退火处理对热轧Fe-12Mn-8Al-0.8C轻质钢组织性能的影响

利用OM, SEM, TEM及XRD等,对不同退火温度下热轧Fe-12Mn-8Al-0.8C轻质钢的组织演变及力学性能进行了研究.研究结果表明,较低温度下退火时,实验钢组织为奥氏体+铁素体+κ-碳化物.随着退火温度的升高,实验钢中κ-碳化物发生溶解,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增加,实验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度逐渐降低,伸长率则先增大后降低.不同退火温度下实验钢应变硬化行为的差异与其组织组成有关.750℃退火0.5 h的实验钢具有铁素体+κ-碳化物体积分数较高的复相组织,其加工硬化能力较高.随着退火温度的升高,铁素体与κ-碳化物的体积分数逐渐降低,应变硬化率有所降低,但应变硬化行为表现得更为持续.950℃退火0.5 h的实验钢与其他退火温度下的实验钢相比,获得了良好的综合性能,抗拉强度为930 MPa,伸长率为35.48%,韧脆转变温度约为-40℃.     

23.8%Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的组织性能及强化机制

研究了锰含量(质量分数)为23.8%的低碳高锰钢的力学行为和组织演变,并对其强化机制进行了探讨.结果表明:23.8%Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的屈服强度约为300 MPa,抗拉强度可达610 MPa,断裂延伸率可达到63%.实验钢拉伸变形呈连续屈服,其应变硬化指数n值约为0.48.该钢在变形初期的强化机制以应变诱发孪生为主,变形后期出现应变诱发马氏体相变.位错与形变孪晶、马氏体之间的相互作用也对强度的增加做出贡献.     

贝氏体等温温度对超高强冷轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350～410℃保温600 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温温度对超高强相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成;贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温温度增加,固溶C原子扩散系数提高,促进残余奥氏体中碳化物的析出。因此,奥氏体中的平均固溶C含量降低,使得TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数降低,马氏体体积分数增加。贝氏体等温温度由350℃增加至410℃时,TRIP钢屈服强度由720 MPa降低至573 MPa,抗拉强度由1 195 MPa提高至1 312 MPa,伸长率A_(80)由17.8%降低至12.5%。贝氏体等温温度为350℃时,冷轧TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,强塑积达到21 270 MPa·%。     

SU304亚稳奥氏体不锈钢在不同温度下应力诱导马氏体转变特性及其TRIP效果

研究了温度对JIS-SUS304亚稳奥氏体钢静态拉伸性能的影响,阐明了具有最大均匀延伸率的应力诱导马氏体转变特性的条件。静态拉伸试验结果表明,随温度降低抗拉强度提高,在308K时均匀延伸率达到最大值,而屈服强度的最大值在温度低于243K时出现。随形变温度降低马氏体体积分数增大,在应力诱导转变条件下得到最大延伸率,这是因为SUS304钢中的塑性诱导转变（TRIP）作用由马氏体体积分数和转变速度决定,马氏体体积分数的最大转变速率大约为35％而与形变温度无关。得到了最大均匀延伸率时的应力一应变关系,位错密度和加工硬化连续提高直到接近伸长率,计算得到的最大加工硬化值约为20MPa％。     

高强TRIP钢的动态力学性能

将Si-Mn系双相钢（DP钢）作为对比钢种,分析研究了高应变速率下600 MPa级Si-Mn系TRIP钢及含Al、Ni的1000 MPa级TRIP钢的显微组织及其动态力学性能.对DP钢而言,其抗拉强度随着应变速率的增大而升高,断裂延伸率则由于绝热温升的作用也呈上升趋势;对TRIP钢而言,随着应变速率的增大,其抗拉强度不断增大,断裂延伸率先减小后增大,但无法达到其静态拉伸时的塑性水平,这是由于在动态拉伸条件下奥氏体向马氏体的渐进式转变被抑制造成的.此外,在相同应变速率下测得的TRIP钢的绝热温升始终比DP钢高,而这部分高出的热量应当来自于在动态变形条件下TRIP钢中发生TRIP效应后释放的相变潜热.      

