Technology novelty, project complexity, and product developmentproject execution success: a deeper look at task uncertainty in productinnovation

This paper applies the construct of task uncertainty to study relationships between product development project characteristics and project outcomes. The authors characterize product development projects in terms of their technology novelty and project complexity levels. This characterization is based on product development literature and organizational information processing theory. They hypothesize that technology novelty and project complexity characteristics contribute to project task uncertainty and are in turn associated with project execution outcomes. A cross-sectional survey of 120 new product development projects for assembled goods was employed to test relationships between project characteristics and project success. Success measures include achievement of individual project goals, such as technical performance, unit-cost, time-to-market and overall achievement of project goals     

面向下一代网络的多层联合组通信模型

当前,网络层组通信模型性能理想,但难于实现;而应用层组通信模型虽然实现简单,但性能较低,两者都不能很好地满足新兴宽带增值业务所带来的大规模组播通信需求.本文突破了以往组通信模型在设计时,仅局限在网络中的某一单层上寻找解决方案的传统思想,创新性地将现有的网络层组通信模型和应用层组通信模型,按域内和域间的网络划分进行联合部署,从而提出了"域间单播 域内组播"或"域间组播 域内单播"的多层联合组通信模型,其不仅完全继承了原有网络层和应用层组通信模型的技术优势,还大大改善了各自存在的技术缺点,为下一代网络中的组通信模型发展提供了全新的技术途径.     

通信工程建设管理措施研究

在通信行业中,通信建设工程发挥着最为基础性的作用,并且会对通信网络运行产生直接影响。由于通信建设工程本身较为复杂,再加上存在一定的风险性,因而在通信建设工程的时候需要加以科学管理,通信建设工程才能够朝着更加稳定健康的方向发展。文章主要对通信工程建设全过程中的相关管理措施进行了研究,并提出了相应的实践策略。     

Collaborative tools and processes to support software engineering shift work

This paper describes the construction of and early experiences with a software engineering support environment for projects using globally distributed teams. The goals of the project are twofold. Firstly, it aims to construct a pragmatic solution to the problems experienced by widely geographically dispersed groups which collaborate on software development projects. Secondly, it aims to experiment with processes which facilitate software shift work through exploitation of time differences between collaborating groups. The construction of the support environment, known as GWSE (Global Working in Software Engineering) system, is presented, including its architecture and integration with existing workflow, document and project management tools. The use of the GWSE system in a trial development project is then described, including an initial quantitative analysis of the collaboration overheads experienced.     

Software engineering across boundaries: student project indistributed collaboration

Geographically distributed software development projects have been made possible by rapid developments primarily within the data communication area. A number of companies recognize that distributed collaboration has great potential for the near future. The article describes the empirical study of a cooperative student project located at two different geographical sites. The project was carried out at two universities: one in Sweden and one in Finland. The initial goals were to give the students the opportunity to learn about the practical aspects of cooperation between two geographically separate institutions and to study specific problems anticipated by the teachers with regard to communication, coordination, language, culture, requirements' handling, testing, and bug fixing. The article focuses on communication and coordination within the cooperative project, as these were identified as the most significant problem areas. We also thought that these areas were the most interesting and the ones most likely to lead to improvements. The article not only describes our findings but also gives hints about what to think about when running similar projects, both with respect to project related issues and teaching issues     

User involvement for effective customization: an empirical study onvoice networks

This paper addresses the role of customer involvement in effective customization of projects, products, or services. Relationships between variables such as project effectiveness, user involvement, supplier efficacy for service to the client, and project complexity are studied. The conditions necessitating involvement are also explored. The case of voice network customization is examined. A questionnaire is designed to measure the variables of the study. Factor analysis gives two factors of project complexity: project size/cost; and user inexperience. Findings provide evidence that user involvement is positively related to network project effectiveness. Supplier efficacy for service is positively and significantly related to user involvement and project effectiveness. The implication is that suppliers with a service-orientation can motivate user involvement and achieve client satisfaction, In addition, user inexperience is positively related to user involvement showing the importance of learning as a motivator for customer participation     

