苏州古城各功能区路面降雨径流分析

通过对苏州市古城区内商业区、现代住宅区、老旧住宅区、交通区、园林旅游区这5种具有代表性的功能区路面降雨径流中SS、COD、TN、NH_3~+-N、TP水质指标的分析,探讨了不同功能区降雨径流中污染物浓度差别,不同污染物之间的相关性关系和初期冲刷效应。结果表明,路面降雨径流中污染物浓度存在空间分布差异,商业区和交通区路面径流污染最为严重,其中交通区SS的E_(EMC)值超出污水综合排放二级标准16.79倍,COD的E_(EMC)值超出地表水环境质量V类标准6. 88倍;降雨径流中SS与TP、TN、COD之间存在良好的相关性,交通区路面降雨径流中各污染物之间呈现极显著性相关;不同功能区路面降雨径流中污染物大多存在初期冲刷现象,交通区与园林旅游区出现初期冲刷频率高,商业区和老旧住宅区初期冲刷强度大,相比其他污染物,SS最易出现初期冲刷现象,降雨特征参数对初期冲刷效应有一定影响。     

深圳市某区降雨径流污染特征研究

该文以居民生活区A和工业厂区B为对象,采样点分布在研究区域末端出口处,以COD、NH3-N、TP、SS为研究对象,研究了降雨径流过程中水质的变化特征、冲刷特征及污染物间的相关性。研究表明:降雨径流过程中水质呈宽幅变化且受前期干燥时间和降雨特征影响;初期冲刷现象存在但并非在每场降雨中显著发生;COD、TP及SS间存在较强相关性,NH3-N与其他污染物不存在相关性。     

合肥春季雨水径流污染过程及特征分析

为了解春季雨水径流对巢湖水体营养素储备和藻类繁殖的影响,2013—2015年3—5月期间,对合肥草地、生活区和交通干道3类下垫面的12场降雨径流进行监测分析。结果表明,生活区和交通干道的TN、NH+4-N、COD以及TP径流事件平均浓度值分别是GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类标准限值的4.8、2.5、4.3、2.4和3.7、2.0、3.6、2.3倍,其SS平均浓度分别是GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级标准限值的7.5和13.5倍,NOx-N均值分别为1.63、2.39 mg/L。Person系数分析显示不同形态氮浓度之间强相关,COD与氮浓度强相关。跟踪分析生活区COD、TN、TP和SS指标,其浓度-时间变化曲线以及M(V)曲线分析显示春季径流有初始冲涮效应,可以通过控制初期径流控制径流污染。     

北京城市副中心典型商务办公园区雨水径流特性研究

以北京园中园商务办公园区为研究区,通过布设监测采样装置,获取到6场降雨的雨量、流量和水质数据,采用综合污染指数法、相关性分析与M(V)曲线拟合等方法开展分析,结果表明：商务办公园区雨水中TN浓度超标最严重,SS和COD部分场次降雨浓度超标,而大部分降雨事件的TP和NH3-N浓度均能达标,雨水整体呈轻度污染状态;降雨总量大的场次降雨污染物相关性较好;各场次降雨初期效应不明显,初期效应均在中等以下,且多场降雨中仅有1～2项污染物表现出初期效应;雨强在一定程度上会影响水质浓度,但两者无明显相关性。研究了典型商务办公园区的雨水径流污染物特性,为指导商务办公区面源污染控制和进一步提升商务园区环境质量提供了基础。     

城区雨水管网径流污染特征研究

以新乡市城区屋面作为汇水区域,开展试验对雨水管网中场次降雨径流水文水质过程进行研究,可为有效利用城市雨水、控制非点源污染等提供依据。水质指标包括SS、COD和TN。结果表明:水质指标中SS、COD变化趋势基本一致,随着降雨过程的持续浓度逐渐降低并趋于一个稳定值;TN随着雨量的累积浓度逐渐降低,但在降雨结束前有反弹趋势;指标标准差率呈SS>COD>TN的趋势;径流初期屋面冲刷效应明显,初期径流量可定义为前1³mm的降雨量;径流中SS与COD、TN之间的相关性较好,在控制径流污染时可采取措施同时去除;径流污染物直接通过城区排水管网汇入受纳水体后对其水质影响较大,尤以SS、COD的变化最为明显。     

