初生硅在熔体中的溶解动力学

研究了初生硅在熔体中的溶解特性，并以原子扩散为模型，考虑界面反应等因素的影响，建立了初生硅在过热熔体中的溶解动力学模型。同时以Al-17%Si合金为研究对象，采用等温液淬技术，对所建立的模型进行了实验验证。结果表明，初生硅在熔体中的溶解机制不是单纯受扩散控制的，而是由扩散、界面反应共同作用的结果，文中所建立的初生硅溶解模型可以较好地描述初生硅在不同温度过热熔体中的溶解特性。     

Al-25％Si合金过热处理后的凝固行为和组织研究

研究了熔体过热温度、冷却速度及浇注温度对Al-25％Si合金凝固形核温度、初生硅尺寸和数量分布的影响.结果显示,过热温度增加、冷却速度增大均会影响初生硅形核温度.随过热温度升高,形核温度增加,直至1 000℃过热后形核温度降低.增加冷却速度使形核温度进一步升高.不同冷却速度下,初生硅相尺寸和数量随过热温度增加以相同规律变化,1 000℃时尺寸细化达到最小值,数量达到最大值.冷却速度对初生硅尺寸的影响与过热温度有关,低过热温度下,增加冷却速度有利于初生硅相尺寸细化,过热温度升高,冷却速度对尺寸的影响逐渐减小.熔体过热处理对初生硅相的影响还与浇注温度有关,降低浇注温度,初生硅尺寸粗化,同时硅颗粒数量减少.Al-25％Si合金熔体高温过热处理后在850℃浇注,能够将初生硅相尺寸细化至30μm以下.     

混合方式及过热温度对过共晶Al-Si合金中初生Si的影响

采用受控扩散凝固技术(CDS)制备过共晶Al-18Si、Al-20Si、Al-22Si合金,研究了不同混合方式及Al-25Si合金在不同过热温度下对受控扩散凝固目标合金初生Si相的尺寸、形貌和分布的影响.结果表明,液-液混合对初生Si的改善效果较液-固混合好;随着过热温度增大,初生Si相尺寸减小,形貌逐渐变得圆整且分布均匀;相同过热温度下,随着合金Si含量的增加,初生Si相尺寸增大,形貌变化不明显.特别是在过热温度为900℃的Al-25Si合金与660℃的液态纯Al液-液混合得到Al-18Si合金中的初生Si相尺寸仅为34.3 μm,长宽比为1.48.     

过共晶Al-Si合金熔体中初生硅生长特性

利用等温液淬的方法,研究了Al-18%Si过共晶合金熔体中初生硅的生长行为及机制.结果表明:重熔过程中熔体中未溶解的硅相粒子,在凝固过程中可成为初生硅生长核心,并且未熔颗粒与初生硅形状之间存在明显对应关系; 初生硅的生长机制不是惟一的,既可以以孪晶凹角(TPRE)机制生长,还可以以层状机制生长,初生硅最终形状还要取决于溶质传输等动力学环境; 随着熔体过热温度的升高,凝固组织中初生硅形状由多边形向星形及树枝状转变.     

电脉冲作用下Al-22%Si合金凝固组织的变化机制

研究了在过热Al-22%Si合金熔体中施加电脉冲对其凝固组织的影响,考察了电脉冲频率、作用时间对初生相形态的影响规律.结果表明,经电脉冲孕育的合金凝固组织明显细化,初生硅相由花瓣状向块状转变;示差扫描量热法(DSC)曲线发生变化,初生相凝固点下降了16.78℃,反应焓值降低了4.1J/kg.理论分析表明外场作用下铝硅合金熔体中的大尺度硅团簇发生裂解,从而提高了熔体均匀程度.     

不同过热温度控制及混合方式对过共晶Al-Si合金初生Si的影响

通过受控扩散凝固技术制备了含Si量不同的Al-Si合金,研究不同过热温度和混合方式对过共晶Al-Si合金初生Si相的影响。研究表明:随着Al-25Si过热温度的增加,初生Si相尺寸和长宽比减小,组织分布更为均匀;采用液-液混合方式初生Si相的效果比较好;随着Al-Si合金中Si含量的减小,初生Si相尺寸减小。     

熔体温度处理对Al-25%Si合金凝固特性及组织的影响

研究了熔体温度处理对Al-25%Si合金形核温度、结晶潜热和凝固组织的影响。结果发现:随熔体过热温度的升高,Al-25%Si合金的初生相转变温度和共晶相转变温度逐渐降低;合金总的潜热值和初生硅颗粒平均尺寸随过热温度的升高先增大后减小,在960℃达到最大值。熔体过热温度不超过960℃时,初生硅颗粒平均尺寸和总的潜热值随保温时间的延长而增大,并且其小平面生长特征增强;反之,熔体过热温度超过960℃时,两者都随过热温度的升高和保温时间的延长而减小,并且初生硅的小平面生长特征减弱。     

电磁悬浮熔炼（TbDy）Fe2合金的耦合生长

实现了(TbDy)Fe2合金的电磁悬浮熔炼。采用红外测温、过程摄像、LECO图像分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)以及电子探针等手段对(TbDy)Fe2合金在悬浮熔炼情况下的凝固特性、组织形成机理进行了分析研究。接近包晶成分该合金通过悬浮熔炼，熔体过热和快淬，凝固组织为基体相REFe2相，大量棒状REFe3相，富集于棒状REFe3相周围的大量富稀土相和少量存在于基体REFe2相中的富稀土相。这种现象的形成可以解释为该实验条件下，合金发生非平衡凝固，导致包晶REFe2相和初生REFe3相的耦合生长。包晶耦合生长和达到共晶反应温度所发生的共晶反应造成了这一现象。     

熔体对流对Pb-26%Bi亚包晶合金定向凝固初生相的一次枝晶间距的影响

测量不同直径管中Pb-26%Bi（质量分数）亚包晶合金定向凝固试样的初生α相的一次枝晶间距,考察熔体对流对初生α相一次枝晶间距的影响。结果表明：一次枝晶间距随着试样直径的增大而增大。在凝固速度5μm/s,直径1.8mm的试样中的初生α相的一次枝晶间距为161.5μm,而在直径为7mm的试样中则增大到240.4μm。大直径试样中的熔体强对流将促进有效溶质扩散,加快包晶反应和包晶转变导致细小的α枝晶溶解,从而使得初生α相的一次枝晶间距增大。     

Ti-60合金双态组织时效过程中碳化物的溶解行为

含碳量为0.43%的Ti-60合金在1135℃热处理水淬后析出形态规则的碳化物TiC.碳化物主要分布在β相晶粒内部,少量位于初生α（ap）相与β转变组织界面处和αp相内.合金随后在750-850℃时效处理后空冷,碳化物发生显著的溶解.β相晶粒内以及αp与β转变组织界面处β相晶粒一侧的碳化物,沿着β相方向优先溶解,造成碳化物形态不规则及其周围是贫β相的α基体.αp相晶粒内的碳化物以均匀、缓慢的速度溶解.从β相与碳化物的包析反应、位错和曲率作用等方面探讨了碳化物的溶解机制.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。