微纳米铝在氯铝酸离子液体中的电沉积规律

合成、表征了两种典型的氯铝酸离子液体,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯铝酸盐和1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯铝酸盐。在此基础上,通过电化学测试和原子力显微镜对铝在离子液体中的电沉积规律进行了系统研究,证明反应过程受离子扩散控制,可逆性较好,可获得微纳米铝。离子液体的阳离子结构对产物的状态和尺寸影响较大,降低离子间相互作用能可以进一步获得更加细致、平整的铝晶体。     

H_2SO_4-NH_4F-SbF_3粗锑电解精炼体系研究

采用循环伏安法和线性扫描技术等电化学研究方法,系统研究了电解液体系中各阴阳离子对锑电沉积过程的影响。通过测定Sb3+、NH+4、F-、SO2-4及草酸等组分不同质量浓度下体系的循环伏安曲线、稳态极化曲线及塔菲尔曲线,分析了各离子在电解过程中的电化学行为及作用,确定了H2SO4-NH4F-SbF3电解液体系合适的成分为Sb3+90~120 g/L、NH+450 g/L、F-80 g/L、H2SO4360 g/L、H2C2O44~10 g/L。在此电解液体系下进行了粗锑的电解精炼试验,阴极锑纯度为99.943 6%,达到国标1号精锑标准,阴极电流效率为97.60%。     

离子液体电解质体系铝及铝合金电沉积与铝精炼研究进展

传统上,铝、稀土和碱金属及碱土金属等活泼金属主要是通过高温熔盐电解法得到,其电解工艺流程能耗高.近几年来,对离子液体的不断深入研究,提出离子液体为电解质体系用于金属铝、铝精炼和铝合金.综述目前采用离子液体体系进行铝及铝合金电沉积,粗铝、铝合金和铝基复合材料电解精炼回收铝的研究现状和研究进展.介绍和评述离子液体电解质电沉积、精炼铝的应用情况和所取得的研究成果,探讨离子液体电解质用于铝行业的发展趋势和研究动向.      

离子液体阴离子结构对铝沉积形貌的影响

制备、表征了离子液体1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯铝酸盐。根据核磁共振波谱的测试结果,分析并讨论了不同离子液体配比时阴离子的结构和组成。通过循环伏安法,进一步探索了阴离子的类型和含量对铝还原过程的影响。在此基础上结合扫描电镜图,考察了不同阴离子组成下获得的铝沉积物的微观形貌。研究表明,当阴离子[Al2Cl7]-的摩尔浓度提高时,从离子液体中电沉积出的铝晶体更加精细、致密。[Al2Cl7]-离子较强的得电子能力,以及与阳离子间较弱的相互作用是产生上述现象的主要原因。     

室温离子液体电沉积铝及其合金的研究进展

介绍了室温离子液体电沉积铝及其合金的研究现状,讨论了铝在吡啶盐类、季铵盐类和咪唑盐类离子液体中电沉积的电化学行为,探讨了铝舍金在离子液体中的电沉积.     

离子液体电沉积制备纳米铝技术的研究与应用

阐述了纳米铝的性质特点及传统制备方法的局限性,系统讨论了离子液体在低温电沉积制备纳米铝方面的研究进展,并介绍该技术在光亮铝镀层中的应用情况。在此基础上,通过分析证明,离子液体具有优良的物理化学性质,非常适用于纳米铝的制备,反应过程效率高、温度低、能耗低、污染小,技术发展前景广阔。未来应继续优化离子液体结构,深入探索电沉积反应的微观机理,建立更为完善的调控方法,促进技术的工业化进程。     

离子液体电化学性质及其IrCl_3溶解度的研究

为了选择合适的离子液体体系来进行电沉积制备Ir层,并为离子液体中电沉积制备Ir层提供理论基础,需要研究离子液体的电化学性质以及IrCl3在离子液体体系中的溶解度。本文利用电导率仪测定BMIC等4种纯离子液体及其复合离子液体的电导率,利用循环伏安法(CV)测定离子液体的电化学窗口,利用紫外-可见分光(UV-Vis)光度计测定了IrCl3在离子液体中的溶解度。结果表明:纯离子液体的电导率随温度的升高而逐渐增大;纯离子液体的电化学窗口宽度随温度的升高而有所减小;IrCl3在纯离子液体中的溶解度与溶液温度及离子液体的离子作用能密切相关,在相同温度下IrCl3在纯离子液体中的溶解度顺序为BUPYBF4BMIBF4HMIBF4;复合离子液体的电化学窗口与其组成中电化学窗口宽度较窄的纯离子液体的电化学窗口一致,电导率值则处于两种纯离子液体之间;IrCl3在由相同阴离子组成的复合离子液体BUPYBF4+BMIBF4中的溶解度与纯BUPYBF4基本相同,而在由相同阳离子组成的复合离子液体BMIC+BMIBF4中的溶解度则有很大的提高。BMIC+BMIBF4的复合离子液体不仅保持了纯离子液体的电化学性质的优势,还克服了纯离子液体对于IrCl3溶解度偏低的缺点。与纯离子液体相比,BMIC+BMIBF4的复合离子液体体系更适合用于电沉积制备Ir层。     