雨水径流中污染指标的相关性

通过采样、检测高校区、商业区、工业区路面和屋面的雨水径流COD和SS浓度,分析了COD和SS浓度之间的相关关系。结果表明:路面雨水径流COD和SS浓度之间的回归方程斜率大都大于1,说明路面雨水径流中溶解性有机物所占比例较小,可以采取雨水径流的截污、沉淀、过滤和路面环境卫生管理等控制措施改善雨水径流水质;屋面雨水径流COD与SS浓度之间回归方程斜率都小于1,说明屋面雨水径流中溶解性有机物含量都比较高,可以采取源头控制措施或补充化学和生物净化等控制措施改善雨水径流水质。     

天津典型居民区不同下垫面雨水径流污染特征

在对天津典型居民区域的不同下垫面雨水径流水质进行监测的基础上,以典型降雨为例,探讨了雨水径流污染物的特征和事件平均浓度(event mean concentrations,EMC)。结果表明,天津典型居民区主干道和菜市场雨水径流中的污染物质量浓度随着降雨历时的延续呈降低趋势,冲刷效应明显;屋顶雨水径流中污染物的质量浓度随降雨历时的延续变化较小,冲刷效应较弱。3种下垫面雨水径流中污染物质量浓度大小差异明显,菜市场和主干道雨水径流中SS质量浓度相差不大,且都远远超过屋顶雨水径流;雨水径流中COD和TP质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、主干道、屋顶;雨水径流中TN质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、屋顶、主干道。以EMC中值计,菜市场雨水径流中污染物平均浓度要高于主干道和屋顶,菜市场雨水径流中TP的质量浓度是主干道的3倍、屋顶的24倍。天津典型居民区雨水径流污染比较严重,如不经截留或处理直接排入城市河道等接纳水体,会严重影响河道的水质和城市的环境。     

基于GIS的漳河上游城市非点源污染负荷估算

为了解漳河上游水污染成因,2017年对长治市城区典型功能区不同下垫面进行了11场降雨监测,分析了次降雨径流污染物平均浓度(EMC),采用平均浓度模型法估算了2017年漳河上游各城市非点源污染年负荷,并结合ArcGIS技术分析了各市县污染程度。结果表明:2017年,长治市城区降雨径流非点源污染较为严重;各功能区路面径流污染物的EMC值大于屋面,主要污染源为SS、CODCr、TN和重金属Cd;商业区路面SS的EMC值高达666.87 mg/L,工业区屋面Cd的EMC值是44.27μg/L,居民区路面CODCr、TN的EMC值分别为148.69 mg/L、6.273 mg/L。长治市城区非点源TN、TP、SS、CODCr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb年负荷入河总量分别为5.301 t/a、0.464 t/a、267.310 t/a、177.890 t/a、0.075 t/a、0.150 t/a、0.384 t/a和0.023 t/a;3种下垫面非点源污染年负荷入河贡献率顺序为屋面、路面、绿地。从空间分布方面来看,长治市城区污染的产出最多,武乡县产出最少。     

深圳光明新区透水沥青道路与滞留带对径流水质水量控制效果研究

通过现场监测分析,研究了深圳光明新区国家低影响开发雨水综合利用示范区内透水沥青道路与滞留带对路面径流水质和水量的控制效果。研究结果表明:与传统沥青道路相比,透水沥青道路径流中的SS、COD、NH3-N、NO-3-N、TN和TP等污染物浓度分别降低了94.76%、83.84%、70.59%、33.33%、50.00%和65.96%,对径流总量和峰值流量的平均削减率分别达76.70%和74.92%。道路滞留带对COD、NH3-N、NO-3-N、TN和TP也具有一定的去除效果;在小雨事件下不外排雨水,在中雨、大雨和暴雨事件下,对径流总量和峰值流量平均削减率分别达65.71%和57.69%,同时具有明显的延迟峰值作用。     