贝氏体等温时间对超高强冷轧相变诱导塑性钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350℃保温100~1 000 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温时间对超高强冷轧相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温时间增加,促进了过冷奥氏体向贝氏体转变,固溶C原子充分向剩余奥氏体中富集。因此,过冷奥氏体中的平均碳含量增加,使得冷轧TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数提高,马氏体体积分数下降。贝氏体等温时间由100 s延长至1 000 s时,冷轧TRIP钢屈服强度由596 MPa提高至692 MPa,抗拉强度由1 455 MPa降低至1 138 MPa,屈强比由0.41提高至0.61,伸长率(A80)由6.3%提高至18.9%。贝氏体等温时间为1 000 s时,冷轧超高强TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,最大强塑积达到21 510 MPa·%。     

相变时间对CSP热轧TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、XRD、EBSD和室温拉伸试验机等研究了CSP热轧TRIP钢中间缓冷时间及贝氏体等温时间对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着中间缓冷时间的延长,试验钢中的铁素体和残余奥氏体体积分数增加,贝氏体体积分数减少;抗拉强度基本不变,屈服强度逐渐降低,断后伸长率和强塑积变化不明显。中间缓冷时间为6 s时,可满足CSP产线的要求。对贝氏体相变时间的研究表明,当等温时间为15 min时,试验钢中的残余奥氏体主要分布于铁素体/铁素体界面、铁素体/贝氏体界面以及贝氏体中,体积分数约为7.1%,表现出良好的TRIP效应。其抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率和强塑积分别达到744.0 MPa、522.5 MPa、29.3%和21.8 GPa·%,力学性能最优。当等温时间延长至50 min时,试验钢中的贝氏体含量增加,残余奥氏体体积分数减少至2.7%,强塑积明显下降。     

相变时间对CSP热轧TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、XRD、EBSD和室温拉伸试验机等研究了CSP热轧TRIP钢中间缓冷时间及贝氏体等温时间对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着中间缓冷时间的延长,试验钢中的铁素体和残余奥氏体体积分数增加,贝氏体体积分数减少;抗拉强度基本不变,屈服强度逐渐降低,断后伸长率和强塑积变化不明显。中间缓冷时间为6 s时,可满足CSP产线的要求。对贝氏体相变时间的研究表明,当等温时间为15 min时,试验钢中的残余奥氏体主要分布于铁素体/铁素体界面、铁素体/贝氏体界面以及贝氏体中,体积分数约为7.1%,表现出良好的TRIP效应。其抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率和强塑积分别达到744.0 MPa、522.5 MPa、29.3%和21.8 GPa·%,力学性能最优。当等温时间延长至50 min时,试验钢中的贝氏体含量增加,残余奥氏体体积分数减少至2.7%,强塑积明显下降。     

高铝TRIP钢的微观组织与残余奥氏体稳定性研究

主要研究了高Al TRIP钢的显微组织与残余奥氏体的稳定性。通过光学显微镜、SEM、TEM观察了其微观组织。通过TEM观察了钢中马氏体与贝氏体的形貌。通过电子衍射斑分析,得出了残余奥氏体与马氏体的位向关系为K-S位向关系,奥氏体母相与贝氏体的位向关系为N-W位向关系。为研究残余奥氏体机械稳定性,对试验用钢进行了不同应变量的单向拉伸,用X射线测量了残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,真应变小于0.11时残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加而减少。真应变量大于0.11后,残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加变化不大。为了研究残余奥氏体热稳定性,将试验用钢冷却至不同的温度。发现高Al TRIP钢残余奥氏体热稳定性很高,深冷至-196℃条件下不发生马氏体转变。     

连续退火的无Si TRIP钢的组织和力学性能

在实验室用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机制备了一种无Si TRIP钢.利用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射以及热膨胀仪对其力学性能、微观组织和相变规律进行研究,在此基础上分析了贝氏体相变温度和时间对力学性能和残余奥氏体的影响.无Si TRIP钢呈现出良好的整体力学性能,抗拉强度分布在740~810 MPa,延伸率均在25%以上,最高可达32%以上;贝氏体等温温度为420℃时能获得最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度随贝氏体相变时间增加而下降,延伸率随之上升,而屈服强度没有显著变化.无Si TRIP制的铁素体晶粒大小约为3~4μm,比含Si TRIP钢铁素体晶粒细小;残余奥氏体的体积分数在8%~10%,比含Si TRIP钢低约3%;420℃保温300 s后贝氏体相变基本结束,而碳的扩散仍然在进行;无Si TRIP钢贝氏体相变速率比含Si TRIP钢快,贝氏体相变总量也更多.      

Development of Ultrahigh Strength TRIP Steel Containing High Volume Fraction of Martensite and Study of the Microstructure and Tensile Behavior

A new transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel containing high volume fraction of martensite was produced by austempering heat treatment cycle. Microstructure and tensile properties of this TRIP steel were investigated and compared to those of a dual phase (DP) steel with high martensite volume fraction. Microstructural analysis showed a mixture of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and about 25–30 vol% of martensite in the TRIP steel. As a result of the strain induced transformation of retained austenite to martensite, the TRIP steel showed a strength elongation balance of 86% higher than that for the DP steel. In comparison to the commercial TRIP780 steel, the current TRIP steel showed a 15% higher ultimate tensile strength value while maintaining the same level of ductility. TRIP steel also had a larger work hardening exponent than DP steel at all strains.     

