Comparison of several styles of typography in English.

"Five styles of typography—spaced units, vertical, square span, and arrangement of one phrase per line, and conventional—were compared using untrained subjects. This paper reports two fairly independent series of experiments: a series using a tachistoscope presentation, and a series in which the subjects read passages of about 1500 words… . The tachistoscope series suggests that there are advantages to the new arrangements, but the reading series suggests that subjects must be trained to read these new arrangements before the advantage will be fully realized." From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4LM62C. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of Flesch readability scores with a test of reading comprehension.

101 high school seniors, who had taken the Diagnostic Reading Test, read ten 100-word passages judged to be of equal interest but varied systematically in Reading Ease score from 5 to 95 at 10-point intervals and took brief objective-type Comprehension Tests on them. "In general, differences between mean comprehension scores for adjacent RE levels were significant at the 5% level. From these findings it is inferred the Flesch RE scores do adequately estimate the comparative difficulty in comprehension of 'popular' reading material for a 17- to 18-year-old group." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Flesch readability formula applied to television programs.

A Flesch readability analysis was made of eight daytime adult interest programs and twenty-five evening once-a-week network TV programs. Both types of program used audible vocabularies that were relatively simple and contained relatively large amounts of human interest. Although the Reading Ease and Human Interest scores were significantly correlated, neither was correlated significantly with Telepulse ratings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Learning, prediction, and readability.

One group of Ss, after memorization practice, learned as much as they could in set study periods (recording recall immediately at period end). Another group predicted each successive word from a knowledge of preceding context, for 30 English passages. Recall and prediction scores were correlated with Flesch and Dale-Chall readability scores. all the correlations were positive and high. Both readability formulas showed a higher correlation with learning than with prediction, but the difference was not significant. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of curved text upon readability of print.

"(1) This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of curved text upon speed of reading and upon visibility of word forms. (2) The subjects were 104 college students, 52 in each of the subgroups. (3) The rate of reading curved print was significantly slower than for flat copy. (4) Visibility or ease of perceiving words was reduced significantly for curved text in comparison with flat text. (5) The retardation in speed of reading curved text seems to be due largely to reduced visibility of word forms… . (6) It is suggested that wider inner margins be employed in large books and magazines to avoid the marked curvature of the printed page… in such volumes." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

一起立式锅炉爆炸失效原因分析

针对一起立式锅炉爆炸事故,通过采用材料化学成分分析、显微硬度测定、力学性能试验、金相组织分析等手段,对爆炸失效原因进行了分析,并得出结论.     

"Cloze" readability scores as indices of individual differences in comprehension and aptitude.

In the "close procedure" the readability of a prose passage is measured by the number of deleted words readers correctly guess. To three test groups (Ns = 58), "easy," "hard" and "any" cloze passages were administered in a before-after design together with a knowledge pretest, and these data were related to AFQT scores. "Cloze" scores, knowledge test scores, and AFQT scores were all positively correlated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Aspects of readability in the social studies.

Reviews the book Aspects of readability in the social studies by Eleanor M. Peterson (see record 1955-01470-000). Scientific interest in readability has increased greatly in recent years, both in the development of measures and in their application to printed material. Peterson's book is an addition to the growing literature in this field. It differs from most previous work, however, in two ways. First, Peterson has attempted to avoid the better known (and better investigated) aspects of readability--vocabulary difficulty, sentence length, sentence structure, etc.--and has concentrated on two that are relatively less well known, the organization of material and its interest value to the reader. The importance of these two aspects has long been recognized, but so also has the difficulty encountered in trying to measure them objectively. The second difference is that Peterson has presented a study of the effects of varied material upon the tested comprehension of students. This pioneer study, as it stands, provides both a stimulus for future studies and valuable suggestions for the practicing textbook writer and teacher to follow. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Readability of readers.

The Flesch count readability formula was applied to general readers in psychology intended to be used in combination with regular psychology tests. Results indicate that "… the books are of about the same degree of difficulty, all being difficult according to Flesch's standards… . Some of the most readable work was done by such writers as Kohler, Freud, Munn, Murphy, James McKeen Cattell and Lashley." Among the more difficult to read are Lewin, Pavlov, Carmichael, and Cruze. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuroticism, extraversion, and the perception of the vertical.

The experiment is described for 47 male Ss tested on their ability to judge a luminous rod held vertical while they were tilted sidewise in a chair within a dark room. "No difference was found between those scoring high or low on neuroticism, but those scoring high on extraversion were significantly less accurate than were those scoring low." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of a "chunked" typography on reading rate and comprehension.