Competence management by informatics in R&D: the corporatelevel

Resources of deep competence available in all fields required by the new product development process (NPD) demanded monodisciplinary groups of specialists acting as living systems. Group members, being in an everyday face-to-face contact and using the same terminology in an atmosphere of common problem solving, can create the core competence necessary for corporate success. The usual ways to assign specialists of different professions in interdisciplinary project teams endanger this by removing the individual from the source of competence. Use of the resource box model for information structuring with full-media communication enables establishment of virtual teams for project work. Then the team members can provide the total knowledge of the competence group without leaving it. The structure of operative resource boxes as a basis combined with supporting resource boxes and decision boxes can build a network organization. It relies on a communication system in three levels providing valuable information of high quality. This organization concept is based on deep studies for several years of a high-tech Swedish product development organization     

Communications patterns of new product development team leaders

A study of the communication patterns of two types of new-product development (NPD) team leaders, operating and innovating, is reported. Specific attention is given to differences in the leaders' communication with team members and with external groups. The results indicate that the communication patterns of NPD team leaders depend on the type of team and the informational demands of the project. This can help NPD team leaders focus on communicating about issues specific to their task and communicating with specific groups who can help the team achieve its goals. It is shown that degree of success differentiates the communication patterns of team leaders, particularly within operating types of teams     

有线电视项目管理的一种应用方案探讨

受各种因素制约，有线电视项目信息没有统一存储和管理方式。如何解决项目管理中信息共享和高效沟通，是有线电视网络运营商亟待解决的问题。探讨一种利用Microsoft Office System进行项目管理的解决方案。     

Multipoint communication and group working for businessapplications: goals and initial results of the MIMIS project

The paper presents a brief overview of project R2025 MIMIS (Multipoint Interactive Multimedia Interpersonal System) of the European Community's RACE II programme. The project is dedicated to the development of a desktop broadband multimedia conference system. The system will be designed according to the business communication requirements of its potential users and user groups. The practical aim of the project is to develop four demonstrators: three intermediate versions and a final one, containing all conference facilities, using an ATM broadband network. It describes the project's aims, the distinction between MIMIS and commercially available systems and initial results of the study on user requirements and the system specification     

Estimating factors affecting project task size in product development-an empirical study

This paper addresses the methodology used to determine the amount of human resources needed to develop products. It is based on an empirical study of five firms in different industries. The methods rely on technical experts operating within budget constraints. The specific methods vary from relatively ad-hoc approaches to database-driven, centralized, and validated approaches. This variation is largely correlated with project and overall product development organization scale in a logical fashion in that larger projects and organizations move away from individual decision-makers toward centralized, objective, and validated methods. The project characteristics used by the experts and implicitly utilized in the database models to assess project complexity are also detailed in this paper. These characteristics are categorized based on a project complexity framework. We found that the scale of a project and the amount of "stretch" are the two most widely used characteristics for estimating project complexity. We found no utilization of the level of either component or task interactions in estimating project complexity by the firms studied. We also found no empirical evidence for interactions being a determinant of project difficulty despite a fair amount of theoretical concern with their importance in project complexity. In addition, we analyzed the accuracy of methods and conclude that since the accuracy at a higher level masks resource allocation problems at a lower level, the accuracy should be followed at multiple levels.     

一类通信网络投资项目后评估方法

本着积极创新的原则,结合项目后评估理论与实践,试图提出适合一类通信网络投资项目后评估思路,并根据该思路给出了后评估分析体系。     

基于ZigBee的远程电力抄表数据采集器设计

为设计一种安装维护方便,低功耗和数据通信可靠的数据采集终端,根据无线技术发展,提出一种基于无线传感器网络的远程电力数据采集器设计方案,AVR作为整个系统的核心控制器,负责对采集的电量数据进行处理,并进行智能控制,利用ZigBee短距离无线通信技术进行数据传输,大大减少了工程的布线复杂度,提高了数据通信的可靠性,降低了功耗。试验结果表明,终端工作可靠、正常。     

Predicting technical communication in product developmentorganizations

This work explores prediction of technical communication patterns within product development organizations. Our methodology involves first predicting the patterns of communication and then measuring the actual communications to see if the anticipated linkages are realized. We applied this methodology to a commercial product development project in the electronics industry. In this case study we found that: 81% of all coordination type communication linkages were predicted in advance; occurrences of frequent communications were more accurately predicted than infrequent communications; and two-way communication exchange was most often observed, even where oneway information transfer was predicted. For the management of product development projects, these results imply that certain aspects of organizational design can be planned by anticipating the technical communication linkages required for project execution. Finally, a critical analysis of our methodology suggests improvements for future work     

