Analysis of the effect of climate change on the Nakdong river stream flow using indicators of hydrological alteration

This study models the effect of climate change on runoff in southeast Korea using the TANK conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The results are assessed using the indicators of hydrological alteration (IHA) developed by U.S. Nature Conservancy. Future climate time series are obtained by scaling historical series, provided by four global climate models (GCMs, IPCC, 2007) and three greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2000), to reflect a maximum increase of 3.6 °C in the average surface air temperature and 33% in the annual precipitation. To this end, the spatio-temporal change factor method is used, which considers changes in the future mean seasonal rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as well as the daily rainfall distribution. In this study, the variance range for precipitation is from +3.55% to +33.44% compared to the present for years between 2071 and 2100. The variance range for the daily mean temperature is estimated between +1.59 °C and +3.58 °C. Although the simulation results from different GCMs and GHG emissions scenarios indicate different responses of the flows to the climate change, the majority of modeling results show that there will be more runoff in southeast Korea in the future. According to the analysis results, the predicted impacts of hydrological alteration caused by climate change on the aquatic ecosystem are as follows: 1) an increase in the availability of aquatic ecosystem habitats in Nakdong River in future summers and winters, 2) an increase in stress on the aquatic ecosystem due to extremely high stream flow, 3) an increase in the stress duration of flood events for the Nakdong River downstream and 4) an increase in aquatic ecosystem stress caused by rapid increases or decreases in stream flow.     

下岸水库对永安溪水文情势的影响分析

为了定量评估永安溪下岸水库对下游水文情势的影响,利用永安溪柏枝岙水文站1980—2020年的径流序列,采用不均匀系数、完全调节系数和集中度分析水库运行前后永安溪径流年内分配变化,并利用RVA法评估水文整体改变度。结果表明：下岸水库的蓄丰补枯作用明显,径流年内分配趋于均匀化;在取得防洪效益的同时,水库的运行也对永安溪水文情势产生了中度改变,改变度达42.82%,对流域内水生生态系统的健康形成潜在影响。     

Hydrological Assessment of the 1973 Treaty on the Transboundary Helmand River,Using the SWAT Model and a Global Climate Database

Exploitation of the water resources of the Helmand River has been challenging for Iran and Afghanistan. Debates on this issue finally led to a treaty in 1973 between the two countries, in which a total amount of 26 m³/s water from the Helmand River should be delivered to Iran in a normal (or an above normal) water year. The treaty also specifies that a “normal water year” means the year during which the total volume of water at the hydrometric station of Dehrawud (upstream of the Kajakai Dam) is 5661.7 million cubic meter (MCM). This paper aims to assess the long term hydrological conditions of the Upper Helmand River, to detect the occurrence of any non-stationary process in its streamflow time series and compare the possible changes with the content of the 1973 water treaty. Due to very date scarce situation of this region, the SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) model and CRU (Climatic Research Unit) global dataset were applied to create the long term time series. The results showed that there has been no significant change in annual mean flows in the Upper Helmand River basin. However, there is a consistent increase in monthly flows from November to February and a decrease of the flows in June and July. The monthly changes can be attributed to an increasing trend in temperature in the study area, earlier snowmelts during winter and less snow pack in summer. The applied methodology of this study is useful to cope with the region’s data scarcity and can be applied for similar studies requiring long term time series of hydrological variables.     

Spatiotemporal Change of Blue Water and Green Water Resources in the Headwater of Yellow River Basin,China

The headwater of Yellow River Basin (HYRB) is crucial for the water resources of the whole basin in Northwest China. Based on the semi-distributed hydrological model “Soil and Water Assessment Tool” (SWAT), the spatiotemporal change trends of blue water and green water resources in the HYRB were analyzed quantificationally. By using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting program (SUFI-2), the model was calibrated at Tangnaihai hydrological station and uncertainty analysis was performed. The results showed that the total water resources decreased by 1.08 billion m³ over the past five decades in the HYRB. Blue water and green water storage (soil water) presented the downtrend, while green water flow (actual evapotranspiration) increased between 1961 and 2010. The decrease in blue water resources were mainly attributed to the decrease in precipitation in the southwest parts of the study area while the increase in actual evapotranspiration and the decrease in soil water were the results of the uptrend of air temperature. In 1990s, an enormous transition occurred between the blue water (24.86 %) and green water flow (63.46 %). At seasonal scale, the largest down trend of blue water and uptrend of actual evapotranspiration all occurred in autumn. The decrease ratios of them were 88.3 and 83.1 % in inter-annual variation, respectively. The study can provided a scientific basis for integrated water resources management under the background of global climate change and human activity.     

