Thermal, UV- and sunlight ageing of thermoplastic elastomeric natural rubber-polyethylene blends

The ageing of a new family of thermoplastic elastomers from blends of natural rubber and polyethylene was studied using thermal treatments at 65°, 80° and 90°C. The effects of including various stabilizers and dynamic vulcanization were also investigated. The results of UV ageing in a weatherometer and sunlight ageing of the same samples were compared. Thermal ageing of the blends of two polymers caused the tensile properties to deteriorate, especially at longer times or higher temperatures of ageing. The tensile strength and modulus of dynamically vulcanized blends, which registered higher tensile properties, increased in the initial stage on thermal ageing before a final drop. When an antioxidant for rubber or heat or light stabilizer for polyethylene was added, thermooxidative stability was increased. Dynamic mechanical properties also indicated changes due to ageing. UV and sunlight ageing of the samples revealed that the antioxidant for rubber improved the properties. The results are explained in terms of crosslinking, degradation and crystallinity of the blends. No cracking was observed on the surfaces of the aged samples, even under prolonged periods of ageing and on extending the specimens under the microscope.     

液体聚异戊二烯对天然橡胶/环氧化天然橡胶共混物结构与性能的影响

研究了液体聚异戊二烯(LIR)对天然橡胶(NR)/环氧化天然橡胶(ENR)共混体系的加工性能、硫化特性、物理力学性能、耐热氧硫化性能、动态力学性能及微观结构的影响。结果表明,加入LIR提高了体系的加工性能,硫化性能和物理力学性能基本不变,体系的耐热氧老化性能提高。少量的LIR的加入可提高体系的抗湿滑性,同时滚动阻力略有下降。LIR还可有效提高炭黑在NR/ENR体系中的分散。     

双层结构纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶与硅橡胶在同时硫化的条件下制备出了双层结构的纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、MTT和力学性能测试等手段对复合材料进行表征.结果表明,两层材料的界面结合紧密,材料的细胞相容性好,力学性能与硅橡胶的力学性能相近,能够达到医用植入硅橡胶材料的要求.     

透明LED石墨烯/苯基硅橡胶复合封装材料

采用化学接枝技术,利用硅烷偶联剂γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（KH-550）、水合肼改性氧化石墨烯（GO）制备功能型石墨烯（FG）。将FG与苯基硅橡胶混合,采用氢化硅烷化法,在铂催化剂作用下制备了一种发光二极管（LED）封装用FG/苯基硅橡胶复合材料,考察了改性后FG结构、表面官能团变化以及其用量对FG/苯基硅橡胶复合材料力学性能及光学性能的影响,并分析了FG/苯基硅橡胶复合材料的微观相态及其热稳定性。结果表明:经KH-550改性后的FG表面附有特殊官能团,能提高其在苯基硅橡胶中的分散性。当苯基硅橡胶中引入0.010 0wt% FG时,FG/苯基硅橡胶复合封装材料的透光率仍可达到85%以上,耐紫外老化性能和力学性有明显提高。FG/苯基硅橡胶复合材料的热分解温度为690 ℃、GO/苯基硅橡胶复合材料的热分解温度为623 ℃,而纯苯基硅橡胶的热分解温度为491 ℃,且FG/苯基硅橡胶复合材料的放热量始终比纯苯基硅橡胶略低。苯基硅橡胶中引入0.010 0wt% 改性的FG,材料热分解温度提高了200 ℃,放热量有所减少,能更好满足功能型LED复合封装材料热稳定性能要求。      

橡胶减振器的动静比影响因素

通过实验,首先提出橡胶的拉伸强度、扯断伸长率与减振器的动静比间存在一定的关系。解读胶料的拉伸性能曲线,有助于橡胶减振器胶料配方实验。提出胶料的200 %定伸强度对减振器性能的定性判断,胶料的200 %定伸强度越大,动静比越小。另外,还对胶料的应力-应变曲线进行分析,结果显示该曲线与应变轴间的夹角越大,由该胶料制备的产品动静比越小。阐述了配合剂（主体胶料、炭黑、硫黄用量）对动静比的影响,并通过分析比较应力-应变曲线,判断不同配方胶料阻尼特性、疲劳性能优劣;减振器浸油后会使胶料性能和动静比发生变化,此趋势也可由应力-应变曲线分析得到。     

γ辐射对无卤阻燃EPDM-PVMQ共混橡胶电缆绝缘料性能的影响

研究了60Coγ辐照对无卤阻燃EPDM-PVMQ共混橡胶电缆绝缘材料性能的影响。采用的辐照剂量率为171.7Gy/min和283Gy/min,累积总剂量500kGy,并采用国标方法测定了辐照前后材料的力学性能、电绝缘性能和阻燃性能。结果表明,PVMQ配合量小于10phr时,拉伸强度保持率随辐照剂量的增加而迅速降低,大于...     