北京典型村镇降雨径流污染及排放特征

以2009～2010年在北京郊区大牛坊村和榆林村的10场降雨地表径流中污染物监测数据为基础,分析了村镇降雨径流污染物排放特征及初期冲刷效应.结果表明,地表径流中CODCr和SS为主要污染物;雨污合流制村镇地表径流中,TP、TN、CODCr与SS的事件平均浓度(EMC)均值分别为0.11mg/L、3.09mg/L、1 684.27mg/L、285.83mg/L.雨污分流制村镇地表径流中,TP、TN、CODCr与SS的EMC均值分别为0.37mg/L、4.73mg/L、281.97mg/L、72.57mg/L.降雨径流污染物具有较明显的初期冲刷效应,40％～50％的TP、TN、CODCr与SS污染负荷由占总径流量30％的初期径流所运移.     

渭河陕西段底泥间隙水与上覆水中污染物分布特征研究

通过渭河8个断面2015年4月和9月的采样分析,探讨了表层底泥间隙水和上覆水中污染物的分布特征,并对间隙水和上覆水中的污染物浓度进行了相关性分析。结果表明:在丰水期时上覆水中TN、NO_3—N、NH_3—N及COD含量均高于平水期,其中采样点D5(泾河汇入前渭河干流处)的污染物含量很高;间隙水中TN、NH_3—N、NO_3—N变化趋势相似,丰水期TN、NH_3—N、NO_3—N含量均高于平水期含量,采样点D5、D7(泾河汇入后干流处)丰水期总磷、COD含量很高;相关性分和上覆水中TN、COD浓度在丰水期高度相关,说明间隙水中TN、TP、COD的浓度是其上覆水中TN、TP、COD浓度的决定因素。     

常州市湖塘纺织工业园降雨径流污染负荷分析

我国当前以实现分流制为规划指导原则,分流制下工业园区雨水径流污染对水环境存在较大潜在影响。在此背景下采用SWMM软件模拟降雨和实地调研相结合的方法,分析湖塘园区降雨径流的污染负荷。结果表明:0.25年一遇的降雨径流质量浓度峰值ρ(TN)=6.01 mg/L,ρ(TP)=0.02 mg/L,ρ(COD)=125.21 mg/L,该降雨重现期下的TN和COD浓度均远劣于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类水标准;随着降雨重现期增大,径流污染物浓度峰值会进一步提高。排入受纳水体采菱港的污染物总量比例:径流中TN占园区总TN(径流+点源)排放量的25.9%,径流中TP占4.4%,COD占28.0%,COD、TN径流污染量占整个园区污染总量的比重较大。结合湖塘园区排水系统的实地调研,建议加强园区初期雨水截留、推广园区中水回用和推进园区与企业排口设置规范化,以有效降低园区雨水径流对周边水环境的影响。     

Vegetated ditches for treatment of surface water with highly fluctuating water regime

Vegetated drainage ditches (VDD) as a type of constructed wetland primarily serve to remove and store excess water associated with irrigation and storm events. Current research suggests using a VDD as an additional practice in the mitigation of surface water pollution. The VDD for water treatment of the Glinscica River was constructed in 2006. The efficiency of the system was evaluated in 2008 and 2009 regarding the reduction of SS, COD, BOD5, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, TN, ON and TP. The microbiological association developed in the VDD was analyzed with a focus on the identification and quantification of the narG gene as a denitrification indicator. This paper discusses the efficiency of pollution removal and the distribution of the narG gene within the VDD. The results showed that the highly fluctuating water regime was the main reason for the even distribution and abundance of the narG gene throughout the system, regardless of oxygen saturation or the nutrient status of the wastewater. With the exception of SS, pollutant concentrations met the permitted outflow levels.     