A New Approach for Trend Assessment of Annual Streamflows: a Case Study of Hydropower Plants in Serbia

The authors propose a new approach for trend assessment that takes into account long-term periodicity of annual flows. In particular, analysis is performed of annual flows recorded at the locations of 30 operating and designed hydropower plants (HPPs) in Serbia, in order to assess the current and future water availability for hydropower generation. The composite annual trend is determined by sliding a fixed time window of 30 years along the observed time series with a one-year time step. Such a linear moving window (LMW) approach enables the identification of the flow trend as a median of all values for each time step. Significant trend harmonics are determined using discrete spectral analysis. The results show an alternation of upward and downward trend phases of different durations, namely: 67–87, 33–43 and 21–29 years. On the other hand, the results of the Mann-Kendall test indicate a monotonic downward trend at the studied sites in the Drina River Basin, while statistically insignificant trends are noted at other river basins. The Mann-Kendall test with the Theil-Sen estimator also implies a downward and statistically insignificant flow trend after the observed period, whereas the LMW approach indicates a probable trend increase at all the examined sites. The proposed approach can be used to predict annual flows in order to establish long-term water management plans at hydropower plants.     

RCP情景下都柳江上游气候变化及径流响应分析

建立都柳江上游三水源新安江月水文模型,根据1968-2004年历史降雨、蒸发及径流数据运用遗传算法来率定和优选敏感参数,使用降尺度GCM数据驱动模型得到不同RCP情景下的流域未来月平均径流,并通过线性拟合方法分析都柳江上游未来气象要素及模拟径流过程。结果表明:2020-2099年都柳江年平均降雨基本处于稳定状态,年平均气温和蒸发呈波动增长,局部短时段下降。流域径流流量总体低于历史平均值,年际间波动降低,年内分布不均,主要集中在5-10月份。     

GIS Based Estimation of Sediment Discharge and Areas of Soil Erosion and Deposition for the Torrential Lukovska River Catchment in Serbia

In the present study the SHETRAN river basin modelling system was used in conjunction with Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate potential erosion and deposition rates within the catchment and the concentrations of sediment in a flow at the catchment outlet on the example of the 114.31 km² mountainous torrential Lukovska River catchment in Serbia. The streams in the Lukovska River catchment are short, steep and often produce hazardous torrential floods as a consequence of strong rainfall of short duration. The soil erosion and sediment discharge were analysed in view of the catchment response to physical characteristics of the catchment. Considering that the most of total annual sediment discharge in watersheds of torrential character is achieved during storm events, the SHETRAN modelling system was calibrated on the example of a storm event in 1986 and validated for three other storm events in 1974, 1976 and 1979. The simulated results of discharges and sediment concentrations at the catchment outlet for both calibration and validation events were compared with the observed data and found to be reasonable. The changes of erosion and deposition rates within the catchment and in the course of time were estimated for the calibration event in 1986. The simulated erosion rates were within the range of 1 to 10.5 t/ha and corresponded to the observed rates of erosion in Europe during extreme rain events. The presented methodology is useful in identifying the erosion vulnerable regions in a catchment where erosion control measures should be implemented.     

Estimation of the Change in Lake Water Level by Artificial Intelligence Methods

In this study, five different artificial intelligence methods, including Artificial Neural Networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO-ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Multi- Layer Artificial Neural Networks (MLP), Radial Basis Neural Networks (RBNN) and Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), were used to estimate monthly water level change in Lake Beysehir. By using different input combinations consisting of monthly Inflow - Lost flow (I), Precipitation (P), Evaporation (E) and Outflow (O), efforts were made to estimate the change in water level (L). Performance of models established was evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R²). According to the results of models, ε-SVR model was obtained as the most successful model to estimate monthly water level of Lake Beysehir.     