添加剂在离子液体电沉积金属及合金中的应用

近年来,基于离子液体电沉积制备金属和合金镀层已被广泛应用于多个研究领域,其电沉积过程可以克服传统水溶液体系电化学窗口窄、易受析氢副反应干扰等缺陷;相较于高温熔盐体系,离子液体可在温和条件下电沉积制备活泼金属及其合金.离子液体具有较高的黏度,导致离子迁移速率低,电沉积过程中易产生浓差极化,从而影响沉积产物的品质和性能.通过向离子液体电沉积体系中引入添加剂可以改变活性物种的电化学还原电位,进而影响晶粒的电化学结晶过程,显著改善沉积层的微观结构和性能.本文归纳总结了添加剂对离子液体中电沉积活泼金属、过渡金属和贵金属及其合金等方面的研究进展,系统分析了当前添加剂在离子液体电沉积金属及合金过程中的作用机理、效用和局限性,并展望了未来离子液体电沉积添加剂的重点研究方向.     

室温离子液体电沉积铝及其合金的研究进展

介绍了室温离子液体电沉积铝及其合金的研究现状,讨论了铝在吡啶盐类、季铵盐类和咪唑盐类离子液体中电沉积的电化学行为,探讨了铝合金在离子液体中的电沉积。     

离子间的相互作用对离子吸附型稀土浸出行为的影响

为深化离子吸附型稀土矿浸取机制,从溶液化学的角度对稀土的浸出行为进行了研究。实验中采用不同浓度氯盐及硫酸盐(阳离子为:Na~+,NH_4~+,Mg~(2+))作为浸取剂对高钇重稀土矿进行了静态浸取,并利用离子相互作用理论对浸出结果进行了分析。结果表明:低浓度时,浸取剂对稀土的浸出能力与其阳离子的吸附能力一致,SO_4~(2-)较Cl~-对稀土表现出更强的配位助浸作用。反之,提升浸取剂浓度时,离子间逐渐增强的静电作用会抑制稀土的浸出,尤其对于高价态阳离子;此时SO2-4对浸取阳离子的络合作用明显,生成的络合离子会对稀土的浸出造成屏蔽。因此,对稀土浸出行为特性的研究中有必要考虑到浸取剂本身的阴、阳离子特性。     

Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications.

Many of the links of religiousness with health, well-being, and social behavior may be due to religion's influences on self-control or self-regulation. Using Carver and Scheier's (1998) theory of self-regulation as a framework for organizing the empirical research, the authors review evidence relevant to 6 propositions: (a) that religion can promote self-control; (b) that religion influences how goals are selected, pursued, and organized; (c) that religion facilitates self-monitoring; (d) that religion fosters the development of self-regulatory strength; (e) that religion prescribes and fosters proficiency in a suite of self-regulatory behaviors; and (f) that some of religion's influences on health, well-being, and social behavior may result from religion's influences on self-control and self-regulation. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Shyness and children's emotionality, regulation, and coping: contemporaneous, longitudinal, and across-context relations

The relations of teachers' and parents' reports of children's shyness (i.e., social inhibition) at ages 6-8, 8-10, and 10-12 years to dispositional regulation, emotionality, and coping were examined. Shyness was positively related to internalizing negative emotion, coping by doing nothing, and, for parent-rated shyness, behavioral inhibition/nonimpulsivity, attention focusing, and avoidant coping; it was negatively related to positive emotionality, instrumental coping, seeking support from teachers (at younger ages), and for teacher-rated shyness, attentional control. Often prediction held over several years and/or across reporters. Parent-reported internalizing negative emotion at age 4-6 predicted shyness at ages 6-8 and 8-10, but primarily for children low in attention shifting. Teacher-rated shyness was related to low social status; parent-rated shyness correlated with boys' adult-rated social status at age 4-6 and with style of social interaction, particularly for girls. The relation between parent- and teacher-reported shyness decreased with age. The overall pattern of findings was partially consistent with the conclusion that parent-rated shyness reflected primarily social wariness with unfamiliar people (i.e., temperamental shyness), whereas teacher-rated shyness tapped social inhibition due to social evaluative concerns.     

Person, body, cadaver, and back

Because of the small size of their genome, viral genes have been forerunners in helping us understand gene expression. It is also because of their small size that viruses have elaborated the amazing variety of strategies that enables them to produce all the proteins they require for their multiplication. As a consequence, many of the strategies of expression known to occur in cell systems were first demonstrated in viruses. The aim of this review is to highlight the contribution of viruses to our knowledge of cell processes.     

Earnings, education, genetics, and environment

A major and well-recognized difficulty in estimating the effects of education on earnings is that the more educated are likely to be more able, irrespective of education. If ability also determines earnings and is not controlled, ordinary least squares will yield biased estimates of the education coefficient. In this study, we use data on identical twins to control for differences in ability that arise from genetic endowments and family environment. Not controlling for genetics and family environment may cause a large bias, up to two-thirds of the noncontrolled coefficient.