生乳中体细胞数对乳品质量安全的影响研究进展

体细胞数增加会改变乳成分、影响牛乳风味及缩短乳制品货架期,并且使乳中抗生素和药物残留的风险增加。乳中体细胞数是衡量乳畜健康、乳品质量与安全的标准,也是国际判定隐形乳房炎的重要指标。为了保障乳品质量和安全,许多国家规定了生乳中体细胞数的限量。本文从体细胞数和乳品质量与安全的关系、不同国家对生乳中体细胞数的限量及影响体细胞数的因素和体细胞数的检测方法等方面作一综述。     

牛乳体细胞数的检测方法

讨论了体细胞数与乳腺炎的关系以及体细胞数对牛乳成分及产奶量损失的影响。主要介绍了4种常用的体细胞数的检测方法，即加利福尼亚细胞数测定法(CMT)，威斯康辛乳腺炎试验(WMT)，电子体细胞计数法(DHI)和直接镜检法(CMSCC)。     

鲜牛乳中体细胞数检测方法探讨

体细胞数是衡量鲜牛乳卫生状况的重要指标之一，体细胞数的提高会使牛乳中蛋白酶和解脂酶升高，使乳清蛋白含量升高，酪蛋白含量降低，从而使乳制品的货架期缩短，乳制品的风味发生改变。本文通过显微镜检测法、4％NaOH凝乳试验法两种方法的比较试验，探讨在实际生产中鲜牛乳体细胞敖的最佳检测方法及检测时限，以帮助乳制品生产企业加强对牧场的监管和在收购鲜牛乳的过程中快速、准确评判鲜牛乳的品质，确保生产出优质的乳制品供应市场。     

体细胞数对乳制品加工品质的影响及其快速检测方法

阐述了体细胞数对乳的组成和乳制品加工的影响,对各种常用检测原料乳中体细胞数的方法、原理、操作、优缺点及其应用作了简要介绍,并对体细胞数快速检测做了探讨。     

生乳中血乳的定性检测方法的研究

牛奶中混有血液和血红蛋白时,在临床上称为血乳。临床乳房炎发病比较急,主要以红肿热痛、机能障碍为特征,乳汁有明显的变化,奶量急剧下降、有絮状物、乳凝块、脓汁等,乳汁变稀,重者呈水样、甚至呈血样,机体伴有发烧、精神沉郁等,从而产生大量异常乳,如血乳。为了确保牛奶质量,有必要在原料乳收购过程中,进行血乳项目的检测,特别是乳房炎病等多发季节。本文对原方法中试剂配置方法进行改进研究,提高了检验效率,并降低了剧毒药品对试验人员的人身危害。本方法检出限为0．05mg／kg。     

电化学方法检测生乳中氯离子

通过循环伏安法探讨银电极在氯离子测试液中电化学反应机理,以此为基础建立一种快速检测生乳中氯离子的电化学方法。结果表明,银电极在氯离子测试液中正向扫描时,银失去电子氧化成银离子,然后与溶液中的氯离子结合生成氯化银沉淀;而负向扫描时,氯化银还原为银。在生乳中掺盐后,用10%的三氯乙酸溶解生乳样品,通过离心除去蛋白质和脂肪,加入1 mol/L Na₂SO₄,得到提取液,经检测提取液可知,银电极产生一对氧化还原峰,且峰电流与生乳中氯离子浓度在0.03~0.21 mol/L范围内呈线性关系。此方法检出限为0.001 mol/L,回收率和相对标准偏差分别在93.3%~113.7%和2.33%~4.89%,与GB5009.44-2016银量法比较无明显差异。此法样品预处理简单、测定速度快、成本低,能较好的运用于实际生产线。     

基于体细胞数的奶牛乳腺炎检测方法研究进展

介绍了检测奶牛乳腺炎的常用方法,然后就基于体细胞数的检测方法和技术进行了综述,并分析了这些方法存在的问题和不足,最后展望了基于体细胞数的检测方法和技术的发展趋势及应用前景。     