Modifiers and Amplifiers of High and low Flows on the Ping River in Northern Thailand (1921–2009): The Roles of Climatic Events and Anthropogenic Activity

We analyse an 89-year streamflow record (1921?C2009) from the Upper Ping River in northern Thailand to determine if anomalous flows have increased over time (Trenberth, Clim Res 47:123?C138, 1999; Trenberth, Clim Chang 42:327?C339, 2011). We also relate the temporal behavior of high and low flows to climatic phenomena and anthropogenic activities. Peak flows have not increased significantly since 1921. However, minimum flows showed a very significant downward trend over the study period (???=?0.01). Annual and wet season discharge show significant downward trends (???=?0.05). All flow variables appear to be more variable now than 90?years ago especially annual peak flows. Both annual peak and minimum flows are correlated with annual and wet season rainfall totals. Minimum flow is also sensitive to the length of the monsoon season and number of rainy days in the previous monsoon season. Peak flow activity is driven predominantly by climate phenomena, such as tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, but the relationship between peak flows and ENSO phenomena is unclear. In general, annual discharge variables did not correspond unequivocally with El Nin? or La Nin? events. Minimum flows show a major decline from the mid-1950s in line with major anthropogenic changes in the catchment. The plausible intensification of the hydrological cycle that may accompany global warming is of concern because of the potential to affect tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, phenomena that are linked with very high flows in this river system. The obvious effect of human activities such as reservoir management on low flows calls for careful management to prevent droughts in the future.     

南水北调中线调水对汉江中下游水文情势的影响

2014年12月12日南水北调中线工程正式通水,调水对汉江中下游的影响逐渐显现。为更好地研究上游调水对汉江中下游的影响,对调水前后汉江中下游的水文情势进行了分析。基于黄家港、皇庄、仙桃站1990～2016年流量数据,分别计算了调水前后上述3个河段流量特征值的变化,并运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法进行趋势检验和突变检验。结果显示:调水后,各种历时的年平均流量和丰枯率均呈下降趋势,年平均流量在2014年由于调水发生突变;调水后径流年内分配趋于均匀化(径流年内不均匀系数、集中度相对变化幅度变小)。南水北调中线工程调水对汉江中下游水文情势有明显影响,有关部门应采取相应的措施。     

黄河龙羊峡以上河段径流系列代表性分析论证

以唐乃亥站为例,取其1919—2004年共计86 a的年径流系列,采用距平分析、周期分析、长短系列统计特征分析和分形分析方法,进行黄河上游龙羊峡以上径流系列的代表性分析论证。结果表明:唐乃亥站1919—2004年径流系列丰、枯等级为"平水"。几种代表性分析方法的结果,得到的具有一定代表性的子系列不一致。从年径流丰、平、枯水年组对称性来看,1928—2004年径流系列中丰、平、枯水年组对称性较好,某种意义上说,唐乃亥站1928—2004年共77 a的径流子系列具有较好的代表性。因此,建议采用1928—2004年的径流系列作为黄河龙羊峡以上河段梯级水电站工程设计的依据。     

1950—2016 年赣江径流量变化特征及其影响因素分析

为了阐明赣江径流近50 多年的变化特征及影响因素,以赣江外洲水文站1950—2016 年水文资料为基础,利用距平累积法分析赣江径流年际变化特征,结合 Mann － Kendall 检验法和滑动 T 检验法对赣江径流特征进行突变性检验,采用 Morlet 小波分析法对径流序列进行周期性分析,并对导致赣江径流序列产生这种特征及其变化趋势的原因进行了讨论。结果表明: ( 1) 赣江 10a 径流量呈现增加趋势,10a 径流量最小值发生在20 世纪60 年代,最大值发生在2010—2016 年; ( 2) 1962—1963 年和 2010—2011 年的赣江径流累积距平和年均径流量均呈现显著下降状态,且前者的变化特征比后者更加显著; ( 3) Mann － Kendall 检验结果和滑动 T 检验结果均表明赣江年均径流在 1991 年前后存在着明显的突变性特征; ( 4) 17a、6a 和3a 这 3 个周期的波动控制着赣江外洲水文站在1950—2016 年这整个时间域内的变化特征; ( 5) 赣江径流受气候变化和人类活动共同作用,气候变化主要影响径流长期 变化趋势,径流变化的突发点与人类活动关系更大。研究结果可为鄱阳湖流域赣江水资源科学、合理的规划及利用提供一定的参考依据。     

