户式集中空调变风量系统设计探讨

分析了户式集中空调的几种型式及存在的问题，指出在住宅中采用变风量系统可以提高室内空气品质，对户式集中空调变风量系统的构成、控制及设计进行了详细的论述。     

中国住宅空调的未来发展

以上海住宅建设和家用空调的发展为例，分析了住宅空调对能源和环境的影响。指出今后在中国大城市中，应以发展区域集中供冷供热，冷热电联产为主；而在中小城市或城市郊区，应以发展所谓“户式空调”为主；在单身公寓或合租公寓中，则应以使用房间空调器为主。以利于合理使用能源，减少温室气体排放和促进房地产业的可持续发展。     

住宅建筑区域供冷与其他供冷方式的比较

本文对采用区域集中供冷的住宅空调的特点进行分析,并与住宅空调中常见的另外2种供冷形式(分体式空调和户式中央空调)的运行特点、初投资和20年运行总费用等进行比较。区域供冷采用冰蓄冷加低温送风系统能提高空调效果,虽然初投资方面集中供冷比其他2种形式大,但是从20年的总运行和更新费用来看,区域供冷经济性最好。     

住宅空调方式的夏季能耗调查与思考

对北京市5栋住宅楼2006年夏季空调能耗状况进行了调查,分析了不同住宅空调方式的能耗特点,结果表明:住宅分体空调能耗特点是空调器装得多、用得少,平均能耗水平低,不同住户空调能耗差异大;同一个高档住宅区内,采用分体空调、户式空调(多联机)和集中空调的3栋高层住宅,夏季空调能耗指标之比为1∶1.8∶6.7;在住宅建筑中推广户式空调尤其是集中空调方式会使住宅空调能耗大幅度增加.认为我国住宅空调应坚持走分散式空调的发展道路.     

住宅的空调方式

论述了住宅空调冷负荷的特点及空调方式的选择，对各种空调方式进行了投资比较，指出目前住宅的空调方式以家用空调器为主，并对住宅采用集中空调的可行性进行了探讨。     

户式蓄冷空调系统的实验研究与经济性分析

提出将现有普通家用空调器改造为直接蒸发式内融冰蓄冷空调系统的方案.对户式蓄冷空调进行了实验研究,分析了其经济性.提出了开发蓄冷空调的几点建议.     

空调与人居环境

指出良好的室内空气环境包括人体必需的新鲜空气，合宜的空气温度与湿度，有害物浓度低于卫生标准，良好的光照和适宜的声环境；分析我国当前空调的设置，指出不正视通风换气系统的作用是关键问题；使用房间空调器须保证适当的通风；过滤吸附等净化手段不能替代室外新鲜空气；全空气系统能实现对建筑的热湿控制及空气品质控制，如保证完善的设计、施工和运行，可认为是最佳的空调系统。     

地下工程中分体式空调机的集中应用

１空调系统模式分体式空调机是目前广泛用于地面建筑局部空调的产品之一,由于这种产品将压缩机及冷凝器置于室外机,而将蒸发器与节流膨胀阀保留在室内机内部,使得制冷循环的两个热交换环节得以远距离分置,形成布置灵活、空调范围小的特点,这也是分体式空调得以广泛应用于地面建筑,特别是局部空调的重要原因。目前分体式空调器的应用仅限于简单地将室内机与室外机分置安装在适用于局部空调的环境,但这种安装方式并没有使分体的特点得以充分的利用。本文提出的“地下工程分体式空调的集中运用”,正是希望充分利用这种产品的特点,在传…     

住宅房间空调器运行状况的调查分析

本文根据1999年夏季对北京市区42户安装空调住宅的调查结果及空调房间室温的测试数据,分析和了解住宅房间空调器的运行特点,依据热舒适理论,确定出房间空调的启动温度为29℃左右,而房间空调的控制温度则为26℃。本文的论述为住宅建筑的能耗分析以及住宅热性能的分析评价提供了基础。     

家用空调系统概念

阐述了住宅环境的空气调节要求，以及房间空调器、单元式空调机和户式集中空调机组的局限性，指出这些设备的基本功能均不能够全面满足空气调节的要求，必须以系统方式解决。提出了家用空调系统概念，在GB50019基础上，以GB50096特殊要求等予以限定，从而形成家用空调系统的要求。     

住宅负压新风系统的研究现状及其发展前景

住宅室内空气品质(LAQ)的好坏将直接影响着人们的身体健康.主要针对目前住宅室内空气品质方面所存在的问题,重点介绍了住宅负压新风系统的工作原理、特点、研究现状及其发展前景.     

