Compositional Optimum Design and Experimental Investigation of Rare Earth Containing Ceramic Composite

Based on the Al2O3/(W,Ti) C ceramic material, optimum design of the material compositions were carried out, which includes the theoretical calculation of the critical volume fraction of the reinforcement phase, and the optimum design based on the impact resistance, thermal shock resistance and wear resistance, etc. It is found that the optimum volume fraction of (W,Ti)C is 31.2%, 32.8% and 34%, respectively, which is corresponding with the best impact resistance, thermal shock resistance and wear resistance. After comprehensive consideration, the optimum volume fraction of (W,Ti)C in Al2O3/( W, Ti)C ceramic material is finally determined to be 30%. Then, effects of the content of rare earth yttrium on the mechanical property of the Al2O3/30vol% (W,Ti)C ceramic material were investigated experimentally. It indicates that when the content of yttrium is 0.25% ～ 0.5%, both flexural strength and fracture toughness of the rare earth containing ceramic material are further improved with the increment of approximately 10% ～16%.     

Effects of Processing Technology on Property and Microstructure of Rare Earth Containing Ceramic Composite

Effects of processing technology on the properties such as relative density, flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness, etc. and the microstructure of rare earth yttrium containing Al2O3/(W, Ti)C ceramic composite were experimentally investigated. It suggests that different processing parameters can undoubtedly result in different microstructures and different mechanical properties of the material. Under the experimental conditions, the suitable hot pressing temperature is 1720 ～ 1780 ℃, the time duration is 10 ～ 30 min and the hot pressing pressure is 30 ～ 35 MPa. The corresponding relative density can even be higher than 98 %. With SEM and TEM observation, each phases in the ceramic material is found to be in fine grains and distribute homogeneously. Typical fracture feature of the material is the mixture of both intergranular and introgranular fracture. Additionally, the existence of rare earth yttrium containing nanometer or sub-micron meter sized ceramic grains, dislocations and spontaneous microcracks can also contribute to the further improvement of the mechanical properties of the ceramic composite.     

Rare earth ceramic cutting tool and its cutting behavior when machining hardened steel and cast iron

The addition of rare earth element yttrium played an important role in the improvement of both mechanical properties and wear resistance of Al2O3/(W,Ti)C ceramic cutting tool material.Mechanical properties especially the fracture toughness and flexural strength were obviously increased when a suitable amount of the yttrium were added.Wear resistance of the developed rare earth ceramic cutting tool material was higher than that of the corresponding materials without rare earth in the machining of the hardened 45# carbon steel and cast iron HT20-40.Wear modes of the Al2O3/(W,Ti)C rare earth ceramic tool materials were mainly flank wear and crater wear accompanied with slight notch wear when machining the hardened carbon steel.Wear mechanisms were major abrasive wear at low cutting speed and adhesive wear at high cutting speed.Wear modes were nearly the same except that the adhesion phenomenon in the crater area was intensified when machining cast iron.The flank wear area was relatively smooth with no obvious plowing phenomenon which was possibly concerned with the workpiece of low hardness and the adhesion phenomenon at high cutting temperature.     

稀土铈对钛微合金钢中TiC和Ti（C，N）析出的影响

摘要：采用扫描电镜对不同稀土含量钢中的稀土碳化物复合相进行观察，随着稀土含量的增加，在晶界析出的稀土夹杂物数量不断增加，抑制了在晶界连续析出的TiC，降低了大尺寸TiC，Ti(C,N)的数量。稀土与碳化物主要复合相变化顺序为CeAlO3-TiC→Ce2O2S-TiC/CeS-TiC→CeP-TiC；其中CeAlO3、Ce2O2S和CeS复合相主要为5μm以下的球形、近球形；CeP复合相主要为大于5μm的条状。采用OTS夹杂物统计软件对不同稀土含量的实验钢进行统计，随着稀土含量的上升，2μm以下的TiC、Ti(C,N)数量先上升后下降，在稀土质量分数为130×10-6时达到最佳；10μm以上的大尺寸TiC、Ti(C,N)呈下降趋势。TiC、Ti(C,N)颗粒的平均尺寸在降低。但是当稀土质量分数达到190×10-6时，小尺寸TiC、Ti(C,N)的数量下降；颗粒平均尺寸上升。     