Managing multiple engineering projects in a manufacturing supportenvironment

Business trends require front-line managers to integrate multiproject concepts with those of traditional single-project management since very rarely can one find major organizations managing just one project. A typical situation entails a limited pool of resources which is applied to the management of several projects, with people moving back and forth among different assignments in different projects. Yet, few studies on project management have started to explore the issue of how to manage an organization with multiple inter- or intradepartmental projects. Using a case study method, our exploratory research investigates the specific problems associated with the management of multiple engineering projects in a manufacturing support environment, with the intent to identify common factors of success. Knowing the factors of success is but the first step toward improving multi-project management. Our findings provide insight into how the most important multiple-project success factors in this environment differ from factors of success in traditional single-project management, and are consistent with other emerging research in product development environments. The differences center on resource allocation and flexibility. Some factors, such as ownership, staff experience, and communication, take on additional dimensions when considered in a multiple-versus a single-project environment. Division and assignment of resources, prioritization, and customized management style, which have little relevance in relation to single projects, are shown to play a major role in the success of multiproject management     

应用HTML5语言对移动APP邮乐网的设计与开发

自从HTML5出现,就得到了很多人的认可,这项技术为移动APP的开发创造了更好的开发环境和发展机会,让应用型产业更加的全面和生动.运用HTML5技术来开发一个移动端项目APP,更加方便和快捷,在编写代码的时候,因为HTML5的新增加的特性从而使得代码更加简便而性能高.     

基于物联网的病房监控系统的设计研究

随着电子信息技术、多媒体技术以及网络技术的快速发展,物联网技术也得到了快速的发展.本系统采用的是S3C6410微处理器,结合视频通信模块、传感器模块,对医院病房进行实时监控以及室内温湿度的检测,通过USB无线网卡连接互联网,设计一个无线视频传输系统,将设备采集到的数据通过网络传送到网络服务器,操作系统内移植了嵌入式Web服务器GoA-head,结合PHP、HTML等脚本语言,采用了B/S架构将各项环境参数及指标在网页上显示,实现了运行稳定、速度快、成本低、体积小的无线视频监控平台,具有很大的实用价值.     

From theory to practice: toward a typology of project-managementstyles

Research literature on the management of projects has been quite slow in its conceptual development and still suffers from a scanty theoretical basis. One of the main impediments in the study of projects has been the absence of constructs and the little distinction that has been made between the project type and its managerial and organizational style. Based on the findings in a field study of 26 case projects, this research shows that there is a need to adopt a more project-specific contingency approach to project management in organizations. This study explores a two-dimensional theoretical model for the classification of technical (or engineering) projects. Projects are classified according to four levels of technological uncertainty at the time of project initiation and three levels of system scope, which is their location on a hierarchical ladder of systems and subsystems. Considerable differences were found in management style, project organization and operational practice when moving along each of the model's two axes. Differences also were observed in simultaneous change in both dimensions. The findings suggest a handful of practical and managerial implications. They are based on the premise that a proper project classification prior to project initiation and a carefully selected management style may lead to better implementation and to an increased chance of project success     

基于强度排序的通信社区检测算法

针对当前电信网中如何有效刻画含权网络的真实特征,完善和发展相关复杂网络模型的难题,特别是对通信社区检测结果层次结构不清晰及运算复杂度高的问题,从复杂网络特征分析入手,设计了一种新的通信社区检测算法。该算法基于通信强度排序方法实现通信社区的有效检出,基于通信密度分布生成高分辨率层次嵌套树,通过距离矢量修剪嵌套树,实现社区稳定检测和层次结构分析同时降低计算复杂度。该算法使用真实网络数据进行了有效验证。     

高校保密项日风险控制评价

高校保密项目的风险控制能力直接关系到高校项目的安全性,对以国防研究为特色的高等院校尤为重要。从高校保密环境复杂性分析人手,对高校保密项目进行风险识别,构建风险控制能力模型。在此基础上,采用模糊综合评价法对高校保密项目风险控制能力进行评价,并以西部某国防高校为例进行实证研究,对评价结果进行分析,以期为高校保密工作部门提供科学的管理依据。同时,这种方法有效弥补了定性研究的不足,为高校保密项目的风险管理研究提供了一种新的思路。