CORRELATION AS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN 2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES IS SUBJECT TO THE SAME EFFECTS AS ARE THE MEANS ON 1 VARIABLE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE 1ST AND LAST TRIALS MAY VARY WITH CONDITIONS OF PRACTICE, JUST AS THE TRIAL MEANS MAY. THE DEPENDENCE, MOREOVER, OF A CORRELATION UPON SOME EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND ITS INDEPENDENCE OF OTHERS MAY BE RELEVANT INFORMATION. IN THIS PAPER THE CHI SQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENT CORRELATIONS IS EXTENDED TO THE ANALYSIS OF CORRELATIONS, ACTUALLY THEIR Z TRANSFORMS, INTO MAIN, SUBSAMPLE, AND INTERACTION SOURCES OF VARIATION. CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO HANDLING AVERAGES OF CORRELATIONS BASED ON THE SAME SUBJECTS AND SAMPLES OF UNEQUAL SIZE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

APPLICABILITY OF THE COCHRAN Q TEST AND THE F TEST FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DICHOTOMOUS DATA FOR DEPENDANT SAMPLES.

DISCUSSES STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS GIVING DICHOTOMOUS DATA AND USING A DESIGN WITH REPEATED OBSERVATION OF THE SAME SS OR WITH MATCHED GROUPS. A MINOR EXTENSION OF COCHRAN'S Q TEST IS PRESENTED AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EXACTLY SPECIFYING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS WHEN USING THIS TEST IS EMPHASIZED. THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE F TEST FOR DICHOTOMOUS DATA IS INVESTIGATED IN COMPUTER SIMULATED EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT FOR THE EXAMPLES CHOSEN, THE F TEST AS A RULE GIVES RESULTS AS GOOD AS THE Q TEST WITH REGARD TO TYPE I ERROR. APPROXIMATION TO THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL IS GOOD EXCEPT IN SOME CASES WHERE THERE ARE VERY STRONG DEVIATIONS FROM F TEST ASSUMPTIONS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"CODE": A CALCULUS FOR THE ORTHOGONALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS.

PRESENTS A FORMAL CALCULUS WHICH REPRESENTS THE STRUCTURE OF A USEFUL CLASS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. CALCULUS FOR THE ORTHOGONALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS (CODE) CAN BE EMPLOYED TO GENERATE PARTITIONS OF THE SUM OF SQUARES AND DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND PROVIDES COMPUTATIONAL FORMULAS FOR EACH TERM OF A PARTITION. SEVERAL THEOREMS RELATED TO FREQUENTLY USED PARTITIONS ARE PROVED FORMALLY, AND SOME ILLUSTRATIVE APPLICATIONS DESCRIBED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG TWO-FACTOR THEORY.

RESULTS OF AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG 2-FACTOR THEORY OF JOB SATISFACTION ARE REPORTED. A NUMBER OF HYPOTHESES FOR WHICH THE HERZBERG THEORY AND TRADITIONAL UNIDIMENSIONAL THEORY MAKE DIFFERENT PREDICTIONS WERE TESTED USING A SAMPLE OF 793 MALE EMPLOYEES FROM VARIOUS JOBS. THE INTRINSIC VARIABLES ("SATISFIERS") WAS PAY. NEITHER THE HERZBERG THEORY NOR THE TRADITIONAL THEORY WAS SUPPORTED BY THE DATA. INSTEAD, RESULTS INDICATE THAT INTRINSIC FACTORS ARE MORE STRONGLY RELATED TO BOTH OVERALL SATISFACTION AND OVERALL DISSATISFACTION THAN THE EXTRINSIC FACTOR, PAY, AND SUGGEST THAT FUNCTIONING OF THE EXTRINSIC VARIABLE MAY DEPEND ON THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THE INTRINSIC VARIABLES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE CONCEPTS OF "SATISFIERS" AND "DISSATISFIERS" DO NOT ACCURATELY REPRESENT THE MANNER IN WHICH JOB-SATISFACTION VARIABLES OPERATE. (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT AND FRUSTRATION: A CONCEPTUAL PARADOX.

SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT AND FRUSTRATION ARE GENERALLY REGARDED AS VERY DIFFERENT CONCEPTS. DESPITE THE GREAT CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM, THE DATA WHICH EACH IS HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR (AND EXPLAINS) ARE PRODUCED BY A SINGLE, IDENTICAL OPERATION: PLACING THE S IN THE PRESENCE OF STIMULI PREVIOUSLY, BUT NOT PRESENTLY, ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT. THE CONCEPTS ARE, THEREFORE, OPERATIONALLY IDENTICAL. THIS MEANS THAT SO FAR AS THE PRESENTLY USED OPERATIONS ARE CONCERNED, ASCRIBING A PARTICULAR BIT OF DATA TO SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT IS LOGICALLY EQUIVALENT TO ASCRIBING IT TO FRUSTRATION AND VICE VERSA. SOME EXAMPLES ARE DRAWN FROM THE LITERATURE TO ILLUSTRATE THIS ARGUMENT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DATA PARALLELS ACROSS BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS.

ATTEMPTED TO COORDINATE DATA FROM DIFFERENT BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS BY EXAMINING EFFECTS OF COMMON PARAMETERS INVESTIGATED IN EACH. IT IS ARGUED THAT THIS TYPE OF ORGANIZATION, USING OPERATIONAL CRITERIA ALONE, AND TRANSCENDING CONVENTIONAL BOUNDARIES, SETS THE STAGE FOR A MORE CONCISE SET OF BEHAVIORAL LAWS THAN IS ORDINARILY AVAILABLE WITHIN SINGLE SPECIALIZED AREAS. BASIC DATA IN SENSORY PSYCHOPHYSICS, REFLEX ELICITATION PHENOMENA, CONDITIONING, AND PERCEPTION ARE COMPARED FOR COMMON DIRECTIONAL CHANGES WITH STIMULUS INTENSITY, DURATION, REPETITION FREQUENCY, COMPLEXITY, SEQUENCE, AND TIMING. THESE VARIABLES ARE FOUND TO OPERATE IN SURPRISINGLY SIMILAR WAYS ACROSS A VARIETY OF DEPENDENT VARIABLES. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING THE SOURCE AND DIRECTION OF CAUSAL INFLUENCE IN PANEL DATA.

DESCRIBES TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING THE SOURCE AND DIRECTION OF CAUSAL INFLUENCE IN PANEL DATA AND APPLIES THEM TO ILLUSTRATIVE DATA ON TEACHERS' AND PUPILS' INTERPERSONAL ATTITUDES. THE TECHNIQUES ARE LAZARSFELD'S 16-FOLD TABLE, CAMPBELL'S CROSS-LAGGED PANEL CORRELATION, AND THE AUTHORS' FREQUENCY-OF-SHIFT-ACROSS-MEDIAN AND FREQUENCY-OF-CHANGE-IN-PRODUCT-MOMENT. THE LATTER METHOD SEEMS PREFERABLE BECAUSE IT PERMITS TREATMENT OF CONTINUOUS DATA, ANALYSIS OF ALL CASES, AND A NECESSARY DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND DIRECTION OF CAUSAL INFLUENCE. (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATION OF SUCKING STRENGTH TO PERSONALITY VARIABLES.

ATTEMPTED TO DEMONSTRATE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCKING STRENGTH IN NORMAL ADULTS AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES. TESTS OF SUCKING STRENGTH, CONTROL MEASURES OF MANUAL STRENGTH AND VITAL CAPACITY, AND MMPI QUESTIONNAIRES WERE GIVEN TO 44 MEN AND 33 WOMEN. MEN AND WOMEN BOTH HAD SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUCKING AND WELSH'S R DIMENSION, AFTER AGE CORRECTION. MALES ALSO SHOWED POSITIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUCKING AND THE PHYSICAL TESTS OF MANUAL STRENGTH AND VITAL CAPACITY. FOR WOMEN, HOWEVER, SUCKING WAS RELATED TO SEVERAL PERSONALITY VARIABLES BUT NOT TO THE PHYSICAL TESTS. THIS SEX DIFFERENCE IN CORRELATIONAL PATTERN SUGGESTS THAT DIFFERENCES IN SUCKING STRENGTH ARE DETERMINED MORE BY PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN WOMEN AND MORE PHYSICAL STRENGTH VARIABLES IN MEN. IT IT IS ASSUMED THAT REPRESSION MAY STEM FROM UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS ABOUT ORAL NEEDS, THEN THE DATA ARE COMPATIBLE WITH THE IDEA THAT THE SUCKING TESTS REFLECT SIMILAR CONFLICTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROCEDURAL, SITUATIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL VARIABLES IN INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING.