The Influence of Green Roofs on Runoff Water Quality: A Case Study from Estonia

This paper describes the runoff water quality of Light Weight Aggregates (LWA)-based extensive green roofs and sod roofs in Estonia. Samples were taken from August 2004 to April 2009 from 10 different green roofs to determine what level of water quality may be found. The results presented here show that green roofs influenced water quality to a considerable degree. The runoff water of LWA-based green roofs generally had higher values of pH, BOD₇, TP and PO₄-P than that from sod roofs. However, COD, TN, SO₄ and Ca-Mg salt were higher in the sod roofs than in the green roofs. The results for NH₄-N and NO₃-N were similar for both roof types. According to the results, the character of the runoff and the contents in the substrate layer at the moment the samples were taken affected runoff quality more than the age and location of the green roof. The use of NPK-nutrients in the substrate or in the soil caused much higher values of COD and concentrations of TP, PO₄-P, TN, NH₄-N and NO₃-N in runoff water than on non-fertilized green roofs. The results of samples taken from the Tartu LWA-based green roof each spring in the period 2005–2009, at a time when the snow had almost melted, showed that concentrations of compounds in runoff water generally decreased gradually. The pH value and Ca-Mg salt concentration were, however, stable, and this was caused by the LWA material.     

多级人工湿地-塘组合系统去除污染物研究

通过多级人工湿地-塘组合系统在不同的水力停留时间下处理污染水体,对各项出水污染物进行测试对比。结果表明:在初春低温条件下,COD,TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率随着水力停留时间的增加显著提高,在保证处理效果的前提下,水力停留时间选择4 d较为合理。在水力停留时间为4 d时进行为期12个月的试验。试验结果表明:随着季节的变化,多级人工湿地-塘组合系统对模拟农村径流污水的净化效果保持在一个合理的波动范围内,在夏季时对污水中COD,TN以及NH₄⁺-N去除效果比在冬季时好。从试验去除污染物的效果可以看出,本系统可以在除污染物方面达到比较令人满意的效果,COD出水水质最好时为Ⅳ类水质,NH₄⁺-N出水水质最好时接近地表水Ⅳ类水质。     

Pumped flow biofilm reactors (PFBR) for treating municipal wastewater

A novel laboratory bench-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) system was developed for the treatment of synthetic domestic strength wastewater, comprising two side-by-side 18 l reactor tanks, each containing a plastic biofilm media module. Aerobic and anoxic conditions in the biofilms were effected by intermittent alternate pumping of wastewater between the two reactors. With a media surface area loading rate of 4.2 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m2.d, the average influent COD, total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) concentrations of 1021 mg/l, 97 mg/l and 54 mg/l, respectively, reduced to average effluent concentrations of 72 mg COD/l, 17.8 mg TN/l, and 5.5 mg NH4-N /l. Using a similar alternating biofilm exposure arrangement, a 16 person equivalent pilot (PE) plant was constructed at a local village treatment works to remove organic carbon from highly variable settled municipal wastewater and comprised two reactors, one positioned above the other, each containing a module of cross-flow plastic media with a surface area of 100 m2. Two different pumping sequences (PS) in the aerobic phase were examined where the average influent COD concentrations were 220 and 237 mg/l for PS1 and PS2, respectively, and the final average effluent COD was consistently less than 125 mg/l--the European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive limit--with the best performance occurring in PS1. Nitrification was evident during both PS1 and PS2 studies. A 300 PE package treatment plant was designed based on the bench-scale and pilot-scale studies, located at a local wastewater treatment works and treated municipal influent with average COD, suspended solids (SS) and TN concentrations of 295, 183 and 15 mg/l, respectively resulting in average effluent concentrations of 67 mg COD/l, 17 mg SS/l and 9 mg TN/l. The SBBR systems performed well, and were simple to construct and operate.     