Composites reinforced with reused tyres: Surface oxidant treatment to improve the interfacial compatibility

Reused tyres whose surfaces were treated with various chemical acids, such as H₂SO₄, HNO₃ and HClO₄, were used as reinforcement material in HDPE-reused tyre composites. Their mechanical properties (e.g. tensile strength, Young’s modulus, toughness and elongation at break) were studied to evaluate how surface treatments may improve compatibility between the two components. The effect of chemical modifications on the surface of reused tyres was monitored by FTIR, the determination of mechanical properties and SEM. The importance of rubber treatment can be assessed by comparing the results of treated and untreated composites with those for neat HDPE. Reused tyre rubber, added to the HDPE in small quantities, acts as a filler, improving the stiffness and providing a more brittle behaviour. Nevertheless, a rubber content above 10%, using either untreated rubber or rubber treated with HClO₄, gives lower values of Young’s modulus than neat HDPE. Elongation and toughness values are also lower. Treatment with H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ improves the ability of rubber to interact with the HDPE, increasing the material’s stiffness. The treatment with H₂SO₄ was the most effective, whereas HClO₄ did not improve the material’s properties.     

硫化橡胶动态力学性能的分数阶微分Kelvin模型

研究炭黑填充硫化橡胶的动态粘弹性,采用Gabo Eplexor 500N对材料进行不同频率时的温度扫描测试,得到材料玻璃化转变温度Tg随频率的变化规律。在Tg~Tg+50℃范围内进行不同温度的频率扫描测试,得到材料存储模量、损耗模量和损耗因子。采用分数阶微分Kelvin模型对动态粘弹特性进行分析,确定了模型参数。结果表明,分数阶微分Kelvin模型可以较好地描述材料在不同温度和较宽频率范围内的动态粘弹性力学行为。当温度高于Tg时,随着温度的升高,材料从Tg附近的粘弹态向高温时的橡胶态转变,模型中的微分阶数相应地逐渐减小。     

热收缩材料的研究EI

将PE与EPDM混料熔融塑化,在热压下使之交联,制得橡塑型热收缩材料。运用正交设计法设计实验,对实验结果进行回归分析,建立了回归方程。并探讨了影响材料力学性能和回复性的因素,得出了优化配方。该材料具有较好的物理机械性能,热收缩率达96～100％。     

功能型LED CeO_2/苯基硅橡胶封装材料

采用表面覆盖改性技术,利用硬脂酸改性纳米CeO_2,将改性后的纳米m-CeO_2与苯基含氢硅树脂(PH)通过化学接枝制得m-CeO_2-PH接枝物,通过氢化硅烷化法,以接枝物为交联剂,在铂催化剂作用下制备了一种发光二极管(LED)封装用透明m-CeO_2/苯基硅橡胶材料。结果表明:经硬脂酸改性后m-CeO_2表面产生硬脂酸盐,增加了界面的相容性,提高了纳米CeO_2在聚合物中的分散。通过化学方法将m-CeO_2接枝到PH体系中,与苯基乙烯基硅树脂(PV)按化学计量比在催化剂作用下高温固化合成了一种功能型m-CeO_2/苯基硅橡胶材料。研究表明:当m-CeO_2质量分数为0.02%时,m-CeO_2/苯基硅橡胶材料的透光率仍可达到85%以上。同时,耐紫外老化性能和力学性能有明显提高。苯基硅橡胶材料中引入质量分数为0.02%的m-CeO_2,当分解温度到达600℃时,m-CeO_2/苯基硅橡胶材料的热失重比例比纯苯基硅橡胶减少了8%,m-CeO_2/苯基硅橡胶材料的放热量明显低于纯苯基硅橡胶,这对于封装有很大优越性。     

Structure-property relationship in sol-gel derived polymer/silica hybrid nanocomposites prepared at various pH

This paper reports a comparative study on structure-property relationship of acrylic rubber (ACM)/silica, epoxidised natural rubber (ENR)/silica and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silica hybrid nanocomposites prepared by sol-gel technique under different pH levels (pH = 1.0–13.0), probably for the first time. The initial concentration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (used as the precursor for silica) was kept at 45 wt%, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) for ACM/silica and ENR/silica while water for PVA/silica were taken as solvents. TEOS to water mole ratio was maintained at 1:2 for the rubber/silica systems to accomplish the sol-gel reaction. The structure of the resultant hybrid composites was determined by using electron microscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and solubility. Dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties were also investigated. The silica particles were found to exist as nanoparticles (average diameter <100 nm) at low pH (≤ 2.0) beyond which these aggregate, although the amount of silica generation was not strictly influenced by the various pH conditions in all the systems. These nanocomposites were optically clear and showed superior mechanical reinforcement over the micro-composites containing aggregated silica structures with lower optical clarity. The nanocomposites exhibited higher storage modulus both at the glassy and the rubbery regions as compared to those micro-composites. The loss tangent peak heights were also minimum and the Tg shifted to higher temperature for those nanocomposites. The maximum improvement of mechanical properties was observed with the PVA/silica nanocomposites due to higher level of interaction between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and the silanol groups of the silica phase.     

