基于自激法的小干扰稳定特征值的分布式算法

由于中国电力系统的运行和管理具有分层分区的特点，传统的集中式的小干扰稳定分析方法很难满足在线计算的要求。文中基于带边界分区的互联电网切分方法，从传统的电力系统小干扰稳定分析的自激法出发，提出了小干扰稳定特征值的分布式算法。算法在计算过程中只需要各区域传递边界节点状态量等少量数据，适用于电力系统的分布式环境，具有较好的实用性。对IEEE 39节点系统的验算结果证明了算法的合理性和有效性。     

计及无功/电压特性的停电模型及自组织临界性分析

在总结已有停电模型的基础上，根据电压稳定理论，建立了电力系统停电模型。该模型包含电压静态稳定分析模块，可以从无功/电压角度研究和揭示电网演化的自组织临界特征;所构造的电压稳定分析模块采用3种电压稳定分析方法:临界电压分析法、基于常规潮流和最优潮流的无功/电压模态分析法，其中第3种方法是第2种方法的扩展，具有较大的可信度。IEEE 30节点系统的仿真表明:所建立的停电模型能够较实际地体现电力系统运行和建设的动态过程，进而全面反映负荷损失和电压稳定水平的演化趋势，并从无功/电压角度评估电力系统的安全运行水平。     

基于免疫-中心点聚类算法的无功电压控制分区

针对传统分区方法电气距离定义的缺点，提出一种新的电气距离即空间电气距离。依据系统中各节点之间无功电压变化关系，将系统各节点映射到一个多维空间中，节点之间的空间距离便是其电气距离，依据此距离将各节点进行归类，从而把无功电压控制分区问题转化为数学上的空间聚类问题。针对无功电压控制分区的特点并借鉴聚类算法，提出免疫 — 中心点聚类的无功电压控制分区算法并将其运用于IEEE 118节点系统，对分区结果进行分析并与其他算法结果比较，验证所提出的算法的准确性和可行性。     

基于随机响应面法的动态仿真不确定性分析

为分析负荷模型、故障时间长短等关键参数变动对电力系统动态稳定的影响，将一种新方法———随机响应面法应用于电力系统动态仿真的不确定性分析中。随机响应面法能够建立响应与输入参数之间的多项式表达关系，仅需少量仿真便可快速估计出响应的统计信息，克服了传统不确定性分析方法的仿真次数多、时间长等缺点。IEEE 9节点系统的算例分析证实了随机响应面法的有效性和实用性。IEEE 39节点系统的仿真结果表明，关键参数的变动可引起较大的响应不确定度，尤其是负荷模型结构的不同对系统的动态行为和动态稳定有着重要影响，可直接关系到系统的安全稳定运行。     

基于断开安全裕度状态空间截断的电力系统可靠性算法

在大型电力系统中，由支路断开触发的电力系统相继跳闸故障常会引起大停电的灾难性后果，因此必须进行紧急状态下的事件可靠性分析。通过分析支路断开对系统节点电压及线路负荷的影响，给出一种快速计算紧急状态下系统节点电压和线路负荷的方法，引入系统节点电压和线路负荷安全裕度指标，并提出基于断开安全裕度状态空间截断的电力系统可靠性算法。该算法利用安全裕度指标找出系统故障状态中的关键状态集合，通过对该集合进行系统行为分析来计算可靠性指标。算例表明该算法能有效截断系统状态空间，在一定精度下降低了可靠评估的计算复杂性。     

静态电压稳定域边界的切平面分析

提出了基于全参数空间的静态电压稳定域的2种切平面计算方法:特征向量法和隐函数求导法。2种方法均可考虑各种因素对于电压稳定域的影响。其中隐函数求导法还能够计算状态变量对于独立参数变量的偏导数。在此基础上，建立了从功率注入空间到线路传输功率空间的映射关系，可以解析求出割集功率空间电压稳定域的超平面近似表达式，从而避免了现有数据拟合算法的局限性，提高了计算速度。此外，文中考虑电力系统运行限制对于电压稳定的影响，提出了实用电压稳定域的概念，并计算了相应的切平面。进一步在电压静态稳定域切平面分析的基础上，提出了3类电压稳定指标，有利于综合评估系统电压稳定水平。IEEE 9和IEEE 39节点系统的仿真分析表明，所提出的电压静态稳定域的切平面分析法可准确评估系统的电压稳定水平，为电力系统的安全运行提供了决策依据。     

桂林电网AVC系统应用及其改进措施

基于无功分层分区控制和无功电压区域控制的原则,提出一种地区电网AVC系统设计方法.设计方案完成了主站系统搭建设计和控制策略分析,通过AVC系统安全策略,实现了全网电压合格和无功优化.文章概述了电力系统无功电压控制的问题现状、AVC研究现状及电网动态电压稳定的策略,桂林电网无功平衡和电压控制的研究,以及应用一年来的电网运行情况,分析了存在问题及其相关的解决措施,并提出了下一步桂林电网无功电压调控的目标等.     

基于输电断面N-1静态安全潮流约束的联切负荷方案

电网中的一些输电断面受线路安全电流限制不能满足N-1原则时，为了保障系统的安全稳定运行，一般采取线路过载联切负荷措施。文中将基于输电断面N-1静态安全潮流约束的联切负荷方案分解为两个子问题，即确定联切负荷节点问题和实施联切负荷措施问题，基于直流潮流给出了整数规划数学模型及算法，算例采用实际电网中的联切负荷方案制定问题，结果表明，提出的分析方法简捷、可行，能够适用于实际系统。     

电力系统无功源最佳配置地点的研究

将先导节点的概念应用于电力系统无功配置，给出考虑了随机负荷且易 于实现的先导节点选择算法，提出了确定无功源最佳配置地点的一整套方法。该方法可使无 功源得到最有效地配置，使得从全网的角度看，各节点电压偏移最小。经过仿真计算 比较，表明该方法可找到电力系统无功源的最佳配置地点，并对提高电力系统的电压稳定性 有很好的效果。     

电力系统动态稳定机理和稳定措施分析

为了对大扰动后电力系统动态稳定的机理给出清晰的解释和寻求有效的稳定措施，文中从发输电系统功 — 角特性曲线族和不同工作点的特点出发，解释了电网低频振荡与输电容量及电网结构的相关性，通过比较在不同工作点附近发输电系统功 — 角特性曲线变化的差异及相应的阻尼作用的大小，论述了电网在大扰动条件下的系统动态特性。在此基础上，分析了系统稳定措施，指出在电网功率传输断面部分线路故障跳开后，采取紧急降低关键发电机组出力是抑制系统振荡的有效措施。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.