WRSIS系统中稻田田面水和地下排水中氮素的动态变化特征

在江苏高淳县WRSIS系统中进行田间试验,对不同氮肥施用量下稻田田面水和地下排水中氮素动态变化特性进行分析。结果表明:施肥1 d后田面水TN和NH4+-N质量浓度值达到最大,随着时间推移,质量浓度迅速下降,施肥7 d后TN质量浓度下降70%~76%,NH4+-N质量浓度下降83.5%~85.5%。田面水中ρ(NH4+-N)/ρ(TN)和ρ(NO3--N)/ρ(TN)具有相似变化规律,先升后降,且ρ(NH4+-N)/ρ(TN)显著大于ρ(NO3--N)/ρ(TN)。地下排水中氮素以NO3--N为主,施肥后NO3--N质量浓度在3.0~19.0 mg/L的范围内;NH4+-N质量浓度较低,整个生育期质量浓度都在1.1 mg/L以下。田面水和地下排水中氮素质量浓度均随着施肥量的增加而增加。施肥7 d内是防止氮素大量流失的关键时期,需要控制排水;同时减少氮肥施用量能显著减少氮素地表流失和地下渗漏损失量。     

河流滨岸带坡面对降雨径流的污染削减效应——以上海市樱桃河为例

选取上海市闵行区樱桃河畔具代表性的滨岸带地域,在模拟降雨过程中,设置不同坡度,不同坡长及植被条件下的对比实验。得出最优方案:坡度约为8°±0.5°,被冬青覆盖的河滨带在宽度为4~5 m时,对降雨径流的污染削减效果最佳。此时模拟地表径流平均入水质状况为,进水水质:ρ(COD)=154.7 mg/L、ρ(TP)=0.55 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=1.19 mg/L,出水水质:ρ(COD)=77.38 mg/L、ρ(TP)=0.29 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=0.69 mg/L;削减率分别为49.98%,47.27%,41.61%。试验结果为提高城市绿地规划与建设的合理性以及城市降雨径流非点源污染的控制提供参考。     

垂直流人工湿地中污染物昼夜及沿程变化规律

利用垂直潜流人工湿地单元模型探讨COD、TN和NH4+-N质量浓度在一昼夜之中随时间及深度的变化规律。结果表明:垂直潜流人工湿地中污染物去除率的变化呈一定的周期性,昼夜差距较大。COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率在15:00达到最大,夜间最小。COD和NH4+-N质量浓度在表层(距湿地底部60～90cm段)迅速降低,底部变化幅度较小。TN浓度沿程的降低趋势很明显。湿地中COD、NH4+-N和TN质量浓度的变化趋势与DO显著相关,DO质量浓度越高,越有利于有机物和氮的去除。     

The role of SSVF and SSHF beds in concentrated wastewater treatment, design recommendation

The return flows of reject water from sewage sludge dewatering alter the activated sludge process in a conventional WWTP and increase TN concentration in the final effluent from WWTP. The objective of the investigation carried out was to consider the application of multistage treatment wetland (MTW) for the treatment of reject water from sewage sludge dewatering in a centrifuge (RWC). This paper aims to present the design and performance of each stage of the treatment as well as the efficiency of total MTW. The full scale pilot plant for RWC, consisting of two vertical flow beds (SS VF) working in series, followed by an horizontal flow bed (SS HF), was built in 2008. The applied configuration ensured a very high removal efficiency of principal pollutant (COD - 76.0% and NH4+-N - 93.6%). In the investigated facilities, the SS VF beds ensured an effective removal of nitrogen compounds, especially NH4+-N, whereas the decomposition of hardly degradable Org-N and COD took place in SS HF. This research illustrates that the MTW could be successfully applied for the treatment of RWC.