铋离子掺杂固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一种可以将燃料中的化学能直接转化为电能的发电装置,具有燃料选择灵活、效率高、环境友好等优点。基于SOFC运行成本和长期稳定性的要求,降低工作温度已成为当前研究的热点。传统阴极较低的催化活性制约了SOFC的技术发展,因此开发具有良好催化性能的阴极材料至关重要。大量的研究表明,铋离子的掺杂能够有效提高材料的电导率和氧催化活性。从铋离子掺杂的角度出发,综述了铋离子掺杂对阴极材料的制备、结构、电导率和电化学性能的影响,并对掺铋SOFC阴极材料未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

钙钛矿型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料

中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)的研制是固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)商业化的必然趋势，影响其发展的关键问题是阳极材料、阴极材料和电解质材料的研制。钙钛矿结构稀土复合氧化物材料是最有希望的中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料，本文对钙钛矿结构的稀土复合氧化物阴极材料的导电机理、合成方法以及近年来国内外研究较多的ABO、型阴极材料的相关研究作了较为详细的叙述，并提出了其发展方向。     

SOFC氧离子导体电解质材料的研究进展及性能优化策略

典型的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)由致密电解质、多孔阴极和阳极三部分构成。其中,电解质介于阴极和阳极之间,是一种具有全固态结构的氧化物陶瓷材料。电解质是SOFC的核心部件之一,是电池工作温度和电池性能的决定性因素。目前,对于高温电解质材料的研究与应用已经相对成熟。但是,在电池高温运行条件下,会导致电极和电解质界面反应、密封困难及使用寿命变短等问题。因此,SOFC电解质的发展逐渐趋向于中温化。但随着工作温度的降低,电解质欧姆阻抗(Ro)势必增大,使得电池的电导率下降。基于此,电解质在中温下的性能提升以及优化近年来备受关注。文中综述了几种不同类型的氧离子导体电解质最新研究进展,并论述了SOFC中低温运行条件下电解质性能提升的主要优化策略。     

NiMn2O4尖晶石氧化物阴极的制备及电化学性能研究

高性能阴极材料的开发对推动中温固体氧化物燃料电池（intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, IT-SOFCs）的发展具有重要意义。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了尖晶石型NiMn₂O₄（NMO）电子-离子混合导体材料,并作为IT-SOFCs阴极进行了系统的研究,通过X射线衍射表征确定NMO材料呈稳定的立方相结构,并采用电导弛豫方法对其氧离子传导能力进行了研究。发现NMO具有优秀的氧离子传导能力,为其电化学性能提供了保障。对称电池的电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明,800℃时NMO阴极材料的界面电阻值为0.27 Ω·cm^-2,同时作为阳极支撑型SOFC的阴极材料进行放电时的最大功率密度可以达到864.9 mW·cm^-2。上述结果表明,NiMn₂O₄是一种极具潜力的IT-SOFCs阴极材料。     

甲烷为燃料的中温固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料研究进展

中温化和直接采用天然气作为燃料是固体氧化物燃料电池的两大发展趋势,作为固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)关键材料之一,阳极材料的性能对整个SOFC的性能有着十分重要的影响。综述了以甲烷为燃料的IT-SOFC阳极材料的研究进展,并指出了存在的问题及解决问题的途径。     

等离子喷涂在制备中温平板式固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用

固体氧化物燃料电池 (solidoxidefuelcell,SOFC)是一种新型的高效率、环境友好的能量转换装置。为了在竞争激烈的电力市场中实现商业化 ,急需降低SOFC的工作温度 (目前成熟电池堆的工作温度 >80 0℃ ) ,兼顾提高电池堆长期工作稳定性的同时 ,能大幅度削减生产成本。等离子喷涂工艺由于能够高效率的获得理想层状结构和优良结合强度的涂层 ,在中温平板式SOFC的阳极、电解质和阴极制备中均有应用。文中简要说明了等离子喷涂工艺原理及特点 ,综述了其在制备中温 ( 65 0～ 80 0℃ )平板式SOFC中的应用 ,并展望了今后的研究发展方向     

SOFC钙钛矿型阴极的性能优化及研究进展

钙钛矿结构氧化物因其优异的MIEC特性和催化性能,以及具有化学组成的选择灵活性和良好的稳定性等优点,成为最有前途和应用前景的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)阴极材料.目前,S OF C的发展趋势是中低温化.但是,随着电池操作温度的降低,阴极极化损耗急剧增加,电池性能随之下降.考虑到中低温S O F C对阴极材料的要求,钙...     

固体氧化物燃料电池金属连接体保护涂层的制备方法概述

不锈钢合金是目前固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)常用的连接体材料,在使用过程中仍存在的主要问题是易被氧化;以及阴极侧Cr易扩散而导致阴极Cr中毒,致使电堆的电性能衰减过快。为解决上述问题,常在金属连接体表面添加致密的保护涂层。为得到成分均一﹑结构致密﹑厚度可控﹑导电性能良好且与基体结合牢固的涂层,很多方法可被采用。本文综述了SOFC金属连接体保护涂层的制备方法,将其分为物理法和化学法两大类。对各制备方法的工艺与性能之间的关系进行了讨论与比较,并提出了SOFC金属连接体保护涂层制备的主要问题和研究方向。     

管式固体氧化物燃料电池机理模型与性能分析

针对Siemens-Westinghouse公司阴极支撑型(AES)管式固体氧化物燃料电池,耦合电极内部离子传导、电子传导、气体扩散、热量传递及电化学反应过程,建立了全面考虑活化极化、欧姆极化与浓差极化损失的管式SOFC横截面方向二维微观机理模型。模型计算结果与文献中实验数据吻合较好,模拟结果表明：电池横截面方向的组分浓度和电流密度的分布与SOFC的运行工况密切相关。连接器的存在和尺寸对电池工作性能均有较强影响。对于所研究的阴极支撑型SOFC,电池性能会受到氧气在多孔阴极中扩散过程的限制,改善多孔电极的微观结构可有效提高电池运行性能。     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极研究

作为固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的关键部件之一,阳极性能对SOFC性能有着十分重要的影响.本文主要对阳极研究进展进行综述,重点对阳极组织和性能方面的研究情况进行了阐述,合理选择阳极材料和制备工艺条件,优化阳极微观组织结构是获得高性能阳极的重要方面.对阳极材料选择和制备方法进行了简单的介绍.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。