智能模糊控制技术在航站楼中央空调系统中的应用

航站楼中央空调系统具有巨大的节能潜力,采用传统、常规的PID控制有其局限性,难以获得较好的节能效果.因此,现代、先进的智能模糊控制模式应运而生,为提高中央空调系统的能源利用效率,节能减排,提供了一项科学、可行的技术措施.经部分机场航站楼空调系统的应用实例验证,采用此项技术后,空调系统节能效果显著.     

Evaluation of distributed environmental control systems for improving IAQ and reducing energy consumption in office buildings

Conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are incapable of providing control over individual environments or adjusting fresh air supply based on the dynamic occupancy of individual rooms in an office building. This paper introduces the concept of distributed environmental control systems (DECS) and shows that improvement in indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy efficiency can be achieved by providing required amounts of fresh air directly to the individual office spaces through distributed demand controlled ventilation (DDCV). In DDCV, fresh air is provided to each micro-environment (room or cubicle) based on input from distributed sensors (CO₂, VOC, occupancy, etc.) or intelligent scheduling techniques to provide acceptable IAQ for each occupant, rather than for groups or populations of occupants. In order to study DECS, a numerical model was developed that incorporates some of the best available models for studying building energy consumption, indoor air flow, contaminant transport and HVAC system performance. The developed model was applied to a DECS in a model office building equipped with a DDCV system. By implementing DECS/DDCV and intelligent scheduling techniques it is possible to achieve an improvement in IAQ along with a reduction in annual energy consumption compared to conventional ventilation systems.     

Modeling of Alkane Emissions from a Wood Stain

Full-scale residential house tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic emissions from a wood finishing product – wood stain – on indoor air quality (IAQ). The test house concentrations of three alkane species, nonane, decane, and undecane, were measured as a function of time after the application of the wood stain. It was found that the test house concentrations can be simulated by an integrated IAQ model which takes into consideration source, sink and ventilation effects. The alkane emissions were controlled by an evaporation-like process. Data analysis indicated that there were significant sink effects in the test house. Different sink strengths were estimated by the model for the three alkane species. An inverse relationship between the test house sink strength and the alkane volatility was found.     

Building leakage analysis and infiltration modelling for an Italian multi-family building

The presented paper aims at detailing the results of an investigation that was recently conducted in Italy to evaluate the contribution infiltration makes to meeting ventilation needs in a recently renovated apartment building and the corresponding energy costs. It is years that increasing importance has been placed on the energy efficiency in residential buildings as about 70% of the existing Italian residential building stock was built before 1976 (i.e. before any measure related to the energy efficiency in buildings). As existing dwellings have been traditionally considered ‘leaky’, the actions for improving their energy efficiency have often determined tighter buildings, raising concerns about whether the amount of infiltration is sufficient to provide occupants with acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). The current state of knowledge on infiltration in multi-family buildings in terms of measuring procedures, corresponding air change rates and airflow patterns was reviewed. The air tightness of a three-storey, six-unit, multi-family building which can be considered representative of the existing recently renovated Italian building stock was characterized by means of a series of fan pressurization tests. The performed blower door tests are documented and results of the data analysis are reported and discussed. A simulation model was developed; simulations were performed to analyse in detail the winter magnitude of air infiltration. Winter is usually detrimental to IAQ, as severe outdoor weather prompts occupants to keep closed any opening that could allow cold drafts into their homes. Modelling results were validated on the basis of a 3-week monitoring campaign. The developed model enabled to estimate the variation with time of infiltration rates and therefore the influence of infiltrating air on the resulting heat loss and IAQ. Numerical predictions were derived using the EnergyPlus simulation tool which allowed to combine whole building thermal simulation and detailed multi-zone airflow modelling. Results show that, during the considered heating season (October–April), the average air change rate due to infiltration was approximately 0.1 h^?1. It was concluded that infiltration cannot be relied upon to provide adequate ventilation air and, if not assisted by other means of ventilation, IAQ deterioration is likely to occur.     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