Rare earth doped CaCu_3Ti_4O_(12) electronic ceramics for high frequency applications

Ca1-xRxCu3Ti4O12(R=La,Y,Gd;x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3) electronic ceramics were fabricated by conventional solid-state reaction method.The microstructure and dielectric properties as well as impedance behavior were carefully investigated.XRD results showed that the secondary phases with the general formula R2Ti2O7 existed at grain boundaries of rare earth doped ceramics,which inhibited abnormal grain growth.The dielectric constant decreased from 4×105 in pure CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO) ceramics to 2×103 with rare earth doping.However,all samples showed high dielectric constant in broad frequency range(10 MHz).The cutoff frequency(f0) was remarkably shifted to higher frequency from 13 MHz(pure CCTO ceramics) to 80 MHz(Gd-doped CCTO ceramics).Meanwhile,the dielectric loss tangent rapidly decreased approximately 10 times.These improvements of dielectric properties by rare earth doping are very useful in wide frequency chip capacitor and LTCC devices.     

热压反应合成Al_2O_3-Ho_2O_3/TiAl复合材料

利用Al-Ti-TiO2-Ho2O3体系原位反应合成了Ho掺杂Al2O3/TiAl复合材料。采用DTA结合XRD分析对体系反应过程进行了探讨。借助XRD、EDS和SEM等手段,对放热体系的物相组成及晶粒微观形貌进行了分析表征。结果表明:Al-Ti-TiO2-Ho2O3系原位合成的Al2O3/TiAl复合材料由TiAl、Ti3Al、Al2O3以及HoAl3相组成;Ho2O3的引入对基体相生成比例(TiAl:Ti3Al)有一定的调控作用,并使得基体晶粒和Al2O3晶粒均有所细化且逐渐分布均匀。力学性能测试表明:当Ho2O3的引入量为6%时,材料的抗弯强度达到最大值,约为593.5MPa;断裂韧度达到最大值,为8.74MPa.m1/2,具有可接受的力学性能。     

绝热燃烧温度对TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷物相及组织的影响

以B4C粉、Ti粉、CrO3粉以及Al粉为原料,采用超重力下自挤压辅助燃烧合成技术,以快速凝固方式制备出不同绝热燃烧温度的TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷.XRD、FESEM与EDS结果表明,TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷基体主要由片状的TiB2晶粒构成,同时在TiB2基体间还分布着少量不规则的TiC,(Ti,Cr,Al)C1-x及Al2O3残余夹杂物.随着绝热燃烧温度的升高,Al2O3的含量先减少后增加,(Ti,Cr,Al) C1-x的含量逐渐增加,TiB2与TiC的含量基本不变.     

Effects of rare earth oxides on dielectric properties of Y2Ti2O7 series ceramics

A series of Y2Ti2O7 microwave dielectric ceramics were synthesized by conventional solid-state method. The effects of rare earth oxide (La2O3, CeO2, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3 and Dy2O3) and Nd2O3 doping content on the microstructure and dielectric properties of Y2Ti2O7 ceramics were investigated. The experimental results showed that the rare earth ions were considered to dissolve in Y-sites of the pyrochlore structure, different rare earth oxides and concentration had different influences on Y2Ti2O7 cerami...     

Al_2O_3La_2O_3Y_2O_3/Cu复合材料的电弧侵蚀特性研究

采用喷射沉积和内氧化法制备出Al2O3La2O3Y2O3/Cu复合材料,研究该材料在直流20 V/20 A的工作条件下触点的电弧侵蚀特性,并与Al2O3/Cu材料进行了对比分析.利用电子天平、扫描电镜等方法分析电弧侵蚀后触点的质量变化和表面微观结构.结果表明,通过添加Y2O3、La2O3稀土氧化物颗粒,可有效降低触头材料的材料转移量.Al2O3La2O3Y2O3/Cu材料的抗熔焊性和抗烧损性优于Al2O3/Cu材料的性能.在直流阻性负载条件下Al2O3La2O3Y2O3/Cu阳极触头表面形成凹坑,阴极触头表面形成凸起,触点表面显示出浆糊状凝固物和喷发坑等电弧侵蚀形貌特征.     