事故容错燃料包壳候选材料的研究现状及展望

2011年福岛核电站事故中,反应堆堆芯燃料中的锆合金包壳在事故工况下与高温水蒸汽发生剧烈氧化反应继而产生大量的氢气和热量,最终导致反应堆堆芯熔化和氢气爆炸,对社会和环境造成极大负面影响。自此之后,国内外纷纷展开对事故容错燃料的研究开发。相较于传统的UO2-Zr合金燃料体系,事故容错燃料能够在反应堆正常运行工况下维持或提高燃料性能,并在事故发生后相当长的一段时间内维持堆芯完整性,提供足够的时间裕量来采取事故应对措施。反应堆堆芯环境非常极端,包壳长期处于高温高压腐蚀介质中,同时还受到中子辐照的影响,因此新型包壳材料需要较好的耐腐蚀性和辐照稳定性。经不同研究者的研究评估,目前能够替代Zr合金的事故容错燃料包壳材料可分为陶瓷材料和金属材料两类:陶瓷材料主要以SiC/SiC复合材料为代表;金属材料主要有以FeCrAl为代表的Fe基合金和以Mo为代表的难熔金属及其合金。上述三种替代Zr包壳的材料各有其利弊,均未达到工程应用水平,并且都存在待解决的关键性问题。其中,FeCrAl合金的研发进展最快,目前在热学性能、力学性能、抗腐蚀性能、抗辐照性能等方面表现较好,但在工业加工和焊接等方面仍有待进一步改善。就SiC/SiC复合材料而言,由于SiC自身的高脆性而导致力学强度不足,不同的研究者提出了不同的结构设计思路试图降低包壳管失效概率,但包壳最终的结构设计仍未确定,而辐照引起的热导率急剧降低及连接密封和加工制造等方面还在不断研究中。Mo及Mo合金的力学性能和抗辐照性能较好,但自身抗腐蚀性较差,解决思路主要集中在提高钼纯度、调整合金的元素成分、进行表面涂层等方面。目前,对后两种材料包壳管的加工能力均未达到薄壁长管的工业制造水平。对于这几种候选包壳材料,需要建立属性数据库和一套完善的标准来衡量材料的质量。此外,还需开发相应的程序来评估包壳在堆内的行为。本文主要综述了SiC/SiC复合材料、FeCrAl合金、Mo及Mo合金三种候选包壳材料的研究进展,包括候选包壳材料的物理性质、耐腐蚀性能、力学性能、抗辐照性能、芯块-包壳力学与化学相互作用、在事故工况下的行为和工程应用等,综合分析了事故容错燃料包壳材料当前的研究现状,指出了各事故容错燃料包壳未来需集中解决的关键性问题。     

Effect of fillers on natural rubber/high styrene rubber blends with nano silica: Morphology and wear

The blends of high styrene rubber (HSR) and natural rubber (NR) with nano silica were prepared using a blending technique in presence of different types of carbon black. The effect of filler on morphological and wear characteristics was studied. ISAF (Intermediate Super Abrasion Furnace) type of carbon black have showed a significant effect on optimum cure time, cure rate index and mechanical properties by reacting at the interface between HSR and NR matrix. All the samples show only one melting peak on the DSC curve; this is attributed to the same backbone structure of the matrix and the carbon black reinforcement. The samples containing 30 wt.% of HSR with ISAF type of carbon black has shown maximum heat buildup, lower swelling and lower compression set value. Blends containing ISAF type of carbon black with 30 wt.% of HSR showed high abrasion resistant properties against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and different mining rock surfaces and also is found to be the toughest rubber against all types of rock. Coal is main abrader against the rubber under this study.     

Thermal conditions affecting heat transfer in FDM/FFE: a contribution towards the numerical modelling of the process

The performance of parts produced by Free Form Extrusion (FFE), an increasingly popular additive manufacturing technique, depends mainly on their dimensional accuracy, surface quality and mechanical performance. These attributes are strongly influenced by the evolution of the filament temperature and deformation during deposition and solidification. Consequently, the availability of adequate process modelling software would offer a powerful tool to support efficient process set-up and optimisation. This work examines the contribution to the overall heat transfer of various thermal phenomena developing during the manufacturing sequence, including convection and radiation with the environment, conduction with support and between adjacent filaments, radiation between adjacent filaments and convection with entrapped air. The magnitude of the mechanical deformation is also studied. Once this exercise is completed, it is possible to select the material properties, process variables and thermal phenomena that should be taken in for effective numerical modelling of FFE.     