海流兔河流域径流变化的周期和趋势分析

以荒沙草滩区典型河流海流兔河为例,利用连续小波变换、多时相趋势分析,并联合利用离散小波变换和Mann-Kndall秩次检验法对1957—2011年的年均径流分别进行周期、趋势以及趋势结构分析。结果表明:1海流兔河年均径流量在时间序列上主要存在着12~21 a周期变化,第一主周期为17 a,且径流量偏少阶段将从2010年持续至2016年左右,之后将进入偏多阶段。2海流兔河流域径流量呈现显著下降趋势,与整个黄河中游总体径流量减少趋势相一致。3联合利用离散小波变换和Mann-Kendall秩次检验法可以很好地解释趋势的基本结构,8~16 a的周期性事件对海流兔河径流的趋势影响最大。水文时间序列周期部分的周期性越强,其对序列趋势的影响越大。4序列趋势的显著性和方向取决于其长度以及在整个序列中的位置,主要是因为序列中长周期丰枯交替的存在,多时相趋势分析一定程度上解决了由于序列长周期丰枯交替的存在造成的序列趋势判断的不确定性问题。     

Selecting the Best Flood Flow Frequency Model Using Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making

Several criteria should be considered when selecting a probability distribution to describe hydrological data. This study examines how multiple criteria can be combined to make the best selection. Selection becomes more difficult and subjective when more than two criteria are used to determine the best distribution. Under these conditions, multi-criteria decision-making is necessary. In this study, 12 distributions were tested and compared for flood frequency analysis based on five selection criteria: root mean square error, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic, relative average bias, modified Anderson-Darling test, and deviation in skewness and kurtosis. The comparisons are made using a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) based on ordered weighted averaging (OWA). Two preemptive goal programming models based on variance and entropy methods for a predetermined level of optimism by a group of decision-makers, determined the weight of the OWA operator. The model was applied to a case study of Mahabad River, a major river flowing into Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran. A sensitivity analysis of the results of MCGDM was done by changing the degree of optimism of the decision-makers. The results of sensitivity analysis showed the dependence of the rankings to the optimism degrees of the decision-makers. The 3-parameter Weibull (WBL3) and Pearson type 3 (PE3) distributions had the best results for Mahabad River flood data. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to test the ability of the models. It was concluded from the findings of the simulation that the PE3 distribution is the most appropriate for short sample sizes, while WBL3 is preferable for larger sample sizes.     

塔里木河流域汛期地表径流变化趋势和预测分析

基于塔里木河流域三源流和干流1957-2008年实测月地表径流数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验和小波变换等方法,探究三源流和干流汛期地表径流变化趋势,并建立周期性叠加趋势模型预测其2009-2025年地表径流量特征和变化趋势。结果表明:近50多年来,塔里木河源流7、8、9月地表径流均呈增加趋势,干流7、8、9月地表径流均呈减少趋势,反映出源流用水量持续增加挤占干流水资源量。根据预测,塔里木河三源流2009-2025年,7月和8月多年平均地表径流量属平偏丰水期,9月属偏丰水期;7月和9月地表径流量呈增加趋势,8月地表径流量呈下降趋势。塔里木河干流2009-2025年,7月多年平均地表径流量属平偏丰水期,8月和9月属偏丰水期;7月和8月地表径流量呈增加趋势,9月地表径流量无明显增大或减小趋势。     

海河流域径流变化趋势及其归因分析

在气候变化和人类活动共同影响下,流域径流发生了很大变化。尤其是海河流域,水资源匮乏的现象更为严重,分析水资源变化趋势对实现水资源的可持续开发利用具有重要意义。根据海河流域实际地形地貌特征及水文站分布情况,选取观台、响水堡、张家坟、下会和桃林口等5个水文站所在的区域,采用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法及线性回归方法,分析检验各典型区域年径流量的历史变化趋势。基于半分布式流域水文模型——TOPMODEL,采用水文模拟的途径,定量评估了典型区域气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。归因结果表明:除桃林口外的其他4个水文站的年径流量均呈显著减小趋势,海河典型区域年径流减小主要跟人类活动有关,其占比都在65%以上。人类活动对观台、张家坟和响水堡站径流量减小的影响占比为65%~70%,对桃林口站径流量减小的影响占比为75.4%,对下会站径流量减小的影响占比高达81.7%,主要原因是海河流域自20世纪60年代中后期以来进行大规模水利建设所产生的水文效应。     

