复合活性解堵剂解水锁技术在凝析气藏应用

在凝析气藏的开发过程中,受外来液、地层水造成的"水锁"现象,致使气相渗透率明显降低,天然气和凝析油产量大幅下降,严重影响了凝析气藏的开发效果。本文通过小规模凝析气藏的水锁现象,对"水锁"的机理进行分析,对实施的多种解除"水锁"的技术手段进行综合效果评价,介绍了复合活性解堵剂解除"水锁"技术在凝析气藏的应用。     

致密气藏压裂液水锁抑制剂筛选及性能评价

为缓解压裂过程造成的水锁伤害,需在压裂液中添加水锁抑制剂。以吸液量、表面张力、接触角、岩心渗透率伤害程度及液锁量等为考察指标,对水锁抑制剂进行了筛选。结果表明,药剂SDY具有良好的防水锁性能,添加SDY的破胶液对岩心渗透率伤害程度较低,液锁量也较小。     

苏里格北部低渗气藏降低水锁技术分析

低孔、低渗储层气藏水锁效应,将严重影响气田后期的开发,分析储层的水锁效应并具有针对性的进行解除,对气田的开发具有重要的意义。对苏里格气田北部区块地质特征进行了分析,通过岩心矿物和孔隙结构分析,表明研究区为典型的低孔、低渗储层,粘土矿物含量较高,加剧了水锁效应的发生。对岩心进行了室内实验分析,明确了研究区储层水锁程度与束缚水饱和度、含水饱和度和驱替压力之间的关系,并探讨了目前常见的解除水锁的工艺技术,以期为研究区解除水锁的工艺措施提供指导。     

入井液防水锁技术研究

本文针对在高压蒸汽热洗及维护性作业施工冲砂、替蜡过程中,入井液滤失到地层产生水锁现象,导致油井产能下降的问题,开展了入井液防水锁技术研究,分析了油井产生水锁伤害的机理,优选出防水锁剂,现场应用20口井,平均单井恢复产油时间缩短了66%。     

锅炉燃料气切断伐气动自锁设计

利用吹除气和弛放气做锅炉燃料气,为了避免燃料气压力低于500mm—H_2O时引起回火,要求设计一种燃料气压力低于500mm—H_2O时,自动切断燃料气气路,当压力恢复正常时也不打开伐门的自锁装置。当燃料气系统处于正常时,由操作人员重新启动,解除自锁,打开伐门。     

油层保护管柱在低渗透油藏的应用

低渗透油田分布广泛,油井普遍结蜡,在正常油井洗井清蜡工作或作业过程中,由于地层能量低,入井液往往进入地层,造成油井水锁等问题,为解决入井液对低渗透油井地层水锁,我们开展了低渗透油藏油层保护技术的研究,通过实验,研制了低渗透油藏油层保护工艺管柱,通过现场应用后不仅可以防止入井液对地层的伤害,还可防止生产管柱落入井底,放大生产压差,提高地层供液能力,取得了良好的开发效果。     

全液压式锁模机构与精密注射成型

本文从如何改善民政部机台的受力情况，提高注射品精度的角度来探讨全液压式锁模机构精密注射成型的应用，同时介绍一种国产四缸直锁全液二板式锁模装置，分析了其节能以及提高制品成型精度的原理。     

CO2准干法压裂技术在鄂尔多斯盆地低压致密气藏的应用

针对鄂尔多斯盆地低渗、低压、低丰度及由于孔喉结构复杂、孔喉半径小、孔喉比大的特性造成的储层孔隙水锁、水敏等问题，从储层结构特征和生产动态出发，提出了CO₂准干法压裂技术。该技术利用CO₂增稠剂蓄能压裂补充地层能量，通过气液相变解除地层水锁，提高压裂返排率至55.2%，在井口实现连续混配，从而扩大储层改造，增加采收率。同时在鄂尔多斯盆地山1层位的4口井开展了现场试验，措施后单井平均日产气量与常规压裂相比增加了3-5倍。该技术的成功应用，打开了鄂尔多斯盆地低压气藏提高单井产量的突破口，为类似非常规低压气藏增产提供了重要的技术支持和保障。     

间歇排渣型锁斗内部二相流动与传热数值模拟

为了获得集渣过程中锁斗温度的波动状况,建立三维非稳态模型,考察了锁斗内部固液二相的流动与传热。基于Mixture双流体模型描述二相耦合,液相采用Realizablek-ε湍流模型,颗粒相引入颗粒动力学理论,计算结果与工业数据吻合。考察了多个因素对锁斗平均温度的影响,结果表明:一个集渣循环结束时,锁斗收集渣量与稳态设计值基本一致,锁斗平均温度约57℃;渣的平均粒径越大,锁斗平均温度越高;锁斗平均温度随循环水量的增大而升高,当循环水量改变4 m3/h,将产生2.5—3℃温度波动。     

浅谈低渗致密气藏开发过程中的水锁损害

水锁损害广泛存在于低渗透致密砂岩气藏,是低渗透致密砂岩气藏的主要损害类型之一,这严重地影响着气藏的勘探开发效果。针对此情况,对水锁损害进行系统研究。总结了水锁损害的影响因素、水锁损害评价及预测方法以及开发各阶段解除水锁的关键技术。只有避免大量流体侵入滞留储层才能有效预防水锁损害,在对地层水充分认识的前提下,选用合理的开采方式和开采工艺,降低水锁损害,提高气藏采收率。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。