生乳中体细胞快速检测技术的对比研究

目的 建立一种检测生乳中体细胞含量的快速检测方法。方法 利用细胞裂解液及荧光染料,对奶样中的体细胞、稳定脂肪球和蛋白、渗透进入体细胞并沾染DNA,荧光标记液快速渗入体细胞,与DNA结合后荧光量子产率提高,通过荧光信号检测系统检测荧光强度来测定生乳中的体细胞数量。结果 该方法与快速仪器法对比,相关系数达94%以上,两方法在统计学上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与标准方法对比,针对同一样品的检测结果的Log差值小于0.25,两方法统计学上也无显著性差异(P>0.05)。对不同样品进行重复性检测,相对标准偏差均小于15%。结论 该快速检测技术具有较高的准确度和精密度,可用于生乳中体细胞数的快速定量检测,由于无需大型的检测设备及配套试剂,适合牧场和企业实验室的快速检测。     

ATP生物发光技术快速检测牛乳体细胞数

探索利用ATP生物发光技术快速检测牛乳体细胞数的可行性.利用ATP生物发光技术测定牛乳体细胞ATP浓度,根据体细胞中ATP的浓度与体细胞数成正比的原理,推算出牛乳中的体细胞数,并与显微镜计数法对比,分析两种方法之间的相关性.结果表明:ATP生物发光技术的检测结果与显微镜计数法有很好的相关性,是一种快速、简便的检测牛乳体细胞的方法.     

生乳中嗜冷菌的快速检测方法验证及运用

本文阐述了生乳中嗜冷菌的快速检测方法与农业部NY/T 1331的方法的检测数据验证,通过不同条件的检测和分析验证快速检测方法的准确性,使检测结果出具时间从10 d提升到16 h,将快速检测方案运用到实际生产过程中,保障产品质量.     

不同体细胞数原料乳对UHT贮存期间蛋白和脂肪水解的影响

不同体细胞数(21.4×104mL-1,75.8×104mL-1,118.1×104mL-1和216.2×104mL-1)原料乳生产的4组UHT乳在37℃贮存84d,对其贮存期间的蛋白水解及脂肪水解进行研究。结果表明,4组UHT乳贮存期间的蛋白水解速率无显著性差异(P>0.05),原料乳体细胞数并未对蛋白水解造成影响;4组UHT乳贮存期间的脂肪水解速率具有显著性差异(P<0.005),原料乳体细胞数与脂肪水解速率间存在极明显的正相关(R=0.9886,P<0.05)。     

牛乳中体细胞数与乳成分和部分理化性质的相关性研究

对呼和浩特郊区一牧场30头荷斯坦乳牛进行6个月单个采样,共得452个有效样本,检测乳样包括:体细胞数、脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、总固形物、细菌总数、比重、黏度、电导率、氯糖数、滴定酸度和pH值。结果表明,蛋白质质量分数与牛乳中的体细胞数(Somatic CellCount,SCC)SCC呈显著正相关(P<0.05);乳糖含量与SCC呈显著负相关(P<0.001);脂肪、总固形物质量分数、电导率、氯糖数与SCC呈极显著正相关(P<0.001)。细菌总数、比重、黏度、滴定酸度、pH值与SCC的相关性不显著。从5～10月,乳中体细胞数有逐渐降低趋势,9月骤然升高,其中5月和9月样品平均体细胞数较高,分别为78×104 mL-1和96×104 mL-1。10月份样品平均体细胞数最低为28×104 mL-1。     

原料乳中体细胞数与UHT乳中酪蛋白成分的关系研究

研究了原料乳中体细胞数与15批次UHT乳样本中酪蛋白成分之间的关系。将原料乳巴氏杀菌后进行超高温处理。分别于8,30,60,90和120 d采集贮藏于室温条件下的UHT乳样本,并使用高效液相色谱法对酪蛋白成分进行分析。体细胞数范围1.97×105～8×105 mL-1。体细胞数与原料乳或UHT乳中的κ-酪蛋白质量浓度之间没有相关性(P<0.05)。原料乳中αs2-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白与体细胞数呈负相关(P<0.05)。UHT乳中,αs1-酪蛋白(P<0.05)和β-酪蛋白(P<0.05)与体细胞数在贮藏第8天呈负相关,αs2-(P<0.01)与体细胞数在贮藏第60天呈负相关。结果表明,原料乳中体细胞数较高与β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白的大量水解有关,并且可能导致UHT乳在贮藏期内出现质量问题。     

