均质软土地基上土堤稳定性的极限分析方法

为评估均质软土地基上土堤的稳定性,假设地基土体沿圆弧形滑动面破坏,不排水抗剪强度随深度线性增加,并假设土堤材料沿对数螺旋线形滑动面破坏,采用黏聚力和内摩擦角描述其抗剪强度,基于上限定理,建立了一种稳定性分析方法,用于计算得到土堤的无量纲化的稳定数和稳定图,并确定土堤的最小安全系数和临界滑动面。采用本文方法对土堤失稳现场试验工程案例开展了计算分析,结果表明,所得到的最小安全系数与土堤的实测失稳条件吻合,最小安全系数与临界滑动面的计算结果也与变分极限平衡法和条分极限平衡法所得到的计算结果吻合良好。     

轮胎与格室加筋路堤性能及承载力研究

为研究废旧轮胎与土工格室加筋路堤边坡的性能,分别对废旧轮胎、土工格室加筋路堤边坡开展了室内模型试验,并考虑了填料两种不同相对密度的影响。试验结果表明:相对素土路堤而言,废旧轮胎和土工格室加筋路堤均能有效地提高承载力,增强其稳定性,减小不均匀沉降。加筋后均有效地增大了附加应力的扩散角,使得附加应力分布更为均匀,并且素土路堤与加筋路堤中轴线上附加应力差值随路堤深度增大而减小。中轴线以外的质点侧向位移随路堤深度的增加,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,几种路堤中,废旧轮胎加筋路堤侧向位移最小。加筋效果随相对密度增大而减小,在低相对密度条件下,加筋后承载力能达到素土路堤2倍以上,而在高相对密度下却不足2倍。最后根据土工格室加筋地基承载力计算方法及对废旧轮胎加筋机理分析,提出了关于废旧轮胎加筋地基承载力计算方法。     

Combined effect of PVDs and reinforcement on embankments over rate-sensitive soils

A numerical study of the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments constructed on soft rate-sensitive soil with and without prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is described. The time-dependent stress–strain-strength characteristic of rate-sensitive soil is taken into account using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. The effects of reinforcement stiffness, construction rate, soil viscosity as well as PVD spacing are examined both during and following construction. A sensitivity analysis shows the effect of construction rate and PVD spacing on the short-term and long-term stability of reinforced embankments and the mobilized reinforcement strain. For rate-sensitive soils, the critical period with respect to the stability of the embankment occurs after the end of the construction due to a delayed, creep-induced, build-up of excess pore pressure in the viscous foundation soil. PVDs substantially reduce the effect of creep-induced excess pore pressure, and hence not only allow a faster rate of consolidation but also improve the long-term stability of the reinforced embankment. Furthermore, PVDs work together with geosynthetic reinforcement to minimize the differential settlement and lateral deformation of the foundation. The combined use of the geosynthetic reinforcement and PVDs enhances embankment performance substantially more than the use of either method of soil improvement alone.     

Stability analysis of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft ground

This study focuses on the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soil. An upper-bound limit state plasticity failure discretization scheme (known as discontinuity layout optimization (DLO)), which determines the embankment stability without pre-assuming a slip surface, is used. The relationships between the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments and various influencing parameters, including the soil strength, geometric configuration, reinforcement strength, and area replacement ratio, are analysed. It is found that geosynthetics provide a significant contribution to embankment stability. Two failure mechanisms of geosynthetics (i.e., rupture failure and bond failure) are revealed and the effect of geosynthetics on embankment stability is governed by the failure mode. The application of stone columns mitigates the risk of geosynthetic failure. To provide an analytical solution for primary design in engineering practice, an approach based on the limit equilibrium method is proposed. Validations are performed with the DLO solution to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the developed analytical approach.     

Comparative studies of design and construction of a steep reinforced embankment

The design of steep reinforced embankments using high tensile polymer grids has to be formulated making several assumptions. The present paper deals with laboratory tests and instrumented embankments constructed to investigate the validity of the assumptions made. Laboratory tests were conducted using a soil container with one layer of grid. Test results obtained from two kinds of grid condition were found to be in agreement with the proposed design method based on ‘tie-back-wedge-analysis’. A vertical faced embankment and an embankment with a sloping face were constructed using horizontal layers of grid reinforcement. Measurements of the tensions in targets were were found to be considerably less than those predicted by the design method. These studies reveal that the reinforcing effect is greater than that assumed in the design since the fill material is integrated with polymer grids laid in the embankment. It is suggested that such an integration effect should be incorporated in future design methods.     