A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS EMERGE FROM THE REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING. DEPARTURES FROM STANDARD PROCEDURES ARE MORE LIKELY TO AFFECT SPECIALIZED GROUPS THAN NORMAL GROUPS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SITUATIONAL VARIABLES, ESPECIALLY DISCOURAGEMENT, APPEARS MORE FREQUENTLY WITH YOUNGER THAN WITH OLDER SS. RAPPORT IS AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN THE E-S RELATIONSHIP. E DIFFERENCES OCCASIONALLY APPEAR, BUT REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT CLEAR. E'S EXPERIENCE IS USUALLY NOT A CRITICAL VARIABLE. WHITE ES MAY HAVE SOME SUBTLE DELETERIOUS EFFECT ON NEGRO SS' SCORES, BUT THE EVIDENCE IS NOT DEFINITIVE. INADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS CHARACTERIZE MANY STUDIES ON E DIFFERENCES. A COMBINATION OF MAN AND MACHINE TEST ADMINISTRATION MAY SOLVE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING, BUT MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SIMPLE MODELS OR SIMPLE PROCESSES? SOME RESEARCH ON CLINICAL JUDGMENTS.

REVIEWS STUDIES OF THE RELIABILITY AND THE VALIDITY OF DESCRIPTIVE, DIAGNOSTIC, AND PROGNOSTIC JUDGMENTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A PRELUDE TO A MORE TECHNICAL DISCUSSION OF PRESENT-DAY METHODOLOGIES FOR STUDYING THE CLINICAL JUDGMENT PROCESS, I.E., THE MANNER AND EXTENT TO WHICH A JUDGE UTILIZES INFORMATION IN A COMPLEX (E.G., CURVILINEAR AND/OR CONFIGURAL) AS OPPOSED TO A MORE LINEAR MANNER. STUDIES OF THE JUDGMENTAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IN IMPORTANT DECISIONS IN SUCH FIELDS AS MEDICINE (DIAGNOSING MALIGNANT VS. BENIGN ULCERS), PSYCHIATRY (DECIDING ON THE ADVISABILITY OF GRANTING TEMPORARY LIBERTY FOR PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS), CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (DIAGNOSING NEUROSIS VS. PSYCHOSIS FROM MMPI PROFILES), AND SECURITIES ANALYSIS (PREDICTING FUTURE STOCK PRICES) ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED. THE FINDINGS FROM AN INTENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CLINICAL INFERENCE PROVOKE SOME SPECULATIONS ABOUT THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCH LEARNING TO OCCUR. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EXPERIMENTAL AND CORRELATIONAL STUDIES OF THE FEAR OF DEATH.

THE TECHNIQUES USED TO MEASURE THE FEAR OF DEATH ARE REVIEWED. THE EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE LACK OF CONSISTENCY IN THE DIFFERENT STUDIES IS ATTRIBUTED TO LACK OF ATTENTION TO THE CONSISTENCY AND THE VALIDITY OF THE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND A FAILURE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES ARE ASSESSING THE SAME DIMENSION. THE CHOICE OF VARIABLES IS CRITICIZED FOR A LACK OF RELEVANCE TO THE GENESIS OF THE FEAR OF DEATH. (58 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-ESTEEM OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.

THE BILLS INDEX OF ADJUSTMENT AND VALUES (IAV) WAS USED TO OBTAIN MEASURES OF SELF-ESTEEM FOR A SAMPLE OF 155 FACTORY WORKERS. THE WORKERS' SELF-ESTEEM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN COLLEGE STUDENTS' USED AS A STANDARDIZATION GROUP FOR THE IAV. SELF-ESTEEM PROVED UNRELATED TO A VARIETY OF JOB-RELATED VARIABLES. MARRIED WORKERS DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN UNMARRIED. THOSE WITH SOME COLLEGE EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN THOSE WITH ONLY A HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION. EMPLOYEES WHO HAD TO CHANGE THEIR JOBS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM FOLLOWING THE JOB CHANGE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THOSE EMPLOYEES WHO RESPOND READILY TO SURVEY-RESEARCH INQUIRIES ARE LOWER IN PERSONAL AND JOB ADJUSTMENT THAN THOSE WHO CHOOSE NOT TO RESPOND. (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES WITH AND WITHOUT PRECEDING INTERVIEWS.

