铀矿冶设施退役治理工程现状与后评估思路探讨

铀矿冶设施退役治理和恢复环境已经引起了设施所在地政府和附近居民的高度关注.本文阐述了铀矿冶设施退役治理工程现状,分析了开展铀矿冶设施退役治理工程后评估的必要性,提出了我国铀矿冶设施退役治理工程运行状态质量后评估思路.     

某铀矿区退役后环境辐射水平调查

对某铀矿区退役后辐射环境进行了调查监测。监测结果表明,某铀矿退役场所部分点位土样中核素226Ra含量超出限值要求,急需采取措施进行治理。     

某硬岩型铀矿退役治理源项调查

源项调查是核设施退役治理前期的重要工作。通过具体实例分析,探讨了某硬岩型铀矿退役治理源项调查的监测内容和方法、方案设计、调查实施和数据处理等内容。可为铀矿冶及伴生矿退役治理项目的前期工作开展提供参考。     

铀矿地质勘探工程的环境污染及其治理

简要介绍了铀矿勘探原理，着重分析了历年地质实践造成的环境危害，根据有关国家法律和法规，须对铀矿地质勘探工程和退役设施进行治理，并提出了切实可行的治理方法。     

我国铀矿冶设施退役治理现状及对策

铀矿冶设施退役治理是一项政策性强、公众敏感、环境要求高、治理周期长、涉及面广、耗资大的环境安全系统工程。本文根据国外的经验和我国多年的退役治理工作的实践,对铀矿冶退役治理工作的目标、技术政策、治理原则和治理技术等问题进行了分析、讨论,并提出相关建议。     

广西某铀矿山退役治理后环境放射性调查与分析

对广西某铀矿山退役治理后的辐射环境进行调查与分析。结果表明:矿区环境地表γ辐射剂量率、氡浓度都低于退役治理管理限值,地表氡析出率较治理前明显下降,土壤及地表水中放射性核素铀、钍、镭、钾含量较低,治理效果较好。     

关于铀矿地质退役设施的长期监护

针对铀矿地质退役设施的长期监护要求和现状,从监护程序的建立、巡视监护技术要求、辐射监测技术要求、监护条件的配备要求等方面探讨开展铀矿地质长期监护工作的技术措施,为铀矿地质退役设施长期监护工作顺利开展提供了技术支持。     

铀矿水冶退役技术考察

一、前言近年来,我部将有若干矿山、水冶厂陆续关停,急待进行退役处理。铀矿山、水冶厂的退役在我部是一项新的工作。为了学习国外有益的经验,以作为制定和进行铀矿山水冶厂退役工作计划时参考借鉴,由安防局、矿冶局和辐射防护研究所、湖南矿冶局、五所等     

我国核设施退役治理标准化现状及建议

回顾了我国核设施退役治理标准化现状,总结了我国核设施退役治理标准存在的问题,对核设施退役治理标准规划和体系、核设施退役治理管理标准、技术标准以及标准的实施和监督等方面提出了标准化工作的建议。     

实施品牌战略,创建核设施退役治理产业

本文从我国退役治理行业的现状分析人手,从核电走出去、资源整合、满足市场需要三方面论述了核设施退役治理产业品牌建设的必要性,用铸魂、塑形、推广的工具探讨了创建退役治理产业品牌的客户定位、心智定位、价值定位、价格定位和品牌推广的方法和具体建议措施。     

Final Status of the Decommissioning of Research Reactors in Korea

A decommissioning project for the Korean Research Reactors KRR-1 and KRR-2 was started in 1997 and had been carried out with the goal of completion by the end of 2008. All the facilities were dismantled and the building surfaces decontaminated. The radioactive waste was packed into 200 liter drums and 4m³ containers and temporarily stored on site until their final disposal at the national repository facility. Some of the releasable waste was freely released and utilized for non-nuclear industries. The assessment of the residual radioactivity was carried out according to the Multi Agency Radiation Site Survey and Investigation Manual (MARSSIM), and accordingly, the safety of the site release was verified. The site and buildings will be cleared for reuse for non-nuclear purposes after a review of the assessment. In this paper, the final status of the decommissioning of research reactors in Korea including dismantlement processes, waste management, and a final assessment for unrestricted use of the site and buildings as the final goal of the decommissioning project will be described.     

核设施退役的环境安全

核设施退役的环境安全是退役的最终目标,是制约整个退役活动的关键,已成为世界各国公众关注的问题。我国在核设施退役活动中,在方案设计中采取了有效的安全措施,且退役活动严格遵照预定的安全措施实施,因而退役活动对环境安全的影响完全控制在预定值以下,对公众及其后代是安全的。也提到了可能对环境安全造成影响的核设施退役活动。本文对我国已实施的几项核设施退役活动对环境安全影响进行了初步探讨,目的是为了引起有关人士的共鸣,达到深入讨论,逐步统一认识,推进我国核设施退役工作的进展。     

核设施退役中若干环境相关问题的探讨

核设施退役有利于消除核安全隐患,减少辐射环境风险,是环境保护的一项重要活动。本文讨论了在核设施退役过程中应重点关注的几个问题:退役目标和剂量约束值、退役过程中有关控制值的制定、放射性废物管理以及退役过程中和退役终态的监测。并结合退役项目说明了在退役实施中应该重点关注的环境相关问题。     