Effect of soil-reinforcement interaction coefficient on reinforcement tension distribution of reinforced slopes

This paper examines the effect of the mobilized reinforcement tension within reinforced soil slope at a different level of soil-geosynthetic interaction. The mobilized reinforcement tension is assumed, in most design methods for the internal stability of reinforced slopes, to be equal to mobilized soil forces computed using a limit equilibrium method. However, comparison with the reinforcement tension force measured in the field has shown that this approach is conservative. This paper examines the effects of the soil-reinforcement interaction coefficient on the tensile redistribution of geosynthetics. The modified process of Bishop Method of slope stability analysis is used to locate the critical slip surface and to calculate the mobilized reinforcement tensile force. The reinforcement forces obtained from field data and on centrifuge model test results for a reinforced slope problem are used to examine the relationship between mobilized reinforcement tensile force and mobilized soil shear strength.     

袖阀管劈裂注浆加固粉土路基实验研究

通过室内大型模拟实验,对粉土路基强度、刚度在毛细水作用下的衰减规律和袖阀管劈裂注浆加固路基的效果进行研究。实验模拟新建路基、潜水位20 cm/50 cm的毛细水作用路基、袖阀管注浆劈裂土体加固路基等4个工况,得到粉土路基土体含水率的分布规律和物理力学指标;在分级循环加卸荷载的作用下,得到路基模型总体刚度、受力和变形的特性;挖除路基模型,观察袖阀微桩及浆液扩散的形态。结果表明：毛细水作用可使粉土路基模型总体刚度降低70%,土体抗剪强度下降,路基竖向塑性变形随荷载增大快速增加;水平分层劈裂土体凝固的浆液不仅阻断了毛细水的上升通道,而且与底端扩大的微桩形成空间骨架与土体共同作用,骨架与土体各承担荷载大约50%,袖阀管加固粉土路基效果显著。     

A comprehensive method for analyzing the effect of geotextile layers on embankment stability

Commercial software is used widely in slope stability analyses of reinforced embankments. Almost all of these programs consider the tensile strength of geotextiles and soil–geotextile interface friction. However, currently available commercial software generally does not consider the drainage function of nonwoven geotextile reinforcement. In this paper, a reinforced channel embankment reinforced by a nonwoven geotextile is analyzed using two methods. The first method only considers the tensile strength and soil–geotextile interface friction. The second method also considers the drainage function. In both cases, the reinforced embankment is modeled in rapid drawdown condition since this is one of the most important conditions with regard to stability of channel embankments. It is shown that for this type of application, modeling a nonwoven geotextile reinforced embankment using commercial software which neglects the drainage function of the geotextile may be unrealistic.     

The mechanics of reinforcede bankments on soft soils

The mechanics of reinforced embankments on soft foundation soils are examined to try to establish appropriate methods for their analysis and design. The focus is the bearing capacity of the foundation under the combined vertical and shear loading derived from the embankment fill. Lower bound plasticity solutions exist for this case, and indicate the magnitude of the reduction in bearing capacity due to outward shear stresses, compared to the ‘smooth’ case, and the improvement due to inward shear stresses. The improvement is greatest for soil with strength increasing with depth, or relatively thin layers of soft soil.

The action of the reinforcement can be described in terms of the reinforcement firstly acting to carry the outward shear stresses generated by the embankment fill, and secondly providing inward shear stresses to restrain the foundation soil from lateral displacement.

The slip circle analysis for an embankment on soft soil can now be examined using the plasticity solutions as the benchmark. To calculate foundation stability the slip circle is used only in the foundation, with vertical and shear stresses applied on the foundation surface. In the unreinforced case the outward thrust in the fill must be included for the assessment of overall stability, and it is suggested that the thrust is besst calculated directly rather than with the same slip circle used in the foundation carried through the fill.

The conclusion is that the slip circle analysis is satisfactory in the case of deep deposits of soil with strength increasing with depth. Where the depth of the soft soil is limited, however, the slip circle analysis appears to overestimate stability and the use of the plasticity solutions as a basis for design is recommended.     