微米／纳米Ti（C,N）基金属陶瓷刀具材料的研制

系统研究了添加纳米级Al2O3的含量对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷力学性能和显微结构的影响。结果表明:纳米Al2O3的添加可大幅提高Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的力学性能,特别是硬度和断裂韧性明显提高,克服了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷硬度较低的缺点,扩大了其应用范围。通过对微观结构观察和分析,可以看出,纳米Al2O3的添加细化了基体的晶粒,主要断裂模式为穿晶断裂,晶粒的细化和断裂模式的改变是材料力学性能提高的主要原因。     

稀土钇对4.5％Si无取向硅钢成品板组织和磁性能的影响

采用4种不同稀土钇（Y）质量分数(0、0.006 %、0.012 %、0.016 %)的无取向4.5 %Si钢,探究了稀土Y对4.5 %Si钢成品板微观组织和磁性能的影响。研究表明,稀土Y可以将纳米级方形TiN、Al2O3夹杂物有效变质为球状TiO2、Al2O3、Y2O2S复合夹杂物,粗化夹杂物的尺寸,减少0~500 nm弥散细小的夹杂物的数量,因此添加适量Y可以使得4.5 %Si钢成品板晶粒长大速率加快,晶界迁移激活能减少,磁畴与晶界和夹杂物的相互作用的损耗减少,铁损降低。但过量Y会使细小夹杂物继续增多,晶界钉轧作用增强,成品板晶粒尺寸降低。在退火过程中,由于{111}取向晶粒易在微细夹杂物附近优先形核长大,稀土的添加降低了夹杂物密度,且稀土在晶界的富集减小了{111}晶粒在晶界的形核优势,因此稀土Y的添加削弱了γ织构的强度。结果表明,含0.012 %Y的试样的B50最高为1.655 T,在各频率下的铁损最低,分别为P1.0/50=1.41W/kg、P1.0/400=19.28 W/kg、P1.0/1000=77.69 W/kg。     

Alloying Elements in High Speed Steels

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Composition, Processing Technology and Property of Ceramic Die Materials Containing Rare Earth Additives

Development and application of new ceramic die materials is one of the important topics in the field of die research. The composition, processing technology, mechanical property and engineering performance of the ceramic materials such as cermet, ZTA, TZP, TZP/Al2O3, TZP/TiC/Al2O3, PSZ and Sialon, etc., with rare earth yttrium, lanthanum and cerium, and so on working as additives, were investigated and analyzed in the present study. Problems existed in the research and application of rare earth ceramic die materials were discussed. Rare earth additives can effectively improve the mechanical property and engineering performance of ceramic die materials. Thus, it will have further perspectives of wider application. More attention should be paid in the future to the toughening and strengthening of the ceramic die materials, the adding forms and kinds of rare earth elements and acting mechanisms of rare earth additives in ceramic die materials.     

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2/V2O5 Composite Catalyst Doped with Rare Earth Ions

TiO2/V2O5 catalyst doped with rare earth ions was prepared by sol-gel method. Titanium tetrapropoxide and vanadium pentoxide were used as precursor of the composite catalyst and rare earth ions were used as dopant. The crystal phases, crystalline sizes, microstructure, absorption spectra of doped composite catalyst were studied by XRD, EDS, FT-IR and UV-Vis. Photoactivity of the prepared catalyst under ultraviolet irradiation were evaluated by degradation of methyl orange （MO） in aqueous solution. It is shown that the prepared catalyst is composed of anatase and futile. The rare earth ions are highly dispersed in composite catalyst. All the doped catalysts appear higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2/V2O5 catalyst and catalyst doped with Ce^4＋ present the best activity to MO.     

Al2O3含量对ZrO2/Al2O3陶瓷材料微观结构和力学性能的影响

以陶瓷纺织剪刀为应用目标。开发成功ZrO2／Al2O3复相陶瓷材料，并对其微观结构和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明。随着Al2O3含量的增加，材料晶粒逐渐减小，材料中t相ZrO2的含量呈上升趋势。这有利于材料断裂韧度和横向断裂强度的提高；当Al2O3含量（质量分数）为20％左右时，ZrCh／Al2O3复相陶瓷材料的综合力学性能最佳。     

