奶粉细菌污染情况调查

奶粉的细菌污染情况,与消费者的身体健康有极为密切的关系,这是人所皆知的;另外,它既可反映原料的新鲜度,又可表明加工过程中各个工序环节的卫生情况,对于分析某些工艺条件是否合理也有参考作用。然而,我国目前生产的奶粉,细菌污染情况究竟如何呢?回答这个问题,是生产者与消费者共同关心的事。另外,随着四化建设的     

我国市售儿童奶粉营养素含量分析

为调查研究市售儿童奶粉营养成分情况,对市面上63例儿童奶粉样品进行采样分析.调查结果显示,市售儿童奶粉营养成分的种类差异不大,但含量差异较大;营养强化剂的使用种类、使用量均符合GB 14880-2012的规定;大部分儿童奶粉不能满足4～15岁儿童对微量元素、维生素的摄入需求;在特别原料使用方面,添加较多的是乳蛋白类,其...     

堆积醅中耐高温细菌的分离与鉴定

从江苏双沟酒业股份有限公司堆积醅中筛选得到7株耐高温细菌。形态特征观察、生理生化特性测定结果结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析以及部分基因特异性序列分析,结果表明,7株菌株中3株为地衣芽孢杆菌,3株为枯草芽孢杆菌,1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌。     

芝麻香型白酒细菌曲研制

以本公司优质高温大曲及芝麻香老窖池为基础,分离筛选嗜热芽孢杆菌,并研究高氮配料、高温接种、高温培养的细菌麸曲工艺,确定了在芝麻香型白酒中10%的最佳使用比例,提高芝麻香型白酒优级品率20%左右,使酒体更加丰满醇厚,芝麻香更优雅。     

我国市售中老年奶粉营养素含量分析

分析87例市售不同品牌中老年奶粉产品的能量和各营养素含量分布和营养强化比例,根据食用方法折算出各样品每天可提供各营养素的量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)中老年人群营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)数值进行比较,研究发现,不同品牌产品提供的能量和大部分营养素(蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素A、维生素D、维生素C、维生素B_2、维生素B_6、叶酸、锌、镁、磷)含量比较接近,产品中含量的最大值与最小值比值小于10,而脂肪、钠、钙、维生素E、铁的含量范围波动较大,最大值与最小值比值分别为21.78、37.56、18.26、43.14、32.56。营养强化方面,维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素C,矿物质钙、铁、锌的强化比例均高于75%,而叶酸、镁和牛磺酸的强化比例相对较低,仅为20.69%、12.64%和9.20%,铜、锰的强化比例则不足10%。目前市售的中老年奶粉产品除少部分钙含量可以达到RNI数值,其他营养素含量均不能满足老年人群营养需要,建议建立中老年食品相关标准,进一步规范和保障中老年食品营养安全。     

腐乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况的调查分析

对来自市场的52个腐乳样品进行了蜡样芽孢杆菌污染的调查与鉴定。结果表明,腐乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检出率较高,不同腐乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的含量不同(10cfu/g~105cfu/g),对消费者存在潜在的危害。某些腐乳产品中蜡状芽孢杆菌的数量较低,说明改善卫生条件和改进生产工艺,可以生产出优质、安全的腐乳产品。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐污染情况的调查分析

对婴配奶粉中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的污染情况进行调查分析,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS-MS)法,同位素内标法定量测定,对测定结果进行分析。结果显示,婴配奶粉中氯酸盐的检出率为49.8%,高氯酸盐的检出率为34.4%,氯酸盐的检出率高于高氯酸盐。不同段数婴配奶粉氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的平均暴露量随着段数的增加呈下降趋势。1、2段婴配奶粉氯酸盐超过限量占比均超过10%,3段婴配奶粉氯酸盐超过限量占比在10%以下。不同段数婴配奶粉高氯酸盐超过限量占比均在10%以下。婴配羊奶粉中氯酸盐超过限量占比高达22.1%,高氯酸盐超过限量占比高达23.2%。对0～12月龄的婴儿,氯酸盐摄入的健康风险需引起重点关注。高氯酸盐污染风险相对较低,但是婴配羊奶粉氯酸盐和高氯酸盐污染较为严重。     

我国奶粉的质量安全问题与控制现状

主要分析了目前我国奶粉包括原料奶粉和婴儿配方奶粉行业的技术发展现状和质量控制水平,并着重探讨了乳粉加工过程中的质量控制与食品安全现状,同时对未来奶粉行业的技术发展方向、质量控制措施和食品安全管理进行了展望。     

带自身启动子的bgaB基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达

将来源于嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的启动子连同β-半乳糖苷酶bgaB基因经PCR扩增后,连接在T载体上,再取代枯草杆菌载体pZ01-bgaB的启动子,将其在枯草杆菌宿主WB600中表达.经摇瓶发酵20h,得到乳糖酶活力6.37U/mL,比活力3.814U/mg,SDS-PAGE电泳显示有明显重组蛋白质条带.证明了嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌来源的启动子在枯草杆菌中是完全适用的.     