动态硫化EPDM／PP热塑性弹性体动态力学性能的研究

应用动态热力学分析仪测定了动态硫化EPDM／PP共混物的动态力不宪为,Tg峰的变化,表明P的非晶部分与EPDM具有部分互溶性,同时讨论了共混物动态模量的特点,研究了不同橡塑比,硫化剂和软化剂用量对动态硫化EPDM／PP共混物动态力学性能的影响。     

Surface patterning for brittle amorphous material using nanoindenter-based mechanochemical nanofabrication

This paper demonstrates a micro/nanoscale surface patterning technology for brittle material using mechanical and chemical processes. Fused silica was scratched with a Berkovich tip under various normal loads from several mN to several tens of mN with various tip rotations. The scratched substrate was then chemically etched in hydrofluoric solution to evaluate the chemical properties of the different deformed layers produced under various mechanical scratching conditions. Our results showed that either protruding or depressed patterns could be generated on the scratched surface after chemical etching by controlling the tip rotation, the normal load and the etching condition. In addition, the mask effect of amorphous material after mechanical scratching was controlled by conventional mechanical machining conditions such as contact area, chip formation, plastic flow and material removal.     

Physical and mechanical behavior of electron-beam irradiated and ethylene oxide sterilized multiblock polyester

The effect of two sterilization treatments (electron-beam radiation and ethylene oxide gas) on the structure and mechanical properties of a multiblock copolymer were investigated to establish the effects of the sterilizing procedures on potential biomedical material. The material was exposed for different radiation doses in order to find an optimum dose of electron-beam radiation. Characterization techniques employed include gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile testing. The optimal dose of radiation at which no change in structure and mechanical properties occurred was found as 25 kGy. Ethylene oxide gas treatment also did not affect the structure and properties of the polymer and it can be recommended as an alternative sterilization route for the studied polymer. © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Epoxidised natural rubber/silica hybrid nanocomposites by sol-gel technique: Effect of reactants on the structure and the properties

This paper reports the effects of various reaction parameters such as solvent, mole ratio of water to tetraethoxysilane and temperature on the structure and the properties of epoxidised natural rubber/silica organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites, prepared by sol-gel technique. The sol-gel reaction was conducted at a constant concentration of tetraethoxysilane (45 wt% with respect to the rubber), used as the precursor for silica under a constant pH of 1.5. Infrared spectroscopic studies and the ash content data indicated the maximum silica generation in tetrahydrofuran compared to chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are less polar and had low affinity towards water than the former. The silica particles prepared from tetrahydrofuran were scattered within the rubber matrix with an average dimension of 100 nm, as evident from the transmission electron microscopic study. Dispersion of nanosilica within the composites was obtained when the tetraethoxysilane to water mole ratio was maintained up to 1:2, beyond which the resultant composites showed phase separation due to the agglomeration of the silica particles. High gelling temperature of the hybrids also resulted in phase separated morphology, probably due to the accelerated condensation reaction in the composites. All the phase separated composites showed higher infrared optical density and transmission loss compared to the nanocomposites. Poor mechanical reinforcement was observed from the dynamic mechanical analysis of the uncured composites having larger silica particles. On the contrary, better mechanical properties were achieved with the nanocomposites containing 90–100 nm silica. The nanocomposite prepared with 1:2 tetraethoxysilane to water mole ratio in tetrahydrofuran under room temperature showed the highest tensile strength and 100% tensile modulus, probably due to better polymer-filler interaction, in the uncrosslinked state and after crosslinking.     

不同性质颗粒对超高强水泥基材料的增强效应研究

试验调查了不同性质颗粒(粉煤灰、硅粉颗粒、橡胶颗粒、铁粉颗粒)对超高强水泥基材料的增强效应,结合微观结构分析探讨了相应的增强机理,提出了超高强水泥基颗粒增强材料微细观结构的物理模型.结果表明,不同性质的颗粒对水泥基材料的增强效应显著不同,采用活性矿物质颗粒和铁粉颗粒是提高超高强水泥基材料强度的有效途径,采用抗拉性能和变形性好的橡胶颗粒有利于提高超高强水泥基材料的韧性.     

Study of the reinforcing mechanism and strain sensing in a carbon black filled elastomer

The mechanical and electrical properties of a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix reinforced with carbon black, at various weight fractions were experimentally studied. Τhe electroconductive composites were used for strain sensing, under tension, by measuring together strain and electrical resistance. The storage and loss modulus decrement with strain were also investigated, on the basis of Payne effect, while a micromechanical model developed elsewhere was employed for the interpretation of the reinforcing mechanism of the composites examined.