Effects of Niobium Addition on Microstructures and Formability in Si‐Al‐Mn TRIP Cold‐rolled Steels

The effects of Nb addition on microstructures and formability in Si‐Al‐Mn TRIP cold‐rolled steels were investigated. These steels were intercritical annealed at 770 °C for 5 min, and isothermally treated at 400 °C for 3 min. Microstructural observation, tensile tests and forming limit diagram (FLD) tests were conducted, and the changes of retained austenite volume fraction as a function of tensile strain were measured by using an X‐ray diffractometer. The results showed that Nb addition makes grain size refined, the volume fraction of ferrite increase and that of bainite decrease, however, obviously it does not affect the volume fraction and carbon content of retained austenite. The Nb addition increased the stability of retained austenite owing to grain refinement. With Nb addition, increase in strength, ductility, strain hardening exponent and formability could be achieved simultaneously. These findings indicate that Nb addition can be a new direction of microalloying design for the low carbon TRIP steels with excellent formability and high stability of retained austenite.     

Development of high strength low alloy TRIP‐aided steels with annealed martensite matrix

Formable high‐strength low‐alloy TRIP‐aided sheet steels with annealed martensite matrix or TRIP‐aided annealed martensitic steel were developed for automotive applications. The steels possessed a large amount of plate‐like retained austenite along annealed martensite lath boundary, the stability of which against the strain‐induced transformation was higher than that of the conventional TRIP‐aided dual‐phase steel with polygonal ferrite matrix. In a tensile strength range between 600 and 1000 MPa, the TRIP‐aided annealed martensitic steels exhibited superior large elongation and reduction of area. In addition, the steels possessed the same excellent stretch‐flangeability and bendability as TRIP‐aided bainitic steel with bainitic ferrite matrix. These properties were discussed by matrix structure, a strength ratio of second phase to matrix, retained austenite stability, internal stress in matrix and so on.     

Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure‐property relationship in thermomechanically processed C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steels

The effect of additions of Nb, Al and Mo to Fe‐C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steel on the final microstructure and mechanical properties after simulated thermomechanical processing (TMP) has been studied. The laboratory simulations of discontinuous cooling during TMP were performed using a hot rolling mill. All samples were characterised using optical microscopy and image analysis. The volume fraction of retained austenite was ascertained using a heat tinting technique and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Room temperature mechanical properties were determined by a tensile test. From this a comprehensive understanding of the structural aspect of the bainite transformation in these types of TRIP steels has been developed. The results have shown that the final microstructures of thermomechanically processed TRIP steels comprise ~ 50 % of polygonal ferrite, 7 ‐12 % of retained austenite, non‐carbide bainitic structure and martensite. All steels exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation. The microstructure‐property examination revealed the relationship between the composition of TRIP steels and their mechanical properties. It has been shown that the addition of Mo to the C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb TRIP steel increases the ultimate tensile strength up to 1020 MPa. The stability of the retained austenite of the Nb‐Mo steel was degraded, which led to a decrease in the elongation (24 %). The results have demonstrated that the addition of Al to C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb steel leads to a good combination of strength (~ 940 MPa) and elongation (~ 30 %) due to the formation of refined acicular ferrite and granular bainite structure with ~7 ‐ 8 % of stable retained austenite. Furthermore, it has been found that the addition of Al increases the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite laths. The investigations have shown an interesting result that, in the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel, Al has a more pronounced effect on the microstructure in comparison with Mo. It has been found that the bainitic structure of the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel appears to be more granular than in the Nb‐Mo steel. Moreover, the volume fraction of the retained austenite increased (12 %) with decreasing bainitic ferrite content. The results have demonstrated that this steel has the best mechanical properties (1100 MPa and 28 % elongation). It has been concluded that the combined effect of Nb, Mo, and Al addition on the dispersion of the bainite, martensite and retained austenite in the ferrite matrix and the morphology of these phases is different than effect of Nb, Mo and Al, separately.     