Performance analysis of liquid desiccant based air-conditioning system under variable fresh air ratios

In conventional air-conditioning system, fresh air volume is always restricted to save energy, which sacrifices indoor air quality (IAQ) to some extent. However, removing the latent load of air by liquid desiccant rather than by cooling is an alternative way of reducing energy consumption. Therefore, IAQ can be improved by increasing the volume of fresh air introduced into an air-conditioning system. In this paper, a liquid desiccant based air-conditioning system is studied, with the system performance under various fresh air ratios analyzed using simulation tests. In addition, the proposed system and a conventional system are compared. In the proposed system, with the increase in fresh air ratio, the heating load for solution regeneration rises, the dehumidification efficiency increases and the regeneration efficiency drops. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the liquid desiccant based system decreases sharply when the fresh air ratio exceeds 60%. The results also show that the proposed system can save power notably. The maximum power saving ratio is 58.9% when the fresh air ratio is 20%; however, the ratio drops when the fresh air ratio increases. These findings will be beneficial in the selection of fresh air ventilation strategies for liquid desiccant based air-conditioning systems.     

住宅建筑的中央空调系统设计

强度在住宅建筑中央空调系统的设计中应注意其特殊性，阐述在负荷计算、冷热源设备选择、空调系统的设计、系统节能运行和科学管理等方面应注意的事项和要点，提供为住宅建筑中央空调系统设计所必要的技术参考意见。     

The impact of air filter pressure drop on the performance of typical air-conditioning systems

Filters are used in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems for both commercial and residential buildings to protect the equipment and improve indoor air quality in conditioned spaces. Although there are many benefits of using the air filter in an air-conditioning system, the resistance associated with it can increase fan energy use and may adversely affect air-conditioning system performance and efficiency. The paper explores the impact of air filtration on energy consumption for a typical air-conditioning (AC) system with constant- or variable-speed fan. A whole building simulation model is used to simulate the annual energy consumption for various air-conditioning system capacities, different levels of filter cleanliness, and various filter minimum efficiency reporting values (MERV). The results indicate that with a constant-speed fan, the cooling energy use increases as the filter gets dirty over time and the energy use in the fan may increase but this depends heavily on the investigated fan performance curve. With a variable-speed fan, the fan energy use increases with a dirty filter but the cooling and heating energy uses are slightly affected. The fan energy use rise due to the dirty filter depends mainly on air system capacities, filter MERV ratings, and the degree of the filter cleanliness.     

A combined system of chilled ceiling,displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification

Different types of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume different amounts of energy yet they deliver similar levels of acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort. It is desirable to provide buildings with an optimal HVAC system to create the best IAQ and thermal comfort with minimum energy consumption. In this paper, a combined system of chilled ceiling, displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification is designed and applied for space conditioning in a hot and humid climate. IAQ, thermal comfort, and energy saving potential of the combined system are estimated using a mathematical model of the system described in this paper. To confirm the feasibility of the combined system in a hot and humid climate, like China, and to evaluate the system performance, the mathematical model simulates an office building in Beijing and estimates IAQ, thermal comfort and energy consumption. We conclude that in comparison with a conventional all-air system the combined system saves 8.2% of total primary energy consumption in addition to achieving better IAQ and thermal comfort. Chilled ceiling, displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification respond consistently to cooling source demand and complement each other on indoor comfort and air quality. It is feasible to combine the three technologies for space conditioning of office building in a hot and humid climate.