高填方加筋新旧路堤现场试验与数值模拟分析

 结合山区高速公路拓宽工程,对土工格室处治高填方新旧路堤进行现场试验,分析加宽高填方路堤侧向位移、沉降及土压力变化规律,研究格室处治效果。在现场试验的基础上,采用三维薄膜单元模拟土工格室的立体加筋性能,建立三维弹塑性模型,分析土工格室受力特点,通过对相关参数的敏感性分析,揭示高填方加宽路堤的变形规律。结果表明,采用三维薄膜单元,能较好地反映土工格室处治现场高填方新旧路堤的规律。与现场试验相比,利用数值试验不仅能得到现场的加筋效果,而且还能通过分析筋材与填料参数的变化和筋材铺设间距来研究格室处治高填方路堤的规律,从而可进一步探讨格室加筋的机制。高填方路堤在加宽路基自重荷载作用下沉降主要集中在加宽路堤的中上部,侧向位移从路基顶面到底部依次逐渐减少。土工格室所在层位起到扩散荷载、减少侧向变形和不均匀沉降的作用。填料与筋材模量愈高,加筋间距愈小,加筋效果愈好,较为合理的铺设间距为2～3 m。该研究成果对高填方路堤加筋处理和新旧路基结合部处理均有借鉴意义。     

Experimental study of embankments with different reinforcement materials and spacing between layers

Worldwide, waste tires are being discarded in landfills at a huge environmental cost, therefore, their use as a three-dimensional reinforcement material is a wise solution to reduce their environmental impact, and fire risk in the case of shredded tires. In this research a series of experimental model tests of embankments reinforced with Geocell and tires were conducted to compare the performance of these types of reinforcement. The models tested had different Geocell embedment depths, number of Geocell layers, vertical spacing between Geocell layers and density or soil stiffness. Testing consisted of applying pressure at the crest of the embankment and monitoring the pressure distribution, as well as the vertical and horizontal deformations inside of the embankment. The results suggested that when compared with unreinforced embankments, reinforced embankments effectively improve the bearing capacity, thereby, reducing vertical and lateral displacements. This study also showed that an optimal embedment depth and spacing between Geocell reinforcement layers can further improve the slope performance. Comparisons between Geocell reinforced embankments and waste tire reinforced embankments, showed that waste tire reinforcement has a superior performance over the Geocell-reinforced embankments. This difference in performance between the two types of reinforcement is more apparent if the embankment backfill has lower stiffness. i.e. lower density.     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

加筋土坡动态稳定性拟静力分析

 加筋土工结构被广泛采用的原因不仅是其具有良好的静力性能,且也在于出色的动力稳定性能,现有研究较少考虑竖向地震效应对加筋土坡动态稳定性的影响。基于塑性极限分析上限理论,假定不同的破坏面,同时考虑水平和竖向地震影响并结合不同加筋模式,采用拟静力分析方法推导一定加筋强度条件下的边坡临界高度和一定边坡高度条件下的临界加筋强度计算公式,并对所导公式采用序列二次规划法进行了优化计算,数值计算与分析表明：简单静态和动态条件下,该结果与现有研究成果有较好的一致性,可以证明该方法的正确性;水平和竖向地震、岩土材料强度特性、边坡倾斜度均对加筋土坡的动态稳定性有重要影响,特别当边坡较陡,岩土填筑材料质量较差和地震影响强度较大时,忽视竖向地震影响将会导致设计偏于不安全;最后针对工程实际,提出相应的工程建议。     

A reinforcing method for steep clay slopes using a non-woven geotextile

The effect of non-woven geotextile reinforcement on the stability and deformation of two clay test embankments is examined based on their performance for about 3 years for the first embankment and about years for the other. Horizontal planar sheets of a non-woven geotextile are expected to work in three ways: for compaction control; for drainage; for tensile reinforcement. The degree of stability of the steep slopes of the test embankments decreased during heavy rainfall. It is found that the use of non-woven geotextile reinforcement may effectively improve embankment performance. Only the stability analysis in terms of effective stresses can explain the performance of the test embankments. The horizontal creep deformation of the embankments during 2–3 years, which is partly attributed to the creep deformation of the non-woven geotextile, was found to be small. The results of both laboratory bearing capacity tests of a strip footing on a model sand ground reinforced with the non-woven geotextile and plane strain compression tests on sand specimens reinforced with the non-woven geotextile show that the non-woven geotextile gives tensile reinforcement to soils.     

Bayesian calibration of embankment safety under earthquake loading

This study provides a probabilistic procedure for the back-calculation of factors of safety of embankment slopes during seismic loading. The slope stability is analyzed by the conventional circular arc slip surface method in which the seismic load is introduced in terms of a horizontal body force. The factor of safety of an embankment is inversely estimated using information whether the embankment is still safe or not after the occurrence of an earthquake. In this back-calculation, soil strengths and seismic loads are treated as random variables. This is because, in many actual situations, these two factors are usually uncertain even after the occurrence of an earthquake.The developed procedure is applied to the case records of embankment behavior during the Niigata earthquake of 1964. Six embankments are analyzed. Four of them are damaged embankments while the others are non-damaged. The factors of safety are inversely estimated and they are compared with the state of damage described in the case records.     