我国婴儿配方奶粉发展历史简要回顾及内在质量分析

简要回顾了我国婴儿配方奶粉I-Ⅲ的发展历史，同时对其产品的内在质量(脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物和灰分)作了较为详细的分析并作了评价，指出当前在婴儿配方奶粉生产中质量问题存在的原因，以及目前仍在生产婴儿配方奶粉Ⅱ的企业如何解决存在的产品质量问题。     

Effects of milk powders in milk chocolate

The physical characteristics of milk powders used in chocolate can have significant impact on the processing conditions needed to make that chocolate and the physical and organoleptic properties of the finished product. Four milk powders with different particle characteristics (size, shape, density) and "free" milk fat levels (easily extracted with organic solvent) were evaluated for their effect on the processing conditions and characteristics of chocolates in which they were used. Many aspects of chocolate manufacture and storage (tempering conditions, melt rheology, hardness, bloom stability) were dependent on the level of free milk fat in the milk powder. However, particle characteristics of the milk powder also influenced the physical and sensory properties of the final products.     

A standard set of testing methods reliably enumerates spores across commercial milk powders

Contamination of dairy powders with sporeforming bacteria is a concern for dairy processors who wish to penetrate markets with stringent spore count specifications (e.g., infant powders). Despite instituted specifications, no standard methodology is used for spore testing across the dairy industry. Instead, a variety of spore enumeration methods are in use, varying primarily by heat-shock treatments, plating method, recovery medium, and incubation temperature. Importantly, testing the same product using different methodologies leads to differences in spore count outcomes, which is a major issue for those required to meet specifications. As such, we set out to identify method(s) to recommend for standardized milk powder spore testing. To this end, 10 commercial milk powders were evaluated using methods varying by (1) heat treatment (e.g., 80°C/12 min), (2) plating method (e.g., spread plating), (3) medium type (e.g., plate count milk agar), and (4) incubation time and temperature combinations (e.g., 32°C for 48 h). The resulting data set included a total of 48 methods. With this data set, we used a stepwise process to identify optimal method(s) that would explain a high proportion of variance in spore count outcomes and would be practical to implement across the dairy industry. Ultimately, spore pasteurized mesophilic spore count (80°C/12 min, incubated at 32°C for 48 h), highly heat resistant thermophilic spore count (100°C/30 min, incubated at 55°C for 48 h), and specially thermoresistant spore enumeration (106°C/30 min, incubated at 55°C for 48 h) spread plating on plate count milk agar were identified as the optimal method set for reliable enumeration of spores in milk powders. Subsequently, we assessed different powder sampling strategies as a way to reduce variation in powder spore testing outcomes using our recommended method set. Results indicated that 33-g composite sampling may reduce variation in spore testing outcomes for highly heat resistant thermophilic spore count over 11-g and 33-g discrete sampling, whereas there was no significant difference across sampling strategies for specially thermoresistant spore enumeration or spore pasteurized mesophilic spore count. Finally, an interlaboratory study using our recommended method set and a modified method set (using tryptic soy agar with 1% starch) among both university and industry laboratories showed increased variation in spore count outcomes within milk powders, which not only was due to natural variation in powders but also was hypothesized to be due to technical errors, highlighting the need for specialized training for technicians who perform spore testing on milk powders. Overall, this study addresses challenges to milk powder spore testing and recommends a method set for standardized spore testing for implementation across the dairy industry.     

近红外光谱分析技术快速测定儿童高钙奶粉理化指标的研究

从化学计量学角度研究了近红外光谱技术测定儿童高钙奶粉理化指标的原理。使用多元线性回归法分别建立了近红外检测的儿童高钙奶粉水分、蛋白、脂肪、乳糖和蔗糖的快速测定模型。将近红外法测定结果和标准方法测定结果进行比较,结果吻合理想。近红外光谱法具有分析快速、操作方便、节约检测成本的优点,非常适合用于奶粉生产过程中的质量控制。     

Melamine contamination in milk powder in Uruguay

Forty samples of milk powder purchased in Uruguay were analysed to assess melamine (MEL) levels. Trichloroacetic acid and acetonitrile were used to extract and precipitate milk proteins previously to clean up of the samples by solid-phase extraction and then were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)of MEL were 0.006 and 0.019 mg kg^?1, respectively. Milk was fortified with MEL at three levels, producing average recoveries higher than 83.8%. The values for positive samples ranged from 0.017 to 0.082 mg kg^?1. Nine samples were positive. Three of them had concentrations between LOD and LOQ. The mean MEL contamination was 0.028 mg kg^?1. Consumption of milk powder containing these levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers.     