REPORTS THE RESULTS OF A FIELD EXPERIMENT CARRIED OUT IN AN INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION TO TEST THE IMPACT ON FIXED-ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE ANSWERS OF HAVING SOME RESPONDENTS BE INTERVIEWED BY A SERIES OF OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS COVERING THE SAME TOPICS PRIOR TO TAKING THE QUESTIONNAIRE. MORE NEGATIVE DATA WERE PROVIDED ABOUT PEER RELATIONS BY THOSE WHO WERE INTERVIEWED BEFORE DOING THE QUESTIONNAIRE THAN BY THOSE WHO WERE NOT. THIS FINDING HELD FOR BOTH LOW- AND HIGH-SKILL EMPLOYEES. THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE DATA ABOUT SUPERIORS UNDER THE 2 METHODOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 2 CONTINUA FOR EXPLAINING FIELD METHOD EFFECTS ON QUESTIONNAIRE VALIDITY ARE PROPOSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VISUAL ACUITY AS MEASURED BY DYNAMIC AND STATIC TESTS: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION.

IN ORDER TO PROVIDE, FOR THE 1ST TIME, DEFINITIVE INFORMATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC VISUAL ACUITY AND ACUITY FOR A MOVING TARGET (DYNAMIC VISUAL ACUITY), BOTH TYPES OF ACUITY WERE MEASURED FOR 17,500 SS, AGES 16-92. THE RESULTS SHOW: (1) ACUITY DECLINES PROGRESSIVELY WITH BOTH INCREASING SPEED OF TARGET MOVEMENT AND ADVANCING AGE, (2) MALES HAVE CONSISTENTLY BETTER ACUITY (BOTH STATIC AND DYNAMIC) THAN FEMALES, AND (3) HIGH INTERCORRELATIONS EXIST BETWEEN THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTS, THESE CORRELATIONS DECREASING WITH INCREASING SPEED OF TARGET MOVEMENT. THESE FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED PRIMARILY FOR THEIR VALUE IN PROVIDING NORMATIVE DATA TO OTHER RESEARCHERS. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS SUGGESTED TO EXPLAIN SOME OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OBTAINED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MULTIPLE REGRESSION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE.

A NUMBER OF COMMON PRACTICES AND BELIEFS CONCERNING MULTIPLE REGRESSION ARE CRITICIZED, AND SEVERAL PARADOXICAL PROPERTIES OF THE METHOD ARE EMPHASIZED. MAJOR TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE THE BASIC FORMULAS, SUPPRESSOR VARIABLES, MEASURES OF THE IMPORTANCE OF A PREDICTOR VARIABLE, INFERRING RELATIVE REGRESSION WEIGHTS FROM RELATIVE VALIDITIES, ESTIMATES OF THE TRUE VALIDITY OF POPULATION REGRESSION EQUATIONS AND OF REGRESSION EQUATIONS DEVELOPED IN SAMPLES, AND STATISTICAL CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PREDICTOR VARIABLES. (50 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STRATEGY OF OUTCOME RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

REVIEWS THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH, CONCLUDING THAT THE GREATEST NEED IS FOR OUTCOME STUDIES. THE MAJOR VARIABLES AND DOMAINS INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ARE DELINEATED TO SHOW WHERE ERRORS HAVE OCCURRED IN PAST INVESTIGATIONS, AND TO SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CONTROL NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE VARIED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ARE SUGGESTED IN TERMS OF THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES, CRITERIA, AND ADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. CONTRARY TO MANY CURRENT VIEWS, THE PRESENT METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IS FELT TO BE ADEQUATE FOR EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPY; HOWEVER, THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH APPROACHES FROM CASE STUDIES TO FACTORIAL DESIGNS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND USED STRATEGICALLY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STORY TELLING AND THE MEASUREMENT OF MOTIVATION: THE DIRECT VERSUS SUBSTITUTIVE CONTROVERSY.