一种新的边坡稳定性因素敏感性分析方法——可靠度分析方法

传统的边坡稳定性因素敏感性分析方法基于确定性计算,仅能得到边坡稳定性对各变量的敏感性大小,无法获得边坡稳定性对不同滑面位置上的同一岩土参数的敏感性。在可靠度分析基础上提出一种新的边坡稳定性因素敏感性分析方法——可靠度分析方法,该方法采用随机场模型来描述边坡滑面上岩土参数的空间变异性,通过验算点法优化求解实现,分析结果可得到边坡的最小可靠指标、概率临界滑面、参数敏感性因子在临界滑面上的分布曲线。研究结果表明,敏感性因子分布曲线随边坡尺度和岩土参数波动范围的相对大小变化而变化,根据边坡可靠度指标在临界滑面上的不同位置上的敏感性因子,可对边坡加固位置提出设计改进,将有限的加固措施加于敏感性因子较高的位置,能够更有效地提高边坡的稳定性,较之传统的边坡稳定性因素敏感性分析方法具有明显的优越性。     

Internal stability analysis of reinforced convex highway embankments considering seismic loading

The seismic internal stability of reinforced, convex embankments that are three-dimensional in nature is analyzed. A limit equilibrium based three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism is adopted to calculate the required reinforcement strength to maintain the stability of convex embankments. The results are presented in the form of stability charts and the effects of various parameters on the three-dimensional solution are investigated. The calculation of the required strength and length of reinforcement is demonstrated by two examples using an approach consistent with AASHTO (2012). Comparing the strengths obtained under two and three-dimensional conditions, the results show that the two-dimensional results are more conservative with respect to the strength of reinforcement, but could be unconservative considering the required length of reinforcement, especially for reinforced convex embankments with gentle turning angles. The influence of seismicity causes greater three-dimensional effects when the reinforced convex embankment is vertical, but less so when the slope inclination is gentle.     

模拟堤坝荷载作用下软土的速率效应特性(英文)

用基于Perzyna超应力理论与修正剑桥模型的简单的弹黏塑性本构模型,耦合比奥固结理论,来模拟堤坝荷载作用下的软土的速率效应特性。以土工织布加固的堤坝为实例,提出从最初几个加载阶段下的沉降数据来确定黏性参数的反分析法。根据反分析的参数值来模拟,同实测值予以比较,并同文献中使用其他四个不同本构模型的模拟结果进行比较,比较研究表明:本文建议的模型具有优越性。特别研究了土工织布加固对堤坝下软土的滞后变形和稳定性的影响。良好的模拟结果反应了所提出的反分析法的可用性,同时展示了所使用的弹黏塑性本构模型在岩土工程中的实用性:弥补了修正剑桥模型不能模拟速率效应特性的缺点;跟其他黏塑性本构模型比较,本模型参数确定方法简单,模拟结果准确。     

土工格栅加筋边坡坡顶条基极限荷载的预测

通过土工合成材料加固的边坡,承载能力显著提高,因而获得广泛应用。为了合理的评价加筋边坡的坡顶条形基础的极限荷载,制作了足尺寸模型并进行了试验,采用延性较好但强度较低的聚丙烯(PP)土工格栅对边坡进行了加固,在坡顶通过条形基础(钢梁)施加荷载直至边坡破坏,获得了极限荷载以及边坡的变形和破坏规律,通过细致的测试手段,详细地捕捉到模型的力学响应。在此基础上,通过校验的FLAC数值模型,对土工格栅加筋边坡的承载能力进行了预测,得到了满意的结果。     

加筋土坡的可能滑移模式和基于库仑理论的稳定分析方法

加筋土坡因其填方量少、工期短、经济安全等优势在国内外已得到广泛应用,故其稳定性分析也显得尤为重要。目前,已有多位学者将极限分析上 限定理运用于加筋土坡的稳定性分析中,并假定水平条块速度间断面。然而在其分析过程中,构造的速度场并不符合位移协调条件。提出了由于筋材的隔断 作用形成的斜向界面破坏模式,并计算相应速度场式,分别提出主动、库仑、被动三种滑移模式。通过计算比较发现,在加筋间距较密时,库仑模式总是相 应安全系数最小的控制工况。实际工作中,可以只使用这一概念清晰、计算简便的方法分析加筋土坡的稳定性。为方便工程设计快速获取安全系数或筋材间 距,将土坡各参数进行无量纲化,绘制了安全系数图,并与Michalowski设计图表进行对比,验证了该算法的有效性。且针对多个实际工程算例进行验算, 验证了库仑模式上限法的可行性。