tribological properties of hybrid composites were investigated in dry sliding condition against steel. The effects of filler contents on the wear behavior were studied. It was found that the hybrid composite showed an excellent tribological property in dry sliding condition. Applied load had great effect on the tribological behavior of the composites. In most cases, the friction coefficient of the composite decreased with the load rising. The composites with higher CF contents showed outstanding tribological performances at low load but could worsen the wear behavior at high load. Because of the positive effect of PTW, high PTW loading composites presented low wear rate at low load. At high loads, the composites with lower PTW contents had better wear resistance. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed that abrasion wear was attributed to the lower wear resistance of the high PTW content composite at high load. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDATION OF THE FIBERS ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED NYLON COMPOSITES

Three-dimensional braided carbon fiber-reinforced nylon composites (C_3D/MCN) were prepared in order to investigate the influence of oxidation of carbon fibers on the tribological properties of the C_3D/MCN composites. Friction and wear tests of the C_3D/MCN composites with untreated and treated carbon fabric were conducted. The characteristics of the carbon fiber, the interface strength, the hardness, and the worn surface morphologies of the C_3D/MCN composites were analyzed. The results show that the specific surface area of treated carbon fiber was far higher than that of untreated carbon fiber and there formed a functional group of -C=O on the carbon fiber surface after air oxidation. The oxidation of the carbon fibers improved the interface strength between the carbon fibers and the matrix and had little effect on the hardness of the composites. The friction coefficient and wear rate of C_3D/MCN composites with oxidized carbon fibers were apparently lower than those with untreated carbon fibers. In conclusion, the oxidation of the fibers showed good effects on the improvement of the interface strength and the tribological properties of the composites.