黄河流域典型流域水文气象变化与径流过程模拟

典型流域水文气象分析及水文过程模拟是合理评价黄河流域水资源变化的重要基础。利用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法和均值差异T检验法分析了黄河流域7个典型流域的年降水量、年径流量和年均气温序列的变化特征,并采用VIC模型、新安江模型、WBM模型和GR4J模型模拟站点的径流过程。结果表明:各典型流域年均气温显著升高;年降水量变化趋势和突变情况均不明显;而年径流量呈显著下降趋势,且突变多发生在1980s。模型模拟结果表明4种水文模型在黄河流域应用效果较好。就Nash效率系数而言,VIC和新安江模型因为考虑产汇流过程较为详细,模拟径流过程与实测过程更贴近;就径流相对误差而言,WBM模型在水量模拟计算中表现较优,其结构简单,适用于流域水资源的模拟与评价。     

Effects of climate and land use changes on stream flow of Chitral river basin of northern highland Hindu-Kush region of Pakistan

Adverse impacts of climate change on the ecosystem have been a significant concern in the last decades. However, the studies related to the impacts of climate change on water resources, especially in northern Pakistan are of great importance as this region is the main supplier of freshwater to the downstream areas. So, the present study was carried out in Chitral River Basin (CRB) to investigate the long term climatic and topographic changes. Spatiotemporal datasets from MODIS Land Cover Type product (MCD12Q1) from 2001 to 2018, ground-based observational climatic and hydrological data were used. Moreover, the Mann-Kendall trend test, linear regression analysis, correlation, and Sen’s slope values for the mean annual and seasonal flows were assessed. The acquired results show that land use changes are the key non-natural factors in transforming the ecological and hydrological processes of CRB. The mixed and evergreen forest, shrubland, savannas, and barren land respectively decreased from 0.07 to 0.03%, 0.07 to 0.05%, 3.64 to 3.25%, and 70.10 to 67.17%, from 2001 to 2018. In addition, a considerable increment in snow cover from 8.79% to 10.71%, and slight increment in grasslands, wetlands, and croplands were also found between the period of observation. In addition, total annual precipitation and mean annual stream flow showed slight upward trends. Annual increment in total rainfall and snow covered area could be the possible reasons for the observed increased river flow.     

基于皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布的汉口站年最小月流量趋势性分析

在变化环境下,对水文时间序列的非一致性研究变得非常重要。经典线性回归模型在传统的水文序列趋势性分析中有广泛的应用,该模型假定水文变量服从正态分布,这与我国现行的水文频率分析计算中推荐选用的皮尔逊Ⅲ型频率分布(简称PⅢ分布)并不相符。提出采用基于PⅢ分布的回归模型对汉口水文站59 a间的年最小月流量序列进行趋势性分析。研究发现基于PⅢ分布的回归模型比基于正态分布的回归模型能更好地揭示水文序列频率分布的时变特征。在此基础上采用灵活性较强的多项式对水文序列的趋势性进行了分析。     

North Atlantic Oscillation as a Cause of the Hydrological Changes in the Mediterranean (Júcar River,Spain)

Significant changes in the Júcar River Basin District’s hydrology in the Mediterranean side of Spain, have been observed during last decades. A statistical change-point in the year 1980 was detected in the basins’ hydrological series in the main upper river, Júcar and Túria basins. In the study scope are, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is linked with the winter precipitations in the Upper Basins, which are here responsible for the major part of streamflow. So changes in the rainfall has an important effect in the natural river flows. The statistical analysis detected a change at NAO’s seasonal pattern, what means a considerable reduction of winter rainfalls in the Upper River basins located in the inland zone which is simultaneously the water collection and reservoirs area (a???40% of water resources availability since 1980). Hydro-meteorological data and a Water Balance Model, Patrical, have been used to assess these water resources’ reduction. Results points out to the change in the Basin’s precipitation pattern in the inland areas (upper basins), associated to Atlantic weather patterns, as the main cause, while it has not been detected in the coastal areas. All these changes implies water stress for water resources planning, management and allocation, where more than 5.2 million people and irrigation of 390,000 ha are served, joint to the time variability, an important territorial imbalance exists between resources and demands. Thus, in the main upper basins, with the biggest streamflow’s reductions, locate the largest reservoirs in terms of water resources collection and reserves.