1000MPa级高延伸率Q&P钢的实验室研究

以C-Si-Mn系TRIP钢成分为基础,设计了四种不同Si和Mn含量的合金成分,并采用不同两相区奥氏体化温度的淬火—配分(QP)工艺进行处理,得到了兼具高强度和高塑性的QP钢。其中,当奥氏体化温度为820℃时,0.18C-1.8Si-2.2Mn(质量分数,%)钢和0.18C-1.8Si-2.5Mn钢在抗拉强度达到1 000 MPa以上的同时断后延伸率仍不低于20%,显示了极佳的强塑性结合。利用SEM和XRD等对热处理材料的显微组织进行了表征,结果显示,其显微组织为铁素体、板条马氏体和一定量的残余奥氏体,残余奥氏体多呈块状且被铁素体所包围,且奥氏体化温度为820℃时,材料中的残余奥氏体含量和平均碳浓度均较高。更多且稳定的残余奥氏体在变形过程中发生TRIP效应,可以在不显著降低材料强度的情况下更有效地改善材料的塑性,这也是四种试验用钢经820℃的QP工艺处理后显示出更佳强塑性结合的主要原因。     

临界热处理对中碳 Q&P 钢组织与性能的影响

摘要：对中碳钢采用Q&P（淬火 碳分配）和I&QP（临界热处理,淬火 碳分配）热处理工艺,通过对试样的显微组织,残余奥氏体的体积分数及其碳含量,硬度及其拉伸性能进行分析,研究了临界加热对中碳Q&P钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明,经临界热处理的Q&P钢组织中,除了马氏体和残余奥氏体,还存在部分铁素体,同时残余奥氏体的体积分数较少,马氏体板条更加细小。在相同的碳分配时间下,I&QP试样的硬度和抗拉强度都比Q&P试样低,但由于I&QP试样中软相铁素体的存在以及残余奥氏体能发挥更好的TRIP效应,使得临界热处理的实验钢的伸长率更高,加工硬化指数增加,强塑积更大。     

Analysis of the Strain‐Induced Martensitic Transformation of Retained Austenite in Cold Rolled Micro‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The stability of retained austenite and the kinetics of the strain‐induced martensitic transformation in micro‐alloyed TRIP‐aided steel were obtained from interrupted tensile tests and saturation magnetization measurements. Tensile tests with single specimens and at variable temperature were carried out to determine the influence of the micro‐alloying on the M_s^σ temperature of the retained austenite. Although model calculations show that the addition of the micro‐alloying elements influences a number of stabilizing factors, the results indicate that the stability of retained austenite in the micro‐alloyed TRIP‐aided steels is not significantly influenced by the micro‐alloying. The kinetics of the strain‐induced martensitic transformation was also not significantly influenced by addition of the micro‐alloying elements. The addition of micro‐alloying elements slows down the autocatalytic propagation of the strain‐induced martensite due to the increase of the yield strength of retained austenite. The lower uniform elongation of micro‐alloyed TRIP‐aided steel is very likely due to the presence of numerous precipitates in the microstructure and the pronounced ferrite grain size refinement.     

Mechanical Property and Microstructural Characterization of C-Mn-Al-Si Hot Dip Galvanizing TRIP Steel

 Mechanical properties and microstructure in high strength hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel were investigated by optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometry and mechanical testing. On the heat treatment process of different intercritical annealing (IA) temperatures, isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures and IBT time, this steel shows excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength over 780 MPa and elongation more than 22%. IBT time is a crucial factor in determining the mechanical properties as it confirms the bainite transformation process, as well as the microstructure of the steel. The microstructure of the hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel consisted of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite during the short IBT time. The contents of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite with different IBT time were calculated. The results showed that when IBT time increased from 20 to 60 s, the volume of bainite increased from 14.31% to 16.95% and the volume of retained austenite increased from 13.64% to 16.28%; meanwhile, the volume of martensite decreased from 7.18% to 1.89%. Both the transformation induced plasticity of retained austenite and the hardening of martensite are effective, especially, the latter plays a dominant role in the steel containing 7.18% martensite which shows similar strength characteristics as dual-phase steel, but a better elongation. When martensite volume decreases to 1.89%, the steel shows typical mechanical properties of TRIP, as so small amount of martensite has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties.     

Austempering of Hot Rolled SiMn TRIP Steels

 The austempering after hot rolling in hot rolled Si Mn TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steels was investigated. The mechanism of TRIP was discussed through examination of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of this kind of steel. The results showed that the strain induced transformation to martensite of retained austenite occurs in hot rolled Si Mn TRIP steels. The sample exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation when it was held at the bainite transformation temperature after hot deformation. The stability of retained austenite increases with an increase in isothermal holding time, and a further increase in the holding duration resulted in the decrease of stability. The mechanical properties were optimal when holding for 25 min, and tensile strength and total elongation reached the maximum values (774 MPa and 33%, respectively).