我国生牛乳菌落总数和体细胞数调查及其影响因素分析

目的调查我国生牛乳菌落总数和体细胞数情况,分析养殖模式与区域等因素对我国生牛乳菌落总数和体细胞数的影响。方法对17个省(市、自治区)2014—2015年连续12个月共17 527份生牛乳样品菌落总数的数据和6 633份体细胞数的数据进行研究,采用SPSS 19.0的Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验分析养殖模式和养殖区域对生牛乳菌落总数和体细胞数的影响。结果我国生牛乳中的菌落总数、体细胞数的平均值分别为3.27×10~5CFU/ml、46.0万个/ml。来自牧场、养殖小区、散户的生牛乳样品菌落总数的中位数分别为1.00×10~5、1.85×10~5、2.37×10~5CFU/ml,体细胞数的中位数分别为35.0万、73.0万、59.1万个/ml;东北内蒙古产区、华北产区、南方产区、大城市周边产区、西部产区生牛乳菌落总数的中位数分别为2.40×10~5、1.43×10~5、1.50×10~5、1.60×10~5、2.14×10~5CFU/ml,体细胞数的中位数分别为57.2万、33.0万、38.2万、56.0万、40.0万个/ml。结论生牛乳的菌落总数99%以上均可达到我国现行标准的要求,标准对菌落总数的要求有进一步提升的空间。来自大规模牧场的生牛乳菌落总数和体细胞数均较低。     

电导微生物技术快速测定原料乳菌落总数的研究

从乳品电导率微生物学的角度研究了快速测定原料乳菌落总数的原理。向计算机(MALTHUS计算软件)中一一对应输入平皿菌落计数值的log值与检测时间，当输入50组以上数据时曲线自动生成。将电导测定方法与常规方法测定结果相比较，结果较理想。电导率微生物检测提供了传统微生物测试所不能比拟的优点。结果表明，该方法具有快速测定、方便、资料自动搜查、允许样品随时插入测试的优点，原料奶得以更快速的监测，适合用于原料乳的微生物指标的质量控制。     

The effect of bluetongue virus serotype 8 on milk production and somatic cell count in Dutch dairy cows in 2008

The effect of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) infections was quantified on milk production and udder health. From July 2008 to December 2008, 1,074 seronegative cows in 15 herds that were not vaccinated against BTV-8 were tested every 3 wk for BTV-8 antibodies. Sampling stopped when cows seroconverted. Test-day records were provided and 3 traits were defined to evaluate the effect of BTV-8 on milk production and udder health: 1) the difference between observed and predicted fat- and protein-corrected milk production; 2) the natural logarithm of the somatic cell count (lnSCC); and 3) the occurrence of a new high SCC. In the default model, the variables were assumed influenced by BTV-8 when the test-day record of the seroconverted cow was taken within 30 d before seroconversion, thus, in the period in which the cow was infected. In sensitivity analyses, the time intervals were varied in which BTV-8 was assumed to affect milk production and udder health. During the study, 185 cows (17%) had a subclinical infection and seroconverted and 77 had a test-day result within 30 d before seroconversion. In this period, in cows that seroconverted, the fat- and protein-corrected milk production was 52 (95% confidence interval: 26 to 77) kg less than in the period before and after seroconversion and was 51 (95% CI: 26 to 76) kg less than in cows that remained seronegative. When the time interval was increased to within 42 d before seroconversion, the milk production in BTV-8-seroconverted cows decreased by 61 (95% CI: 28 to 94) kg compared with the period before and after seroconversion and decreased by 59 (95% CI: 27 to 92) kg compared with cows that remained BTV-8 seronegative. No significant effect of BTV-8 was found on SCC and odds for a high SCC. Subclinical BTV-8 infection in dairy cattle results in a decreased milk production.     