3 studies with 104 undergraduates investigated the effect of a chunked typography on the reading rate and comprehension of mature readers, reading at their normal rates. Passages and questions from a standardized reading test were displayed via an electromechanical device which allowed actual reading times to be recorded. 5 experimental chunked formats were compared with each other and 1 selected for further study. The chunking of the material was arbitrarily intuitive but a subsequent analysis indicated that the chunked boundaries usually coincided with the major phrase boundaries of immediate constituents. There was no important or statistically significant difference between the experimental chunked format and the control format, either on the reading rate or comprehension measures. Another control format, no punctuation or capitalization, did result in significant decrements in reading rate and comprehension. It is concluded that the spatial separation of reading materials into groups of meaningfully related words does not improve the reading efficiency of mature readers when they are reading at their normal rate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Know your reader: the scientific approach to readability.

Reviews the book Know your reader: The scientific approach to readability, by George R. Klare and Byron Buck (see record 1955-00831-000). This book is an important contribution to the growing literature on problems of communication. The three-word title shifts attention from the writer to the reader. And the five-word subtitle tells the communicator that this book will force him to consider the arts of rhetoric and composition and to plunge into the domain of the science of readability. The general objective of the book is to provide writers with information that will help them to communicate more effectively. The reviewer feels that the serious student of communication, whether he be a writer or a psychologist, will welcome this book because it brings together the facts and principles contained in the comprehensive 193-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coordination of grip and load forces during vertical point-to-point movements with a grasped object in Parkinson's disease.

Thirteen patients with Parkinson's disease and 13 age-matched control subjects performed vertical point-to-point arm movements with an instrumented object, starting and ending with the object being held stationary. All Parkinsonian patients were tested on medication. Parkinsonian patients retained all aspects of predictive grip force control. Compared with healthy controls, they generated similar static grip forces during stationary holding and similar force ratios between maximum grip and load force, reflecting effective grip force adjustments in relation to movement-induced inertial loads. Grip and load force maximums coincided very closely, indicating that temporal aspects of predictive grip force regulation were also unaffected. However, Parkinsonian subjects showed additional oscillations in acceleration and grip force due to tremor and produced significantly slower arm accelerations due to bradykinesia. The results suggest that Parkinson's disease does not significantly impair the anticipation of movement-induced load fluctuations during voluntary arm movements with a grasped object performed on medication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Readability of Braille as a function of three spacing variables.

"Three values of spacing between dots within Braille cells, three values of spacing between Braille cells, and three values of spacing between Braille lines were read in all possible combinations in an effort to determine the most readable specifications of Braille print for school children… . The analysis indicated that a dot spacing of .080 in. is inferior to .090 in. or .100 in… . A cell spacing of .123 in. or possibly .140 in. is more readable than cells space .160 in. apart. Braille whose line spacing is .200 in. is more readable than either of the other two values used." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Readability of employee's letters in relation to occupational level.

The Reading Ease level (Flesch) and occupational level of the writer of 400 employee letters comprising a 10 percent sample of letters received in the General Motors "My Job Contest" were compared. "A hierarchy of mean RE scores was found to exist ranging from a mean of 54 (Fairly Difficult) for the "skilled" salary groups to a mean of 73 (Fairly Easy) for the "unskilled" hourly employees… . The results were interpreted as confirming previous readability studies of industrial communications and as providing a guide for the preparation of industrial communications." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

无井架竖井施工技术及应用实例

介绍了一种新型无井架竖井施工工艺技术:在施工条件允许时,可与地面钢筋混凝土井塔和地下竖井同时施工,与通常竖井施工方法相比,可缩短施工工期,节约建设投资。通过无井架竖井施工案例及分析总结了其技术特点,详细的无井架竖井施工应用实例,可为该技术的推广应用提供借鉴经验。     

The speed and accuracy of reading horizontal, vertical, and circular scales.

"The speed and accuracy of reading comparable horizontal, vertical, and circular scales has been studied by means of a film… . The vertical scale is clearly less easy to read than either of the other two displays, particular difficulty being experienced near its ends. The success of the circular scale may be attributed to the fact that it presents a smaller area to be scanned. The shape of the visual field and the relative ease of moving the eyes from side to side, rather than up and down, are thought to account for the greater accuracy on the horizontal scale." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

立式螺旋搅拌磨机的研制及其在黄金矿山中的应用

介绍了立式螺旋搅拌磨机(塔磨机Tower Mill)的基本结构特点和工作原理,以及在黄金矿山中的应用历史和设备的不断完善过程,设计出了具有中国国精井具有知识产权的细磨设备——立式螺旋搅拌磨机,在黄金矿山得到了广泛应用。     

Being of two minds: The vertical split in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy: Book review.

Review of book, Arnold Goldberg (Au.), Being of Two Minds: The Vertical Split in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1999, 192 pp., $34.50. Reviewed by Henry J. Friedman. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)