Improved analytical methodology for calculation assessment of material parameters in the nuclear installation decommissioning process

The process of nuclear installation decommissioning is, besides other features, characterized by production of large amount of various radioactive and non-radioactive materials or waste that have to be managed, taking into account its physical, chemical, toxic and radiological characteristics. Waste management is considered to be one of the key issues within the frame of the decommissioning process from the technological and also financial point of view. Because of that mentioned fact, the evaluation of costs and other parameters is necessary to be done as precise as possible in the decommissioning planning period. The calculation code OMEGA with its implemented module of integrated material flow, is suitable for the assessment and further optimization of the various decommissioning waste management scenarios considering the different input parameters.In the paper, the improved analytical methodology based on the identification of decommissioning materials, definition of detailed material streams, development of scenarios, calculation of output parameters and final optimization, is presented. The process of implementation of such methodology to the existing OMEGA material flow system, including the new or perspective technologies and methods for the waste managing, is also discussed more in details.Finally, the summarizing conclusions and recommendations resulting from the model calculation results, done for the verifying the suggested methodology and functionality of new improved material flow system of the OMEGA code, are presented.     

关于我国核电厂退役工作的思考

随着我国核电机组的数量和运行时间的增加，核电厂退役工作越来越重要。如何安全、经济、环保地退役，关系着核工业持续发展，以及生态环境安全和子孙后代的健康。本文从国际核电退役经验反馈和市场发展的角度出发，结合我国核退役规划要求，提出我国未来核电厂退役应开展的重点工作，包括:完善退役相关法规、标准；坚持自主化、企业化、市场化、专业化道路，合作共赢；落实全生命周期对于退役的要求；加快退役关键技术和设备研发；保障退役费用。      

Non-technical Considerations in Regulation of Very Low Level Radioactive Waste: Comparative Analysis of Japan and the United States

With presently over 400 commercial nuclear power reactors being operated worldwide, many of which will retire within the next 50 years, the future generation of world nuclear energy depends upon strategies for low level waste management and decommissioning of those reactors. These strategies must address issues such as: economical feasibility, environmental and health standards, post-decommissioning land and facility usage. This paper considers those issues in the context of the inherently intertwined social and technical characteristics, with an emphasis on the management of very low level wastes. Until now 70 commercial power reactors have been decommissioned, however, most have been relatively small in comparison to those that will be preparing for decommissioning in the next 50 years. The resulting materials will add to the already increasing amounts of waste and material from nuclear reactors. Since the move to harmonization of clearance level regulation may have critical impacts on the environment and health as well as decommissioning costs and priority setting this paper examines both the areas of consensus and uncertainties between countries regarding very low level waste regulations for recycling of materials arising from decommissioning, against the background of international discussions. In conclusion, we discuss the need for deliberation regarding the assumptions and cultural factors.     

Working plan for decommissioning of the Lovisa Atomic Power Plant

Conclusion The option with dismantling of radioactive parts immediately after completion of power operation was adopted for the decommissioning of the Lovisa Atomic Power Plant. If the engineering life of the power units is 30 yr, the decommissioning of the first power unit will begin in 2008 and that of the second power unit in 2012. The entire period of decommissioning of the atomic power plant from the time of shutdown of the first power unit until the burial facilities are sealed and license obligations are discharged will last more than 12 yr.Careful analyses showed that the dismantling of radioactive parts of the power units is possible through the use of methods that have already been developed.According to estimates and calculations, decommissioning operations for the power units of the atomic power plant will require approximately 3000 man-yr.Waste from dismantling can be buried safely in facilities built in the bedrock at the plant site. The irradiation doses to the public due to the burial of such waste remain low.The collective irradiation dose to personnel engaged in dismantling is estimated to be 23 man-Sv.The costs for decommissioning the power units of the atomic power plant, as calculated from the data compiled, are 800 million Finnish marks.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 83–88, August, 1989.     

核电厂初步退役计划

文章在目前国家对核电厂安全要求不断提高的背景下,对核电厂在设计阶段就应考虑便于退役的措施,并编制初步退役计划的要求,提出该计划应从便于退役的考虑、退役经费、退役活动等几个主要方面进行考虑开展编制工作,并以ACP1000堆型为例,给出了该设施从安全关闭到拆除的整个过程所涉及的活动内容。     

美国核电站退役监管及对我国退役监管的建议

介绍了美国核管理委员会对核电站退役的监管要求,结合我国实际,在强化许可证持有者责任、监管制度建设、退役终态确认、退役资金管理和技术研发等方面提出了建议。     

核电厂退役资金管理

核电厂退役资金问题是核电政策、核电管理、退役管理方面的重要问题之一。文章介绍了国外核电厂退役现状,对国外在核电厂退役费用估算、资金提取和管理、保证资金充分性等方面的实践进行了阐述;在简要分析我国核电厂退役资金管理现状的基础上,提出了当前在退役资金方面需要开展的工作。