SKOLNICK (SEE 41:3) PRESENTS THE ISSUE OF THE DIRECT AND SUBSTITUTIVE CONCEPTS OF TAT FANTASY IN OVERSIMPLE TERMS. A MORE FRUITFUL ANALYSIS WOULD EMPHASIZE THE CONDITIONS THAT DETERMINE WHEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STORY CONTENT AND OTHER MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS WILL BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE. ONE MAY SPECULATE, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT THE DIRECTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP WILL BE POSITIVE WHEN THE STORY AND THE MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS DERIVE MAINLY FROM A SECONDARY PROCESS, PROBLEM-SOLVING OUTLOOK, AND NEGATIVE WHEN THEY REPRESENT PLAYFUL FANTASY OR REVERIE. SKOLNICK'S STUDY SHOWS THE UNLIKELIHOOD OF OUR OBTAINING SUBSTANTIAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BEHAVIOR AND FANTASY UNTIL APPROPRIATE MODERATING VARIABLES ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMMENT ON "IS THE FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT AN AFTEREFFECT?"

DESPITE THE PLAUSIBILITY OF THE ARGUMENT L. GANZ (SEE 40:11) HAS MARTIALED IN FAVOR OF AN AFTERIMAGE EXPLANATION FOR THE FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT, HE HAS IGNORED CERTAIN DATA WHICH WOULD HAVE CAUSED HIM TO MODIFY HIS POSITION. BEHAVIORAL DATA DEALING WITH CONTOUR INTERACTION FOLLOWING FIXATION, TEMPORAL ORDER OF STIMULUS PRESENTATION, AND ONTOGENETIC TRENDS ARE CITED TO DEMONSTRATE THE NECESSITY FOR MODIFICATION OF GANZ' POSITION. CONTOUR REPULSION IS NOT A UNIVERSAL CONSEQUENCE OF FIXATION. ALSO, ANALYSIS OF GANZ' EXPERIMENTS SHOWS THAT AN APPARENT SIMILARITY BETWEEN SIMULTANEOUS AND SUCCESSIVE EFFECTS HOLDS ONLY BECAUSE NONE OF HIS SITUATIONS ALLOWED FOR TRUE SIMULTANEOUS PRESENTATION OF ALL STIMULI. FINALLY, EXAMINATION OF ONTOGENETIC TRENDS OCCURRING IN SIMULTANEOUS AND SUCCESSIVE DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS REVEALS THE STRONG PROBABILITY OF MORE THAN 1 PROCESS UNDERLYING THESE EFFECTS. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION AS A FUNCTION OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT FIT.

RESEARCH IS REVIEWED WHICH TREATS PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THOSE OF THE INTERPERSONAL AND NONINTERPERSONAL ENVIRONMENTS. RELEVANT THEORETICAL POSITIONS ARE CONSIDERED. ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIONS OR TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND ENVIRONMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. THE CONCLUSION POINTS TO 3 QUESTIONS: SHOULD ONE CONSIDER THE PERCEIVED OR ACTUAL ENVIRONMENT? WHAT UNITS SHOULD BE USED AND SHOULD THESE BE THE SAME UNITS OF ANALYSIS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ENVIRONMENTS? WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS? (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VEHICLE KINEMATICS AND GAP ACCEPTANCE.

ANALYZED DATA FROM TRAFFIC PHOTOGRAPHS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS TO ISOLATE THOSE VARIABLES DETERMINING GAP ACCEPTABILITY IN A MERGING SITUATION. 28 ALTERNATIVE EXPRESSIONS WERE COMPUTED, INVOLVING POSITIONAL AND VELOCITY INFORMATION FOR LEAD, FOLLOWING, AND SUBJECT VEHICLES. REGARDING EACH OF THESE INDICES AS A CORRELATE OF GAP ACCEPTABILITY, RATIOS WERE COMPUTED BETWEEN ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION BEHAVIOR AND THE VALUE OF EACH INDEX AT THE "DECISION POINT." VALUES OF ETA RANGED FROM .187-.733. EACH OF THESE VALUES, EXCEPT THE LOWEST, WAS SIGNIFICANT. THE HIGHEST CORRELATIONS WERE OBTAINED WITH EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING TIME OR SPEED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUBJECT AND FOLLOWING VEHICLES. IMPLICATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE USE OF AN INDEX AND ITS CORRESPONDING ETA VALUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF "CONFUSION" AS A FUNCTION OF ROADWAY AND/OR TRAFFIC-CONTROL PARAMETERS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)