婴幼儿配方乳粉菌落总数检测与细菌污染种属分析

目的考察婴幼儿配方乳粉的微生物污染情况,分析婴幼儿配方乳粉的菌相构成。方法采用国标方法测定30批次1段、2段、3段婴幼儿配方乳粉菌落总数,使用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱对检出的优势菌落进行鉴定。结果 30批次婴幼儿配方乳粉的菌落总数均符合国家限量要求,其中1段乳粉菌落总数显著性低于2段和3段乳粉(P0.05)。婴幼儿配方乳粉中检出的细菌主要为芽孢杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、球形芽孢杆菌属、肠球菌属、葡萄球菌属和链球菌属,其中芽孢杆菌属检出率最高。此外, 9批次样品中检出蜡样芽胞杆菌。结论我国婴幼儿配方乳粉质量仍存在一定的风险,监管部门应加强日常监管工作。     

全脂乳粉在OPV-D生产中的微生物学质量控制

口服脊髓灰质炎活疫苗是预防脊髓灰质炎疾病的最有效方法，全脂乳粉是生产口服脊髓灰质炎活疫苗糖丸的主要赋形剂，通过对１９９９年市售的２５批全脂乳粉的检测，结果显示，影响全脂乳质量的主要原因是微生物的污染问题，特别是在溶血菌和芽孢杆菌的污染方面。     

剪切法研究脱脂奶粉的抗结块性能

采用剪切仪测定了纯脱脂奶粉及含有添加剂的脱脂奶粉在不同处理时间下的剪应力,并用此来评价脱脂奶粉的抗结块性能。研究了处理时间和组成对脱脂奶粉抗结块性能的影响。     

花生乳、豆乳饮料的品质控制

从风味、状态、营养成分和卫生质量、综合控制及管理四大方面对花生乳、豆乳的品质控制进行了较为全面的论述，并试图从作用机理上对一些现象进行深层次的探讨，以求对生产实际起到一定的指导作用。     

乳粉中亚硝酸盐检测质量控制图的应用

目的建立乳粉中亚硝酸盐检测的质量控制图,以判断检测过程与结果是否处于控制状态。方法以有证标准样品作为控制样品,依据GB 5009.33-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》检测控制样品中亚硝酸盐的含量。子组数设为25,每个子组平行测定2次,利用Microsoft Office Excel软件,绘制极差控制图与均值控制图,分析受控状态。结果乳粉中亚硝酸盐含量的平均值为5.15mg/kg,标准偏差为0.357 mg/kg,极差的平均值为0.157 mg/kg,极差的标准偏差为0.139 mg/kg。结论乳粉中亚硝酸盐的检测过程中,平行样的检测处于统计控制状态,重复性稳定良好。平行样的均值都处于统计控制状态,检测过程、方法与结果受控。     

Effects of heating on the secondary structure of proteins in milk powders using mid-infrared spectroscopy

Milk powder is an important source of protein for adults and children. Protein is very sensitive to heat, which may influence people’s usage of nutrients in milk powder. In this study, we describe the temperature-induced secondary structure of protein in milk powders. In this study, whole milk powder containing 24% protein and infant formula containing 11% protein were heated from 25 to 100°C. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra in the mid-infrared range 400–4,000 cm^?1 were used to evaluate the heat effect on the secondary structure of protein in these 2 milk powders. The spectral changes as a function of temperature were maintained by difference spectra, second-derivative spectra and Gauss curve-fitted spectra. The secondary structures of protein in the whole milk powder began to change at 70°C and in the infant formula at 50°C. The β-sheet and β-turn structures in the whole milk powder both decreased in the range of 70 to 85°C, whereas α-helix structures increased. The loss of β-sheet and β-turn may contribute to the formation of α-helix in the whole milk powder. In infant formula powder, the β-sheet structure showed a decrease and then increase, whereas the β-turn structure showed an increase and then decrease in the range of 50 to 75°C, and no change was found for α-helix structures. This implies that heating may induce the transformation from β-sheet to β-turn. Overall, whole milk powder had better temperature stability than infant formula powder, probably because of the lower content of lipid in the former than in the latter. These results help us understand the thermal stability of protein in milk powder.