A cohort study of the effect of Streptococcus agalactiae on milk yield and somatic cell count in Norwegian dairy cows

The primary objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary infection on milk production and somatic cell count (SCC) in Norwegian dairy cows. A secondary objective was to assess differences in the effect of common Strep. agalactiae sequence types (ST) found in Norwegian dairy herds. We performed a cohort study combining registry data with sequence-type data from Strep. agalactiae isolates. Herds in which Strep. agalactiae had been detected in individual animals (bacteriological culture or quantitative PCR) between 2012 and 2015 were included. We accessed monthly test-day milk yield records for the entire period to compare milk yield and SCC between cows that were Strep. agalactiae positive and all other cows, within each herd. The study sample consisted of 150 herds, 15,757 cows, 30,850 lactations, and 204,126 test days. We evaluated the effects of Strep. agalactiae on test-day milk yield and SCC using mixed linear regression models, controlling for clustering by herd, cow, and lactation. Multilocus sequence typing of Strep. agalactiae was available for isolates from 86 herds. Additional models were fit to a subset of herds (n = 59) in which ST1, ST23, ST103, and ST196 had been found, to compare the effects of ST on milk production and SCC. In the period 3 to 2 mo before diagnosis, Strep. agalactiae-positive cows produced an average of 1.3 kg more DIM-adjusted milk/d than their negative herd mates. At the time of diagnosis, production was on average 0.13 kg less DIM-adjusted milk/d in Strep. agalactiae-positive cows than in negative cows; 2 to 3 mo after diagnosis, they produced 1.24 kg less DIM-adjusted milk/d than negative cows. Losses persisted for the rest of the investigated period. Cows with ST23, ST103, and ST196 followed a similar pattern as the overall analysis with respect to milk production, whereas ST1-affected cows produced similar amounts of milk before diagnosis as the negative cows. Cows with ST1 experienced the largest milk loss 1 to 2 mo after diagnosis but then recovered to some extent; for cows with ST103, the severe milk loss persisted for the rest of the investigation period. The cow-associated ST103 elicited a lower response in peak SCC compared with ST23, ST103, and ST196. The results indicate an effect of Strep. agalactiae on milk production and SCC. Production was lowest 2 to 3 mo after a positive sample. Peak SCC was reached the month before diagnosis, with notable differences between sequence types.     

Distribution of somatic cell count and udder pathogens in Norwegian dairy goats

Compared with dairy cows, goat somatic cell count (SCC) is higher and probably more affected by physiological factors such as parity, stage of lactation, and season. Thus, SCC is believed to be a less precise indicator of intramammary infections in dairy goats, and no consensus exists on SCC thresholds for considering goats as infected. The Norwegian Goat Recording System maintains individual goat production records and results from microbiological analyses of milk samples. In this retrospective observational study, we used recordings over a 10-yr period (2010 to 2020) to describe the association between individual goat SCC and noninfectious factors, as well as intramammary infections. The median SCC in the 1,000,802 milk recordings included in the study was 440,000 cells/mL, and the mode was 70,000 cells/mL. Somatic cell count increased with parity, days in milk, estrus, pasture season, and intramammary infections. The effect of parity and stage of lactation was significantly higher in infected compared with uninfected goats. Staphylococci dominated as causes of intramammary infections, with Staphylococcus aureus as the udder pathogen associated with highest SCC. The most prevalent non-aureus staphylococci were Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus caprae. This study provides guidelines for interpretation of goat SCC at different parities and stages of lactations under Norwegian management conditions. We revealed a considerable variation in SCC associated with physiological factors, indicating that the cutoff for identifying infected goats should be a dynamic threshold adjusted for parity, stage of lactation, and season.     

基于旋光法的原料乳中乳糖掺伪鉴别技术研究

旨在建立一种简便、高效的原料乳乳糖掺伪鉴别方法。以三氯乙酸为沉淀剂进行前处理,借助旋光仪,在589.30⁵89.44nm下,测定标准乳糖溶液的旋光度,绘制标准曲线,建立了一种基于标准曲线的原料乳乳糖掺伪定量鉴别法。所得回归方程的线性相关系数R2=0.9993,平均回收率达99.0%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.67%。与莱因-埃农氏法进行比对实验,结果无差异,但更快捷,成本更低。研究结果提示,本文所建方法实用、可靠。      

生物发光快速测定生乳菌落总数的方法

为消除利用ATP生物发光法测定生乳菌落总数时非细菌ATP对测定结果的干扰,建立了一种样品前处理方法。利用ATP生物发光法对经过前处理的生乳样品进行检测,结果表明,生乳菌落总数对数值与生乳细菌ATP发光对数值呈现较好的线性关系(R2=0.982),相关程度为显著相关(P<0.01),说明该前处理方法能够有效排除非细菌ATP的干扰,有利于提高ATP生物发光法定量测定生乳菌落总数准确性。