氢稀释比与衬底温度对硅基薄膜相变及其光电性能影响的研究

采用热丝辅助微波电子回旋共振化学气相沉积法(HWAMWECR-CVD),通过改变衬底温度及氢稀释比制备了系列硅基薄膜,研究了衬底温度及氢稀释比对薄膜由非晶相转晶相相变及其光电性能的影响。研究结果表明,当采用低温制备硅基薄膜时,衬底温度和氢稀释比的提高都有利于非晶相向晶相的转变,但提高氢稀释比对相变的影响更为显著;晶化比越高并不代表薄膜光电性能越好,95%氢稀释比条件下制备的微晶硅薄膜具有优良的光电性能。     

用PECVD技术低温低氢稀释快速生长纳米晶硅薄膜的研究

以SiCl4和H2为气源,用等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术,在300℃的低温下,研究不同的氢流量对纳米晶硅薄膜生长特性的影响.实验发现,氢对薄膜生长特性的影响有异于SiH4/H2,在一定功率下,薄膜的晶化率随氢流量的减小而增加;而薄膜的生长速率也强烈依赖于氢流量,随氢流量的减小而增大,与氢流量对薄膜晶化度的变化关系一致.通过调控氢流量,在低氢流量条件下获得了生长速率高达0.35nm/s,晶化度高达76%的晶化硅薄膜.     

衬底H等离子体预处理时间对微品硅薄膜生长的影响

本文采用VHF-PECVD技术制备了系列硅薄膜,通过椭圆偏振技术及拉曼测试手段研究了衬底表面预处理时间对微晶硅薄膜的微结构及其生长的影响.实验结果表明:随衬底预处理时间(0～10 min)的延长,薄膜的晶化率从14%提高到44%;薄膜表面的硅团簇尺寸减小,在衬底预处理10 min时,薄膜表面的粗糙度较小.在衬底未预处理与预处理10 min时,在相同的沉积参数下,沉积两系列不同生长阶段硅薄膜的生长指数接近.原因是H等离子体预处理使衬底表面的原子氢增多,有利于成膜先驱物在衬底表面的迁移,影响薄膜的初期成核,使薄膜易于晶化.     

氢稀释对纳米晶硅薄膜微结构的影响

采用电感耦合等离子体化学气相沉积技术制备了氮化纳米硅薄膜,利用Raman散射、x射线衍射、红外吸收等技术对不同氮稀释条件下薄膜的微观结构和键合特性变化进行了研究.结果表明,较高的氢稀释比导致薄膜从非晶硅到纳米晶硅的结构转化,随着氮稀释比的增加,所沉积薄膜的晶化度及纳米晶硅的晶粒尺寸单调增加,纳米硅颗粒呈现在(110)方...     

纳米硅薄膜制备技术进展

本文综述了纳米硅薄膜制备新技术的进展。着重介绍了高氢稀释硅烷蚀刻法，微波氢基团增强化学气相沉积，逐层法和高频数值等离子体化学气相沉积技术制备纳米硅薄膜的沉积过程和生长机制．本文指出氢基团为各项新技术发展的关键并将在今后纳米硅薄膜制备技术发展中起重要作用。     

离子束溅射Si薄膜的低温晶化生长

采用离子束溅射技术,在低生长束流(4～10 mA)范围内,对低温(25～300 ℃)Si薄膜的晶化进行了研究.由Raman和XRD表征分析得出:在300℃采用6mA的生长束流,可在硅衬底上得到结晶性和完整性较好的Si外延薄膜;25℃时,在硅衬底上得到Si薄膜的多晶结构,实现了Si薄膜的低温晶化生长.     

本征纳米硅薄膜的微结构表征

采用PECVD技术,在玻璃衬底上低温沉积了优质本征纳米硅薄膜,并利用Raman光谱对其微结构作了表征。研究结果表明,硅烷浓度、衬底温度Ts对表征纳米硅薄膜微结构的晶化率和平均晶粒尺寸参数影响很大。SiH4浓度越低,越有利于晶化,对应的晶化率拐点温度越低。平均晶粒尺寸、晶化率随衬底温度的升高具有相似的变化规律,谱中出现的拐点温度一致,暗示它们之间存在紧密的联系。从薄膜生长角度对该实验结果作了合理解释。     

氢稀释比对氢化硅薄膜两相结构和电学性能的影响

通过改变氢气对硅烷的稀释比R, 采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法制备出具有非晶/微晶相变过渡区的氢化硅薄膜, 并研究了所得硅膜在不同沉积阶段的微观结构和形貌、晶化效果和电学性能。研究结果表明, 当R=10时, 样品呈典型的非晶特性; 随着氢稀释比的增大, 薄膜表现出两相结构, 且衬底表面处的非晶过渡层逐渐减薄, 也即非晶向微晶的转变提前。但XRD结果显示, 硅膜的晶化率和平均晶粒尺寸随着R的增加呈先增后减的趋势, 在R=28.6时达到最大值。另外, 暗电导率和载流子浓度表现出了与晶化率一样的变化趋势, 显示出硅膜的电学性能与微观结构的高度正相关性。     

镶嵌纳米晶硅的氧化硅薄膜微观结构调整及其光吸收特性

采用等离子体化学气相沉积(PECVD)技术在不同N_2O流量条件下制备了镶嵌有纳米晶硅(nc-Si)的富硅氧化硅(SiOx)薄膜,利用透射电镜(TEM),X射线衍射分析(XRD),傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)和透射光谱技术研究了薄膜中的氢含量和氧含量变化及其对薄膜晶化度、薄膜键合结构和光吸收特性的影响。结果表明,薄膜由nc-Si粒子和非晶SiOx组成,为混合相结构。nc-Si的生长与氧化反应的竞争决定了薄膜微观结构、键合特性以及光吸收特性。随着N_2O流量的增加,薄膜的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。晶界区过渡晶硅的比例减少,晶粒界面随之消失,带隙呈持续增加趋势。该实验结果为ncSi/SiOx薄膜在新型太阳电池中的应用提供了基础数据。     

低温高压快速生长纳米晶硅薄膜中氢的作用

以SiH4/H2为气源,用PECVD沉积技术,在低温(200℃)、高压下(230Pa)下制备出优质纳米晶硅薄膜.研究氢在高速生长纳米晶硅薄膜材料中的作用.实验表明,氢对纳米晶硅薄膜的高速生长起到非常关键的作用.随着氢稀释率由95%提高至99%,薄膜的晶化率由30%增大到70%,晶粒尺寸由3.0nm增大至6.0nm,而沉积速率却由0.8nm/s降低至0.3nm/s.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...