铈与YG6硬质合金制备过程中富钙相的交互作用

在硬质合金的原材料仲钨酸铵(APT)粉末中添加Ca和稀土Ce元素,探讨稀土Ce元素与硬质合金制备过程中富钙相的交互作用。材料的物相组成、显微结构及成分分别通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及能谱进行检测与分析。结果表明:氧化钨还原过程中会产生CaWO_4和Ca_(4.26)W_(10)O_(30)两种富钙相,分布在钨颗粒内部和周围,使钨颗粒的棱角钝化,碳化后富钙相转变为Ca_(4.26)W_(10)O_(30)和CaC_2相,富钙相可急剧降低YG6硬质合金的性能;添加适量稀土Ce可降低富钙相对钨粉的影响,钨粉颗粒的棱角变得明显,颗粒尺寸变小且分布均匀,稀土Ce与富钙相发生反应生成Ce_(0.9)Ca_(0.1)O_(1.9)三元相;稀土Ce与富钙相的交互作用效果显著,与1%Ca-YG6硬质合金相比,1%Ce+1%Ca-YG6硬质合金的致密度、硬度和断裂韧性分别提高了7.8%,34.3%和67.8%。     

等离子喷涂制备铁基复合陶瓷涂层的研究

以铝粉和氧化铁粉作原料,采用等离子反应合成技术制备出了金属颗粒增韧的FeAl2O4-Al2O3-Fe复合陶瓷涂层。研究分析了复合涂层的组织及其性能。结果表明：等离子反应合成得到了以层状基体相FeAl2O4与硬质相Al2O3为骨架,球状Fe相弥散分布于基体相上的复合涂层。复合涂层的断裂韧性和结合强度明显优于普通Al2O3涂层,特别是复合涂层的具有较高的耐磨性能。     

TiC-TiB2陶瓷与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢超重力场燃烧合成焊接研究

采用超重力场燃烧合成技术,通过在燃烧体系底部放入一定厚度的1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢板,在制备高性能TiC-TiB2凝固陶瓷的同时,实现了陶瓷—不锈钢的部分熔化扩散焊,进而制备出了陶瓷—金属层状复合材料.经FESEM观察,陶瓷—不锈钢之间存在原子互扩散现象,在扩散过渡层区形成了富钛碳化物呈相间分布且细小的TiB2镶嵌其上的凝固组织.同时,在陶瓷侧存在Al2O3夹杂.     

Growth characteristics of directionally solidified Al203/YAG/ZrO2 ternary hypereutectic in situ composites under ultra-high temperature gradient

Oxide eutectic ceramic in situ composites have attracted significant interest in the application of high-temperature structural materials because of their excellent high-temperature strength,oxidation and creep resistance,as well as outstanding microstructural stability.The directionally solidified ternary Al_2O_3/YAG/ZrO_2 hypereutectic in situ composite was successfully prepared by a laser zone remelting method,aiming to investigate the growth characteristic under ultra-high temperature gradient.The microstrucnrres and phase composition of the as-solidified hypereutectic were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that the composite presents a typical hypereutectic lamellar microstructure consisting of fine A1203 and YAG phases,and the enriched ZrO_2 phases with smaller sizes are randomly distributed at the Al2O3/YAG interface and in Al_2O_3 phases.Laser power and scanning rate strongly affect the sample quality and microstructure characteristic.Additionally,coarse colony microstructures were also observed,and their formation and the effect of temperature gradient on the microstructure were discussed.     

稀土对耐磨板NM400低温冲击韧性的影响

摘要：采用双精炼LF+RH的冶炼工艺和2250mm热连轧机组的一步Q&P工艺开发了稀土NM400热轧卷板,运用扫描电镜及能谱仪等分析手段研究了稀土对钢中夹杂物的变形、组织形态、晶粒度尺寸以及冲击韧性的影响,重点围绕微量稀土元素提高NM400低温冲击功进行机制分析。研究表明,通过添加微量稀土易于钢中［O］和［S］结合,形成近似球状的高熔点RE-S-O化合物,有效地降低MnS和Al2O3-CaO复合夹杂物的形成概率,且在钢液凝固过程中起到异质形核作用,细化产品的显微组织,提高耐磨钢的低温韧性,特别是在-60℃情况下,NM400稀土耐磨钢的横向冲击功较常规NM400耐磨钢提高了92.3%,弥补了常规耐磨钢低温韧性较差的不足,扩展了耐磨钢的使用条件。